Abstract: The Cape Horn Biosphere Reserve (CHBR), is the largest one in Chile, and the only one that integrates marine and terrestrial ecosystems. It includes three national parks (NP): Cape Horn NP, Alberto de Agostini NP, and Yendegaia NP. The CHBR, is immersed within the Magellanic sub-Antarctic ecoregion, which has been identified as one of the last pristine areas left in the world. Nonetheless, it is not free from local and global threats, such as invasive exotic species, climate change, massive tourism and other economic activities that do not value biological and cultural diversity. To contribute towards an appreciation of the values of biocultural diversity, the scientific team at Omora Park (Navarino Island, 55°S), has developed the Field Environmental Philosophy (FEP) methodological approach, which integrates ecological sciences, arts, and environmental ethics through four interrelated steps: 1) interdisciplinary research, 2) poetic communication through the composition of metaphors, 3) design of field activities with an ethical and ecological orientation, and 4) in situ conservation, to contribute to biocultural conservation. We present the methods and results of a multidisciplinary work focused on invertebrates and freshwater ecosystems of the CHBR, with the aim to contribute: a) to a better understanding of the possible responses of aquatic insects to climate change in the long-term, and b) generate tools for research and education to ecologically and ethically value freshwater invertebrates and ecosystems. The conceptual foundations are based on the Land Ethics of Aldo Leopold, and the biocultural ethics of Ricardo Rozzi. Through the praxis of the FEP we generate concrete actions for the conservation of the natural and cultural heritage. Finally, we propose new research methodologies that include valuing of the invertebrates’ lives. FEP provides a methodology that contributes towards the transformation of the prevalent way in which global society understands, values and relates to freshwater ecosystems and their co-inhabitants, fostering more respectful and sustainable life habits in the short and long term.

Resumen: La Reserva de la Biosfera Cabo de Hornos (RBCH) es la más grande de Chile e integra ecosistemas marinos y terrestres, e incluye tres parques nacionales (PN): PN Cabo de Hornos, PN Alberto de Agostini y PN Yendegaia. Se encuentra inmersa dentro de la ecorregión subantártica de Magallanes, que ha sido identificada como una de últimas áreas prístinas del planeta. Sin embargo, no se encuentra libre de amenazas locales y globales, tales como las especies exóticas invasoras, el cambio climático, el turismo masivo y otras actividades económicas que no valoran su diversidad biológica y cultural. Para contribuir a la valoración de la diversidad biocultural, el Parque Omora (isla Navarino, 55°S), ha desarrollado la Filosofía Ambiental de Campo (FILAC), una aproximación metodológica que integra las ciencias ecológicas, las artes y la ética ambiental a través de cuatro pasos interrelacionados: 1) investigación interdisciplinaria, 2) comunicación poética a través de la composición de metáforas y relatos simples, 3) diseño de actividades de campo guiadas con un sentido ético y ecológico y 4) conservación in situ; para contribuir a la conservación biocultural. Presentamos los métodos y resultados de un trabajo multidisciplinario enfocado en los invertebrados y ecosistemas dulceacuícolas de la RBCH, con el fin de: a) contribuir a entender mejor las posibles respuestas al cambio climático por parte de insectos acuáticos en el largo plazo, y b) generar herramientas de investigación y educación que contribuyan a valorar ecológica y éticamente a los invertebrados acuáticos. Las bases conceptuales se fundan en la ética de la tierra de Aldo Leopold y en la ética biocultural de Ricardo Rozzi. A través de la práctica de la FILAC proponemos actividades concretas para la conservación del patrimonio natural y cultural. La valoración ética de los insectos puede contribuir a generar percepciones positivas e incentivar acciones de conservación por parte de la comunidad local, regional, nacional e internacional. Finalmente, exploramos nuevas metodologías de investigación y observación que contemplan el respeto y valoración de la vida de los invertebrados. La FILAC aporta así una metodología que contribuye a transformar la forma prevaleciente en que la sociedad global comprende, valora y se relaciona con los ecosistemas dulceacuícolas y sus co-habitantes y fomenta hábitos de vida más respetuosos y sustentables en el corto y largo plazo.

Neste trabalho estudam-se problemas de dimensionamento de lotes em que as decisões clássicas do dimensionamento dos lotes de produção são tomadas considerando também os custos do transporte dos produtos fabricados. Estes custos estão associados ao número de paletes ou caminhões necessários para empacotar e/ou transportar os produtos produzidos desde a fábrica até o depósito. São consideradas três extensões de um modelo de programação inteira mista, apresentado na literatura, representando casos mais gerais que ocorrem na prática. Estes modelos são testados e avaliados usando um pacote de otimização. Também é apresentado um método heurístico de resolução, baseado em relaxação Lagrangiana, para uma das extensões propostas.

In this paper, capacitated lot sizing problems in which the classical lot sizing decisions are made considering the transportation costs of the manufactured products were studied. These costs are related to the necessary number of pallets or trucks to pack and/or transport the products from the factory to the warehouse. Three extensions of a mixed integer linear programming model from the literature are considered, representing general cases that are commonly found in companies. These models are tested and evaluated using an optimization package, and a Lagrangian heuristic was developed for one of the extensions proposed.

Várias estratégias (Manufatura em Massa Atual, Manufatura Enxuta, Manufatura Responsiva, Customização em Massa, Manufatura Ágil,...) propõem-se a auxiliar as empresas na gestão da manufatura. O foco deste artigo é a Manufatura Responsiva (MR). O contexto em que se aplica a MR é a alta variedade de produtos feitos sob encomenda tendo como um fator crítico de sucesso o tempo de resposta (diferença entre a data em que o cliente recebe o atendimento de seu pedido e a data em que o cliente faz o pedido) que deve ser o menor possível, porém sem deteriorar os níveis de produtividade e qualidade. No Brasil, a MR é pouco conhecida e não utilizada de maneira formal. O objetivo deste estudo é propor e avaliar, por meio de uma pesquisa-ação, uma sistemática para atingir a MR em fábricas de calçados. Para a grande maioria dos fabricantes de calçados, a redução do tempo de resposta representa um importante trunfo competitivo. Dentre os resultados obtidos da implantação do método proposto na empresa Kidy, destacam-se: redução substancial do tempo de resposta, reduções de custos produtivos e de mão de obra, aumento nas quantidades de pedidos atendidos dentro dos prazos e diminuição dos índices de retrabalho.

There are several strategies (Modern Mass Production, Lean Manufacturing, Responsive Manufacturing (RM), Mass Customization, Agile Manufacturing, etc) that can be used to aid manufacturing management in enterprises. This paper focuses on Responsive Manufacturing. RM is applied in environments of high variety of made-to-order product, in which response time (the elapsed time between the end of an inquiry and the beginning of a response) is a critical factor and should be minimum without diminishing quality and disrupting productivity. In Brazil, RM is not well known or frequently used. The objective of this study is to propose and evaluate, by means of an action-research, a method to achieve RM in the footwear industry. For the majority of the footwear manufacturers, the reduction in response time represents a key competitive advantage. Among the main results obtained with the implementation of the proposed method in the company studied (Kidy) are: substantial reduction of response time, reduction of production and labor costs, increase of service level, and reduction of rework rate.

Nesse estudo foi avaliada a capacidade de biossorção de íons chumbo em solução aquosa pela bactéria Rhodococcus opacus. Avaliou-se em batelada o efeito do pH da solução, concentração da biomassa, tempo de contato e concentração inicial do metal. A cinética adequou-se melhor ao modelo de pseudo-segunda ordem. Empregaram-se as isotermas de Langmuir e Freundlich para representar o processo de sorção no equilíbrio. O valor da capacidade máxima de captação (q max) obtida pelo modelo de Langmuir foi de 94,34 mg g-1. No ensaio de biossorção competitiva a remoção do chumbo foi afetada pela presença de outros metais na solução.

The biosorption of lead ions from aqueous solution by Rhodococcus opacus bacteria was evaluated in this study. The effects of the solution's pH, biomass concentration, contact time and initial metal concentration were studied in batch experiments. The results of the kinetics studies revealed that the biosorption of lead on R. opacus cells followed pseudo-second order kinetics. The equilibrium data was analyzed using Freundlich and Langmuir models. The maximum uptake capacity (q max) obtained by the Langmuir adsorption model was 94.34 mg.g-1. In the competitive biosorption experiments, the lead removal was affected by the presence of other metal ions in the solution.

Neste trabalho estuda-se um problema de dimensionamento de lotes e distribuição que envolve além de custos de estoques, produção e preparação, custos de transportes para o armazém da empresa. Os custos logísticos estão associados aos contêineres necessários para empacotar os produtos produzidos. A empresa negocia um contrato de longo prazo onde um custo fixo por período é associado ao transporte dos itens, em contrapartida um limite de contêineres é disponibilizado com custo mais baixo que o custo padrão. Caso ocorra um aumento ocasional de demanda, novos contêineres podem ser utilizados, no entanto, seu custo é mais elevado. Um modelo matemático foi proposto na literatura e resolvido utilizando uma heurística Lagrangiana. No presente trabalho a resolução do problema por uma heurística Lagrangiana/surrogate é avaliada. Além disso, é considerada uma extensão do modelo da literatura adicionando restrições de capacidade e permitindo atraso no atendimento a demanda. Testes computacionais mostraram que a heurística Lagrangiana/surrogate é competitiva especialmente quando se têm restrições de capacidade apertada.

The aim of this work was to study a distribution and lot-sizing problem that considers costs with transportation to a company warehouse as well as, inventory, production and setup costs. The logistic costs are associated with necessary containers to pack produced items. The company negotiates a long-term contract in which a fixed cost per period is associated with the transportation of the items. On the other hand, a limited number of containers are available with a lower cost than the average cost. If an occasional demand increase occurs, other containers can be utilized; however, their costs are higher. A mathematical model was proposed in the literature and solved using the Lagrangian heuristic. Here, the use of the Lagrangian/surrogate heuristic to solve the problem is evaluated. Moreover, an extension of the literature model is considered adding capacity constraints and allowing backlogging. Computational tests show that Lagrangian/surrogate heuristics are competitive, especially when the capacity constraints are tight.

Este artigo apresenta uma proposta de sistema de controle da produção para regular o fluxo de materiais de pequenas e médias empresas fabricantes de calçados que adotam a política de atendimento à demanda RTO (resources-to-order) ou MTO (make-to-order), trabalhando com uma ampla variedade de produtos finais. Para entender a problemática do PCP (planejamento e controle da produção) nesse segmento, foram pesquisadas 7 fábricas de calçados localizadas na cidade de Birigui-SP. A proposta engloba: a) a escolha de um ordering system (sistema de coordenação de ordens (SCO)); b) desenvolvimento de um método para elaboração do programa mestre de produção MPS (master production schedule); e c) procedimentos para seqüenciar as ordens de produção.

This paper presents a proposal for controlling the production in shoe industries. It aims at regulating the material flow in small and medium enterprises operating in a Resources-to-Order (RTO) or Make-to-Order (MTO) product market environment with large variety of final products. For a better understanding of Production Planning and Control (PPC) problems in this context. Seven shoemakers in the city of Birigui-SP, Brasil were investigated. The proposal includes: (a) choosing an ordering system; (b) developing a method for elaborating the master production schedule (MPS); and (c) establishing procedures for sequencing the production orders.

The fusion of a murine B cell and a myeloma cell generates a hybridoma that produces monoclonal antibody (mAb). These murine mAb induce the HAMA (human anti-mouse antibodies) response. Murine mAb have been modified by genetic engineering, producing molecules with a higher proportion of human protein. At present, chimeric, humanized and fully human mAb are available. mAb block interactions between target molecules and their ligands or trigger the lyses of mAb-coated tumor cells. Numerous mAb have been developed using the recombinant DNA technology and several are available in the market. Trastuzumab, against HER2/neu, is useful in breast cancer; rituximab, against CD20 in B lymphocytes is useful in lymphoma; alemtuzumab, against CD52 is used in lymphoma and leukemia; daclizumab and basiliximab block the IL-2 receptor interaction and reduce acute rejection in kidney transplantion; abciximab, an antagonist of GPIIb/IIIa platelet receptor, is used in patients undergoing acute coronary syndromes. In autoimmunity diseases, blocking tumor necrosis factor by infliximab and adalimumab has demonstrated excellent results. Thus, infliximab is useful in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis while adalimumab is the first fully human mAb available for RA. Infliximab and adalimumab reduce signs and symptoms in RA and they also interfere with progression of joint damage. Finally, the direct benefits of antagonist treatment can occur at the expense of a major adverse effect in some other biological function (Rev Méd Chile 2003; 131: 1445-53).

The feeding behavior and the food preference was studied in P. expansa (Schweigger, 1812) P. unifilis (Troschel, 1848) and P. sextuberculata (Cornalia, 1849). The method used for feeding behavior and food preference was the sampling of all occurrences. The Students' t test was applied on the food items, to compare differences during the development of each species. The main conclusions are: feeding behavior for food, except alive animals, is divided in foraging, approach, olfactory recognition, capture, laceration and ingestion; the persecution behavior was observed for prey activity; cleptoparasitism occurs in the three species and neustophagia mechanism was detected in P. unifilis; P. sextuberculata shows to be almost only carnivorous and P. expansa and P. unifilis show to be omnivorous; P. expansa can be considered more herbivorous in captivity than P. unifilis during the age between one and five years old and more than five years old; P. expansa is more sensitive than P. unifilis concerning the alteration of the food place, mainly the meat, decreasing its consumption, if it is put on a dry place.

Objetivo: avaliar fatores que possam influenciar os resultados do tratamento não-medicamentoso (orientação verbal) em mulheres com mastalgia cíclica. Métodos: conduzimos um estudo do tipo experimental não controlado com uma amostra de 128 mulheres com uma história clara de mastalgia cíclica, tratadas com orientação verbal. Uma escala analógica visual da dor foi usada antes e após tratamento, a fim de avaliar a sua gravidade, e classificamos as mastalgias em graus I (leve), II (moderado) e III (intensa), de acordo com a intensidade da dor. Usamos também o Cardiff Breast Score (CBS) modificado para avaliar a resposta clínica ao tratamento. A análise dos dados foi feita com o teste do chi² (Epi-Info 6.04). Resultados: verificamos que fatores como paridade, menarca, idade do primeiro parto a termo e amamentação não influenciaram significativamente (p=0,19, p=0,31, p=0,80 e p=0,54, respectivamente) os resultados do tratamento não-medicamentoso (orientação verbal). Por outro lado, quando levamos em consideração a idade, observamos que 26 (78,8%) pacientes com 40 anos ou mais de idade foram mais beneficiadas com a orientação verbal, com diferença estatisticamente significante (p=0,01) quando comparadas aos grupos mais jovens. Conclusão: fatores reprodutivos como paridade, menarca, idade do primeiro parto a termo e amamentação não influenciaram os resultados do tratamento não medicamentoso (orientação verbal). O fator idade, especificamente, influenciou significativamente os resultados.

Purpose: to evaluate factors that might influence the results of nonphamacological treatment (verbal guidance) in women with clinical mastalgia. Methods: an uncontrolled study of the experimental type was conducted on a sample of 128 women with a clear history of clinical mastalgia treated with verbal guidance. A visual analogue scale for pain was used before and after treatment to evaluate pain intensity and mastalgia was classified into grade I (mild), grade II (moderate) and grade III (severe) according to pain intensity. The Cardiff Breast Score (CBS), modified, was also used to evaluate the clinical response to treatment. Data were analyzed statistically using the chi² test (Epi-Info 6.04). Results: we noted that factors such as parity, menarche, age at first term delivery and breast-feeding had no significant effect (p=0.19, p=0.31, p=0.80 and p=0.54, respectively) on the results of nonpharmacological treatment (verbal guidance). On the other hand, when age was taken into consideration, 26 patients (78.8%) aged 40 years or older were found to benefi more from verbal guidance, with a significant difference (p=0.01) when compared to younger women. Conclusion: reproductive factors such as parity, menarche, age at first term delivery and breast-feeding did not affect the results of nonpharmacological treatment (verbal guidance), whereas the age factor had a specific and significant effect on the results.

Objetivos: avaliar o tratamento não-medicamentoso (orientação verbal) como primeira opção terapêutica para mulheres com mastalgia cíclica e observar se o tempo de existência da sintomatologia dolorosa altera os resultados. Métodos: conduzimos um estudo do tipo experimental não-controlado com uma amostra de 128 mulheres com história clara de mastalgia cíclica, tratadas com orientação verbal. Uma escala analógica visual da dor foi usada antes e após o tratamento, a fim de avaliar a severidade, e classificamos as mastalgias em graus I (leve), II (moderado) e III (severo), de acordo com a intensidade da dor. Usamos também o "Cardiff Breast Score" (CBS) modificado para avaliar a resposta clínica ao tratamento. A análise dos dados foi feita com o teste do chi² (Epi-Info 6.04). Resultados: verificou-se um índice de sucesso de 59,4% com a orientação verbal, mas não houve resposta com diferença estatisticamente significante entre os grupos (p = 0,16) com diferentes graus de mastalgia. A resposta menos satisfatória ao tratamento não-medicamentoso nas pacientes que apresentavam um período de tempo mais longo de sintomatologia foi apenas aparente, pois não houve diferença estatisticamente significante (p = 0.14). Conclusão: a orientação verbal deve ser tentada sempre como a primeira escolha terapêutica para mulheres com mastalgia cíclica, independentemente do grau de intensidade da dor. O curso prolongado da dor não interferiu nos resultados.

Purpose: to evaluate the nonpharmacologic treatment (reassurance) as a first line therapy for women with cyclical mastalgia, and to observe if a prolonged course of pain alters the outcome. Methods: we conducted a noncontrolled experimental study with a sample of 128 eligible women with a clear history of cyclical mastalgia treated with reassurance. A visual linear analogical scale of the pain was used before and after treatment in order to assess its severity and the mastalgias were classified into degrees I (mild), II (moderate) and III (severe) according to the intensity of pain. We also used a modified Cardiff Breast Score (CBS) to assess the clinical response. The data analysis was performed using the chi² test (Epi-Info 6.04 software). Results: we verified a success rate of 59.4% with reassurance, but there was no significant statistical difference between the groups (p = 0.16) with different degrees of mastalgia. The less satisfactory response to the nonpharmacologic treatment in those pacients with a prolonged course of pain was only apparent, since there was no significant statistical difference (p = 0.14). Conclusion: reassurance should be always tried as the first choice treatment for women with cyclical mastalgia, independently of pain intensity. Prolonged course of pain did not alter the outcome.

Since 1985 the biology and behavior of Phrynops hilarii (Duméril & Bibron, 1835) at São Paulo Zoo is being studied. Feeding behavior is divided in five phases (foraging, approach, capture, dilaceration and ingestion), but not necessarily all of them happen. During phase 1 the food or prey seems to be visually located. During phase 2 the food itens and stationaty preys are approached and examined by olfaction. Moving preys are pursued and there is no olfactory examination. During phase 3 the food is captured by suction. When food is bigger than turtle mouth it is dilacerated by one or both forefeet used alternately (phase 4). Ingestion is accomplished by gradual suction (phase 5). Intra and inter-specific cleptoparasitism was observed. Success in capture and ingestion of food seems not be dependent on species or size of the turtle. Adults, young, and hatchlings of P. hilarii are primarily carnivorous and vegetables were rarely eaten.

Artificial incubation of 558 eggs from 70 clutches of Trachemys dorbignyi (Duméril & Bibron, 1835) were performed at São Paulo Zoo during 1992 and 1993. Hatching occurred when eggs were incubated between 25 and 31.5oC. Incubation time varied from 54 (at 31.5oC) to 120 days (at 25oC), similarly to Trachemys scripla sspp. Hatchling used the caruncle to made small incisions in the egg shell, latter enlarged by movements of the head and forefeet. Hatching usually lasted from one to two days. Newborn's carapace and plastron showed their natural form few hours after the emergence from the egg shell. During the third or fourth week, caruncle usually disappeared, and yolk sac was completely absorbed. Average (x±sd) measures of newborn were 3.55±0.18cm of carapace length, 3.35±0.17cm of plastron length, and 10.73±1.36g of weight.

Phrynops geofroanus is a carnivorous side-necked turtle. Its feeding behavior is divided in foraging, approach, capture, dilaceration and ingestion, but not necessary all these phases happen. Location of food seems to be visual and recognition olfactory. When food is an agile prey approach is done by pursuing and there is no olfactory recognition.