Resumo Objetivou-se descrever as condições higiênico-sanitárias de queijarias artesanais, determinar os parâmetros físico-químicos, bacteriológicos e o período mínimo de maturação que garanta a inocuidade de queijos minas artesanais produzidos em Uberlândia-MG. Foram analisados, até aos 26 dias de maturação, queijos de duas propriedades, antes e após treinamento em boas práticas, totalizando 10 lotes (fabricações) com 12 queijos cada. Foram realizadas análises físico-químicas e bacteriológicas nos queijos e análises bacteriológicas em amostras ambientais. Até 26 dias de maturação, o queijo foi classificado como gordo e de baixa umidade, mas, considerando a maturação até 10 dias (período de comercialização usual), são gordos com média umidade. O tempo de maturação influenciou nos índices físico-químicos, com exceção da gordura no extrato seco. Análises bacteriológicas ambientais demonstraram higiene deficiente e falhas ou ausência no tratamento da água. A maturação e o treinamento influenciaram na redução de coliformes totais e e. coli, mas não de Staphylococcus coagulase positiva, não sendo possível determinar um período de maturação mínimo que garantisse o atendimento à legislação. As análises físico-químicas demonstraram variações esperadas, como a redução do percentual de umidade, e as análises bacteriológicas refletiram o treinamento aplicado aos manipuladores, já que houve redução nas contagens de coliformes totais e E. coli. Contudo, para garantir a inocuidade do produto, é necessário um conjunto de ações que incluem reforço e repetição dos treinamentos, registro das atividades, rastreabilidade, associadas ao monitoramento e fiscalização regular.

Abstract The aim of this study was to describe the sanitary conditions of artisanal dairies, to determine physicochemical and bacteriological parameters, and the minimum maturation period to guarantee the safety of Minas Artisanal cheese produced in Uberlândia, Minas Gerais state. The analyzes were performed up to the 26 days of maturation, on cheese from two properties, before and after training on good practices, totaling 10 lots (productions) with 12 cheeses each. Physicochemical and bacteriological analyzes were performed on cheeses and bacteriological analyzes in environmental samples. Up to 26 days of maturation, the cheese was classified as fat and low moisture, but considering maturation up to ten days (usual commercialization period), cheese is fat with medium moisture. The maturation time influenced the physicochemical indices, except for the fat in the dry matter. Environmental bacteriological analyzes demonstrated poor hygiene and faults or absence in water treatment. Maturation and training influenced the reduction of total coliforms and E. coli, but not Staphylococcus coagulase positive, and it was not possible to determine a minimum maturation period that would guarantee compliance with the legislation. The physicochemical analysis showed expected variations, such as the reduction of the percentage of moisture and the bacteriological analyzes reflected the training applied to the manipulators, since there was a reduction in the counts of total coliforms and E. coli; however, to guarantee the innocuity of the product, set of actions should be applied, including reinforcement and repetition of training, recording of activities, traceability, associated with regular monitoring and inspection.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to analyze the association between changes in anthropometric measures and the frequency of cardiovascular risk factors in children and adolescents. Cross-sectional study with a sample of 421 children and adolescents. Data collection occurred from August to November 2014, through the completion of the form with information regarding identification, socioeconomic aspects, anthropometric measurements, blood pressure measurement and physical activity practice, as well as biochemical examinations. The main results were: 59.6% were female, with a mean age of 11.4 years. Those who had higher body mass indexes and/or altered waist circumference were more likely to have elevated systolic blood pressure, high triglyceride and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Those who were overweight and/or with excess central adiposity presented significant frequencies of risk factors, such as arterial hypertension and disorders in the lipid profile, for the development of cardiovascular diseases.

RESUMEN El objetivo del estudio fue analizar la asociación entre alteraciones en las medidas antropométricas y la frecuencia de factores de riesgo cardiovascular en niños y adolescentes. Estudio transversal, con muestra de 421 niños y adolescentes. La recolección de datos fue realizada en el período de agosto a noviembre de 2014, por medio del relleno de formulario con informaciones referentes a la identificación, los aspectos socioeconómicos, las medidas antropométricas, al control de la presión arterial y de la práctica de actividades físicas, además de exámenes bioquímicos. Los principales resultados encontrados fueron: 59,6% eran del sexo femenino, con promedio de edad de 11,4 años. Aquellos que presentaron mayores índices de masa corporal y/o circunferencia de la cintura alterada tenían más probabilidades de presentar presión arterial sistólica elevada, triglicérido elevado y high density lipoproteins–colesterol bajo. Se concluye que aquellos que tenían sobrepeso y/o estaban con exceso de adiposidad central presentaron expresivas frecuencias de factores de riesgo, como hipertensión arterial y desórdenes en el perfil lipídico, para el desarrollo de enfermedades cardiovasculares.

RESUMO O objetivo do estudo foi analisar a associação entre alterações nas medidas antropométricas e a frequência de fatores de risco cardiovascular em crianças e adolescentes. Estudo transversal, com amostra de 421 crianças e adolescentes. A coleta de dados foi realizada no período de agosto a novembro de 2014, por meio do preenchimento do formulário com informações referentes a identificação, aos aspectos socioeconômicos, às medidas antropométricas, à aferição da pressão arterial e de prática de atividades físicas, além de exames bioquímicos. Os principais resultados encontrados foram: 59,6% eram do sexo feminino, com idade média de 11,4 anos. Aqueles que apresentaram maiores índices de massa corporal e/ou circunferência da cintura alterada tinham mais chances de apresentar pressão arterial sistólica elevada, triglicerídeo elevado e high density lipoproteins – colesterol baixo.Conclui-se que aqueles que estavam acima do peso e/ou com excesso de adiposidade central apresentaram expressivas frequências de fatores de risco, como hipertensão arterial e desordens no perfil lipídico, para o desenvolvimento de doenças cardiovasculares.

This study evaluated the ability of Campylobacter jejuni to penetrate through the pores of the shells of commercial eggs and colonize the interior of these eggs, which may become a risk factor for human infection. Furthermore, this study assessed the survival and viability of the bacteria in commercial eggs. The eggs were placed in contact with wood shavings infected with C. jejuni to check the passage of the bacteria. In parallel, the bacteria were inoculated directly into the air chamber to assess the viability in the egg yolk. To determine whether the albumen and egg fertility interferes with the entry and survival of bacteria, we used varying concentrations of albumen and SPF and commercial eggs. C. jejuni was recovered in SPF eggs (fertile) after three hours in contact with contaminated wood shavings but not in infertile commercial eggs. The colonies isolated in the SPF eggs were identified by multiplex PCR and the similarity between strains verified by RAPD-PCR. The bacteria grew in different concentrations of albumen in commercial and SPF eggs. We did not find C. jejuni in commercial eggs inoculated directly into the air chamber, but the bacteria were viable during all periods tested in the wood shavings. This study shows that consumption of commercial eggs infected with C. jejuni does not represent a potential risk to human health.

Campylobacter coli is an important species involved in human cases of enteritis, and chickens are carriers of the pathogen mainly in developing country. The current study aimed to evaluate the transmission of C. coli and its pathogenic effects in chicken embryos. Breeder hens were inoculated intra-esophageally with C. coli isolated from chickens, and their eggs and embryos were analyzed for the presence of bacteria using real-time PCR and plate culture. The viability of embryos was verified. In parallel, SPF eggs were inoculated with C. coli in the air sac; after incubation, the embryos were submitted to the same analysis as the embryos from breeder hens. In embryos and fertile eggs from breeder hens, the bacterium was only identified by molecular methods; in the SPF eggs, however, the bacterium was detected by both techniques. The results showed no relationship between embryo mortality and positivity for C. coli in the embryos from breeder hens. However, the presence of bacteria is a cause of precocious mortality for SPF embryos. This study revealed that although the vertical transmission is a possible event, the bacteria can not grow in embryonic field samples.

CONTEXTO: A relação entre a infecção por Helicobacter pylori e lesões da mucosa gastroduodenal em pacientes com doença hepática crônica permanece controversa. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a presença de lesões da mucosa gastroduodenal e sua relação com Helicobacter pylori em pacientes com doença hepática crônica. MÉTODOS: Estudaram-se 46 pacientes e 27 controles com dispepsia funcional, submetidos a endoscopia digestiva alta. Foram consideradas lesões da mucosa gastroduodenal a gastropatia da hipertensão portal, erosão e úlcera péptica. O Helicobacter pylori foi detectado através de duas amostras de biopsia do antro e do corpo gástrico, pelo método de Giemsa. RESULTADOS: As lesões da mucosa gastroduodenal foram identificadas em 38 (82,6%) pacientes com doença hepática crônica, significantemente mais frequente que nos controles (P = 0,02). A presença de Helicobacter pylori foi observada em 13 (28,2%) dos pacientes com doença hepática e em 17 (62,9%) dos controles. A estimativa de risco mostrou interação significante entre lesão da mucosa e doença hepática crônica (P = 0,04; OR 5,1 IC 95%, 1,6-17,3). Quando associada à presença do Helicobacter pylori, o risco foi mais elevado na ausência da bactéria (P = 0,005; OR 13,0 IC 95%, 1,4-327,9). CONCLUSÃO: Pacientes com doença hepática crônica mostram risco aumentado de desenvolver lesões da mucosa gastroduodenal, independente da presença de Helicobacter pylori.

CONTEXT: The relationship between Helicobacter pylori infection and gastroduodenal lesions in chronic liver disease remains controversial. OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the evidence of the role of H. pylori infection in gastroduodenal lesions in patients with chronic liver disease. METHODS: Forty-six patients with chronic liver disease were matched with 27 dyspeptic persons for age and sex. The gastroduodenal lesions were portal hypertension gastropathy, erosion and peptic ulcer. All patients underwent upper endoscopy: two biopsies were taken in the antrum and in the gastric body. The biopsies were used for Giemsa staining. RESULTS: A gastroduodenal lesions were found in 38 (82.6%) patients with liver disease and was significantly more frequent than among controls (P = 0.002). H. pylori infection was detected at histological assessment in 13 (28.2%) patients with chronic liver disease and in 17 (62.9%) controls. The odds ratio (OR) showed an interaction statistically significant between gastroduodenal lesions and chronic liver disease (P = 0.04; OR = 5.1; 95% CI = 1.6-17.3). When adjusted for the presence of H. pylori OR was significantly with H. pylori negative (OR 13.0 IC 95%, 1.4-327.9). CONCLUSION: Patients with chronic liver disease showed higher risk of developing gastroduodenal lesions regardless of the presence of the H. pylori infection.