The aim of the present study was to analyse Taenia solium metacestode antigens that were derived from the unbound fraction of jacalin affinity chromatography and subsequent tert-octylphenoxy poly (oxyethylene) ethanol Triton X-114 (TX-114) partitioning in the diagnosis of human neurocysticercosis (NCC). Immunoassays were designed to detect T. solium-specific IgG antibodies by ELISA and immunoblot. Serum samples were collected from 132 individuals who were categorised as follows: 40 had NCC, 62 presented Taenia spp or other parasitic diseases and 30 were healthy individuals. The jacalin-unbound (J unbound ) fraction presented higher sensitivity and specificity rates than the jacalin-bound fraction and only this fraction was subjected to subsequent TX-114 partitioning, resulting in detergent (DJ unbound ) and aqueous (AJ unbound ) fractions. The ELISA sensitivity and specificity were 85% and 84.8% for J unbound , 92.5% and 93.5% for DJ unbound and 82.5% and 82.6% for AJ unbound . By immunoblot, the DJ unbound fraction showed 100% sensitivity and specificity and only serum samples from patients with NCC recognised the 50-70 kDa T. solium-specific components. We conclude that the DJ unbound fraction can serve as a useful tool for the differential immunodiagnosis of NCC by immunoblot.

INTRODUÇÃO: Considerando que antígenos alternativos para o diagnóstico da neurocisticercose (NC) continua sendo um desafio devido ao aumento da dificuldade em se obter parasitas de suínos naturalmente infectados, para a preparação do antígeno homólogo de Taenia solium, o objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar frações detergente (D) e aquosa (A), do extrato salino de metacestódeo de Taenia saginata para diagnóstico da NC. MÉTODOS: Bovinos, naturalmente infectados com Taenia saginata, procedentes da região do Triângulo Mineiro, Estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil, foram obtidos de frigoríficos e abatidos de acordo com a técnica de inspeção recomendada pelo Serviço de Inspeção Federal. As frações D e A foram obtidas utilizando Triton X-114 (TX-114). Amostras de soro foram obtidas de 40 pacientes com diagnóstico de NC, 45 com diagnóstico de outras doenças parasitárias e 30 de indivíduos aparentemente normais. Níveis de IgG foram avaliados pelos testes ELISA e Imunoblotting. RESULTADOS: A sensibilidade e especificidade do teste ELISA foram 95% e 73,3%, quando utilizado o extrato salino, 95% e 82,6% para fração D, e 65% e 61,3% para a fração A, respectivamente. O ensaio Imunoblotting confirmou os resultados do teste ELISA, sendo a fração D mais eficiente que os outros extratos, observando-se que o componente 70-68kDa se comportou como imunodominante para os pacientes com NC. CONCLUSÕES: Estes resultados demonstraram que a fração D de metacestódeo de Taenia saginata obtida com TX-114 pode ser utilizada como fração antigênica heteróloga pelo Imunoblotting para o diagnóstico sorológico da NC humana, considerando sua habilidade para selecionar antígenos imunodominantes.

INTRODUCTION: Considering that alternative antigens for diagnosing neurocysticercosis continue to be a challenge because of the increasing difficulty in obtaining parasites from naturally infected pigs for preparation of Taenia solium homologous antigen, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the detergent (D) and aqueous (A) fractions from saline extract of Taenia saginata metacestodes for diagnosing neurocysticercosis. METHODS: Taenia saginata was obtained from naturally infected bovines in the Triângulo Mineiro region, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. The carcasses came from cold storage units and had been slaughtered in accordance with the inspection technique recommended by the Federal Inspection Service. The D and A fractions were obtained by using Triton X-114 (TX-114). Serum samples were obtained from 40 patients with a diagnosis of neurocysticercosis, 45 with other parasitic diseases and 30 from apparently normal individuals. IgG antibody levels were evaluated using the ELISA and immunoblotting assays. RESULTS: The ELISA sensitivity and specificity were 95% and 73.3%, when using saline extract; 95% and 82.6% for the D fraction; and 65% and 61.3% for the A fraction, respectively. The immunoblotting assay confirmed the ELISA results, such that the D fraction was more efficient than the other extracts, and the 70-68kDa component was immunodominant among neurocysticercosis patients. CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrated that the D fraction from Taenia saginata metacestodes obtained using TX-114 can be used as a heterologous antigenic fraction in the immunoblotting assay for serologically diagnosing human neurocysticercosis, given its ability to select immunodominant antigens.

Considerando a importância da neosporose interferindo na produtividade animal, avaliou-se a frequência de anticorpos anti-Neospora caninum em amostras de soros de bovinos leiteiros da Região Sudoeste do Estado de Mato Grosso, Brasil, complementando-se com amostras sorológicas colhidas de cães e de humanos que conviviam nas mesmas propriedades rurais amostradas. Um total de 1.036 amostras de soros foram analisadas, sendo 932 de fêmeas bovinas leiteiras, 37 de cães e 67 de humanos, provenientes de 24 propriedades e examinados por meio da reação de imunofluorescência indireta (RIFI). As amostras de soros humanos reagentes foram testadas novamente por Western-blotting para confirmação dos resultados. Anticorpos anti-N. caninum foram encontrados em 499 bovinos (53,5%), em pelo menos um animal positivo por propriedade, em 25 caninos (67,6%) e em sete humanos (10,5%). Não houve diferença significativa no número de bovinos positivos por faixa etária. Os resultados obtidos indicam uma ampla disseminação de N. caninum na região estudada.

Considering the importance of neosporosis in the animal health and production, the frequency of antibodies to Neospora caninum was evaluated in dairy cattle of the Southwestern region of Mato Grosso State, Brazil, in addition to serum samples obtained from dogs and humans living in the farms. A total of 1036 serum samples were analyzed, from which 932 were from dairy bovine females, 37 from dogs and 67 from humans, from 24 farms and examined by the indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT). Reactive human serum samples were retested by Western-blotting to confirm the results. Antibodies to N. caninum were found in 499 cattle sera (53.5 %), with at least one positive in each farm, 25 dog sera (67.6 %) and seven human sera (10.5 %). There was no significant difference in the number of positive cattle sera according to age group. The results indicate a wide dissemination of N. caninum in the studied region.

The main purpose of the present study was to examine if there is difference in terms of incidence rates of congenital toxoplasmosis among populations assisted in public and private hospitals from Uberlândia, state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. A total of 805 serum samples from cord blood were collected, being 500 from public hospital and 305 from private hospital, and all patients answered a questionnaire about pregnancy and newborns. An indirect enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was performed to detect IgG antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii and the positive samples were retested to verify the presence of specific IgM and IgA antibodies in a capture ELISA. We found significant differences among data from both hospitals with respect to maternal age, origin city, gestational age, number of visits to physicians during pregnancy, type of delivery, and birth weight. Seroprevalence of IgG antibodies against T. gondii for patients from public and private hospitals was 57.6% and 41.9% respectively, and this difference was statistically significant (P < 0.0001). In addition, the frequency of congenital toxoplasmosis measured by the presence of IgM and/or IgA antibodies toward T. gondii was exclusively located in samples from public hospital (0.8%), and no positive sample was seen in private hospital (0%). Considering that almost all babies suffering from congenital toxoplasmosis, if undiagnosed and untreated, will develop visual or neurological impairments by adulthood, the results presented herein emphasized the importance to accomplish screening programs for toxoplasmosis during pregnancy, particularly in the public hospitals, due to the expressive rate of congenital disease showed in the patients attended at these centers.

This study was carried out to investigate the immune response against 97 kDa (p97) molecular marker of Toxoplasma gondii that has been characterized as a cytosolic protein and a component of the excreted-secreted antigens from this parasite. A total of 60 serum samples from patients were analyzed by enzime-linked immunosorbent assay and Western blot for toxoplasmosis. These samples were organized in three groups, based on clinical symptoms and results of serological tests. Group I: 20 samples reactive to IgG and IgM (acute phase); group II: 20 non-reactive samples (control group); and group III: 20 samples reactive only to IgG (chronic phase). Western blot was performed with total antigenic extracts or with excreted and secreted antigen from T. gondii to identify the fraction correspondent to p97. It was observed that this cytosolic component from T. gondii stimulates the immunologic system to produce both IgM and IgG antibodies in the beginning of the acute infection and IgG throughout the chronic stage of the asymptomatic toxoplasmosis.

OBJETIVOS: Determinar os níveis séricos do fator reumatóide-imunoglobulina E na artrite reumatóide juvenil e correlacioná-los com parâmetros clínicos e laboratoriais. MÉTODOS: Estudo multicêntrico prospectivo, realizado entre janeiro de 1993 a janeiro de 1999 com participação de três centros de reumatologia pediátrica. Estudaram-se 91 crianças com o diagnóstico de artrite reumatóide juvenil de acordo com os critérios do Colégio Americano de Reumatologia: 38 (42%) com a forma de início sistêmica, 28 (31%) pauciarticular e 25 (27%) poliarticular. A idade variou de 2,1 a 22,6 anos (média de 10,5 ± 4,7 anos) e 59 (65%) crianças eram do sexo feminino. O grupo controle constituiu-se de 45 crianças sadias. A detecção do fator reumatóide-imunoglobulina E foi realizada através de um ensaio imunoenzimático. Associações do fator reumatóide-imunoglobulina E com: fator reumatóide-imunoglobulina M (látex), imunoglobulina E sérica total, VHS, FAN, classe funcional e radiológica III ou IV foram analisadas. RESULTADOS: Das 91 crianças com artrite reumatóide juvenil, quinze (16,5%) apresentaram fator reumatóide-imunoglobulina E positivo. Destas, 7(18,5%) na forma sistêmica, 5 (18%) na pauciarticular e 3 (12%) na poliarticular. Observou-se correlação estatisticamente significativa entre o fator reumatóide-imunoglobulina E e a média geométrica da imunoglobulina E sérica total no total dos pacientes com artrite reumatóide juvenil; não foi observada correlação estatística entre o fator reumatóide-imunoglobulina E e positividade para o Látex, VHS, FAN e classe funcional e radiológica 3 ou 4 em nenhuma das formas de início da doença. Dos 45 controles, 4 (8,9%) também apresentaram fator reumatóide-imunoglobulina E positivo, mas não houve correlação com a imunoglobulina E sérica total. CONCLUSÕES: O fator reumatóide-imunoglobulina E pode ser detectado em 16,5% dos pacientes com artrite reumatóide juvenil, especialmente naqueles com níveis elevados de imunoglobulina E sérica total. O fator reumatóide-imunoglobulina E parece não se associar com atividade ou gravidade da artrite reumatóide juvenil.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the presence of immunoglobulin E-rheumatoid factor in patients with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis and to correlate it with clinical and laboratory parameters. METHODS: A multicenter prospective study was carried out from January 1993 to January 1999 with the enrollment of 3 centers of pediatric rheumatology. Ninety-one children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis diagnosed according to the American College of Rheumatology criteria were studied: 38 (42%) with systemic, 28 (31%) with pauciarticular, and 25 (27%) with polyarticular onset. Ages ranged from 2.1 years to 22.6 years (mean 10.5 ± 4.7), with 59 (65%) girls. The control group consisted of 45 healthy children. The detection of immunoglobulin E-rheumatoid factor was carried out utilizing an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Associations of immunoglobulin E-rheumatoid factor with immunoglobulin M-rheumatoid factor (latex agglutination test), total serum immunoglobulin E, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, antinuclear antibody, and functional and radiological classes III or IV were analyzed. RESULTS: Positive immunoglobulin E-rheumatoid factor was found in 15 (16.5%) of the 91 children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis: 7 (18.5%) with systemic, 5 (18%) with pauciarticular, and 3 (12%) with polyarticular onset. A significant correlation was observed between immunoglobulin E-rheumatoid factor and total serum immunoglobulin E in the juvenile rheumatoid arthritis patients. No correlation was found between immunoglobulin E-rheumatoid factor and positive latex agglutination slide test, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, antinuclear antibody, or the functional and radiological classes III or IV in any disease onset group. In 4 out of 45 control children (8.9%), immunoglobulin E-rheumatoid factor was positive but with no correlation with total serum immunoglobulin E levels. CONCLUSIONS: Immunoglobulin E-rheumatoid factor could be detected in 16.5% of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis patients, particularly in those with high levels of total serum immunoglobulin E, and immunoglobulin E-rheumatoid factor appears not to be associated with disease activity or severity.

Infection of non-adherent TG180 murine sarcoma cells with Toxoplasma gondii was compared, at the ultrastructural level, in both in vivo and in vitro conditions. Suspensions of 3.0 x 10(6) TG180 cells infected in vitro with 1.0 x 10(6) parasites of the RH strain were harvested between the first and 6th day post-infection and processed for transmission electron microscopy. In vivo infection was made by intraperitoneal inoculation in mice of 1.0 x 10(6) TG180 cells, that were co-inoculated with a parasite suspension at the same cell concentration. Cells were harvested 10, 20, 30 min and 24, 48 h post-inoculation and processed for transmission electron microscopy at the same conditions of the in vitro culture. It was observed TG180 murine sarcoma cells with intense and equivalent intracellular parasitism in both conditions. Host cells with parasitophorous vacuoles containing up to 16 parasites, as well as parasites undergoing mitoses or presenting a bradyzoite-like morphology, were frequently seen in both culture methods.

An experimental model for acquired and congenital ocular toxoplasmosis as well as a model to induce experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU) was investigated in Calomys callosus. Toxoplasma gondii, ME-49 strain, was used to infect males and pregnant- and not pregnant-females while S-antigen, a major glycoprotein of the retinal photoreceptor cell, was used to induce EAU. The ocular lesions elicited by T. gondii were characterized by the presence of cysts, free tachyzoites and inflammatory cells in the retina or related tissues. In the congenital form, 40% of the fetus presented ocular lesions, i.e., presence of cysts in the retina, vitreous, and extra-retinal tissues. In the acquired form, 75% of the females and 50% of the males presented unilateral ocular cysts both at 21 and 47 days post-infection. It was also demonstrated that S-antigen was not uveitogenic in the C. callosus model. No lesion was observed in the animals exclusively immunized with this retinal component, even when jacalin was used as additional adjuvant for polyclonal response to the retinal antigen. It can be concluded that C. callosus may constitute in a promising model for study both acquired and congenital ocular toxoplasmosis, particularly when it is important to make sure that a non autoimmune process is involved in the genesis of the ocular infection.

Realizou-se o teste imunoenzimático ELISA, paralelamente à reação de imunofluorescência, para a detecção de anticorpos antí-Trypanosoma cruzi, em 137 amostras de líquidos pericárdicos humanos, colhidos na necropsia. Os resultados foram cotejados com os achados anatomopatológicos. Observou-se que: (1) os dois testes foram positivos em 30 casos e negativos em 105; (2) o teste ELISA foipositivo em 2 casos nos quais a immofluorescència revelou-se negativa; num desses casos, havia sinais morfológicos de doença de Chagas; (3) a média geométrica dos títulos obtidos com o teste ELISA foi significativamente maior que a da imunofluorescência; (4) o índice de concordância entre os dois testes apresentou o valor de 0,985. O presente relato parece-nos inédito quanto ao uso do teste imunoenzimático no líquidoperícárdicopara o diagnóstico post- mortem da doença de Chagas.

The immunoenzymatic assay (Elisa) in the pericardial fluid: a new method for the post-mortem diagnosis of Chagas'disease. The immunoenzymatic assay (Elisa) was made in parallel with the immuno-fluorescence reaction, for the detection of anti-Trypanosona cruzi antibodies in 137 samples of human pericardial fluids, collected at necropsy. The results were compared with those of anatomopathological exams. We observed that: (1) the two tests were positive in 30 cases and were negative in 105 ones; (2) the Elisa test was positive in 2 cases in which the immunofluorescence was negative; in one of them we found morphological evidences of Chagas' disease; (3) the geometric mean of titles with Elisa was statistically superior to that obtained with immunofluorescence test; (4) the rate of concordance between the two tests was 0.985. This appears to be the first published report about the use of immunoenzymatic assay in the pericardial fluid for the post-mortem diagnosis of Chagas' disease.

Um teste imunoenzimático reverso foi padronizado utilizando-se como fase sólida, microplacas de polivinil sensibilizadas com anticorpos anti-IgM.7 Estas foram incubadas seqüencialmente com alíquotas de soros de pacientes com suspeita de toxoplasmose aguda, antígeno solúvel de Toxoplasma gondii, conjugado peroxidase F (ab')2 anti-toxoplasma e substrato enzimático. A atividade enzimática foi determinada por leitura espectrofotométrica, considerando-se como títulos dos soros a máxima diluição fornecendo valores de absorbância maiores que os obtidos com a menor diluição do soro padrão não-reativo. Em 69 amostras de soros de pacientes com toxoplasmose aguda, a média geométrica dos títulos no teste ELISA-Reverso IgM foi superior à de todos os outros testes para anticorpos IgM, não se observando resultados negativos falsos devidos a altos títulos de IgG específica. Não foi encontrada, também, reatividade cruzada em nenhuma das 104 amostras de soros de pacientes com outras patologias, inclusive em amostras contendo fator reumatóide IgM.

A Reverse IgM enzyme — linked immunosorbent assay (Reverse-IgM ELISA) was described in which polyvinyl microplates were sensitized with anti-immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies and then sequentially allowed to react with patient's serum, Toxoplasma gondii soluble antigen, peroxidase — labeled specific F(ab')2 fragment and substrat. Measurement of activity of the solid phase bound enzyme conjugate was done by spectrofotometric reading of the final developed color. In a group of 69 sera samples from individuals with recently acquired toxoplasmosis, Reverse-IgM ELISA was positive in every case, showing higher geometric mean titer than others conventional serological tests. Furthermore false-negative IgM samples presented positive Reverse-IgM ELISA results even without adsorption with Staphylococcus aureus protein A . In a group of 104 sera samples from individuals with others pathologies, no interference was observed, even in the false-positive IgM samples due to the presence of IgM rheumatoid factor.

Os autores analisaram a prevalência da infecção chagásica em 10988 doadores do Serviço de Hemoterapia do Hospital Escola da Faculdade de Medicina do Triângulo Mineiro, através de três levantamentos realizados no período de dezesseis anos. Observaram queda de prevalência de 16,6% no primeiro levantamento para 6,9% no terceiro e predomínio da infecção em negros, no sexo feminino e nas faixas etárias mais avançadas. Discutiram ainda o emprego de medidas profiláticas e o papel do Serviço de Hemoterapia frente ao doador chagásico.

The prevalence of Trypanosoma cruzi infection among 10988 blood donors is analysed after three surveys done during the last 16 years at the Hemotherapy Service of the Hospital Escola da Faculdade de Medicina do Triângulo Mineiro. The 16.6% prevalence in the first survey fell to 6.9% in the last. The infection was more common in negro females and the elderly. The prophylaxis of blood transfusion- transmitted Chagas disease is discussed, as well as what measures should be taken by the Blood Banks when infected donors are discovered.

Analisou-se a prevalência da infecção chagásica em 2690 necrópsias realizadas no Triângulo Mineiro. Os resultados indicaram que 38,84% dos necropsiados eram chagásicos e que não houve declínio da infecção nos últimos anos. Discutiu-se tais resultados, comparando-os com os de outros Autores que analisaram a questão.

The prevalence of Trypanosoma cruzi infection was analysed in 2690 autopsies performed in the Triângulo Mineiro area (Central Brazil, State of Minas Gerais); 38.84% of the patients were infected. No decline of this infection during the last years was observed. These findings are discussed and compared with those of the literature.

Novo caso de placentite chagásica no Triângulo Mineiro, observou-se, à mioroscopia óptica, o parasitismo de miócitos das paredes vasculares, fato não descrito anteriormente na literatura. O estudo à microscopia eletrônica revelou. (1) abundantes amastigotas do Trypanosoma cruzi em células de Hofbauer; (2) proliferação fibroblástica e colágena na parede de pequenas artérias e arteríolas, ocluindo-lhes, por vezes, o lume; (3) parasitas em células musculares degeneradas e fibroblastos da parede vascular. Este é o primeiro relato de placentite chagásica humana com análise ultra-estrutural.

In a new case of chagasic placentitis in the Triângulo Mineiro, we have observed, through optical microscopy, the parasitism of miocytes of the vascular walls, a fact that was no previously described in literature. The electron microscopic study revealed: HI plentiful amastigotes of Trypanosoma cruzl in Hofbauer cells; (2) fibroblastic and collagen proliferation on the walls of small arteries and arterioles, occluding, at times, the lumen; (3) parasites in degenerated muscular cells and fibroblasts of the vascular walls. This is the first report of human chagasic placentitis with ultrastructural analysis.

A reação imunoenzimática - ELISA foi empregada na sorologia da Wuchereriose, utilizando como antígeno extrato bruto de verme adulto de Setaria equina. Foram estudados soros de 139 indivíduos em três grupos: grupo 1 - de pacientes com diagnóstico parasitológico de Wuchereriose; grupo 2 - de pacientes com diversas patologias; grupo 3 - de pessoas clinicamente normais, de área endêmica e não endêmica. O antígeno utilizado mostrou alta comunidade antigênica coma W. bancrofti. As reações cruzadas, obtidas em particular com soros de pacientes com parasitoses intestinais (áscaris, ancilóstoma) recomendam a investigação de frações antigênicas de Setaria equina que possam fornecer testes de maior especificidade.

A total extract of Setaria equina adult worms was used as antigen in the enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay - ELISA - for serological diagnosis of Wuchereriasis. Patients were included with a parasitological diagnosis of Wuchereriasis, with other diseases, as well as clinically normal individuals, in a total of 139 cases. The high titers observed for Wuchereriasis patients indicated a close antigenic community between S. equina and W. bancrofti. However, the frequent reactivity found in other parasitic diseases, especially intestinal parasitoses, suggests antigenic fractions should be investigated which could furnish higher specificity in the test.