Resumen. El Colegio de México, a través del Centro de Estudios Demográficos, Urbanos y Ambientales (CEDUA), organizó una Celebración a la Trayectoria de Manuel Ángel Castillo. El homenaje se llevó a cabo en la Sala Alfonso Reyes de la institución, el 5 de abril de 2022. Participaron Gustavo Garza (Programa de Estudios Interdisciplinarios, Colmex), Martha Rojas (El Colegio de la Frontera Sur), Jéssica Nájera (CEDUA, Colmex), Leticia Argüelles (editora de Estudios Demográficos y Urbanos, CEDUA, Colmex), Silvia Giorguli (presidenta de El Colegio de México), María Isabel Molina (esposa del homenajeado) y, por último, Manuel Ángel Castillo, quien pronunció unas palabras de agradecimiento. El acto fue organizado y moderado por Landy Sánchez (directora del CEDUA). A continuación, incluimos las participaciones de los expositores, en el orden de su presentación.

Resumen Este ensayo trata la posverdad como una forma elaborada de mentira que tiene una tradición milenaria, aunque su nombre sea relativamente reciente. Trata las características de la posverdad desde tiempos bíblicos, algunos aspectos de su manifestación actual y sus posibles implicaciones futuras en el metaverso.

Abstract This essay deals with post-truth. Although its name is relatively recent, post-truth is an elaborate form of lying, which has an ancient tradition. It deals with the characteristics of post-truth since biblical times, some aspects of its current manifestation and its possible future implications in the metaverse.

Background: Suicidal behavior is a public health problem, and adolescents are one of the main risk groups. Aim: To analyze the association among suicidal behavior, consumption of psychoactive substances, and Health Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) in adolescents attending schools in Valparaiso, Chile. Material and Methods: Five hundred-fifty adolescents enrolled in a public school participated in the study. HRQoL was evaluated through KIDSCREEN-27, while suicidal behavior and the consumption of psychoactive substances were measured with the Global School-based Student Health Survey (GSHS). Results: The prevalence of suicidal behavior was higher in women and in those who used tobacco or marijuana in the last month. Respondents with a bad perception of physical well-being reported a higher frequency of suicidal ideation than those with a good perception (Odds ratio (OR): 2.24; 95% confidence: 1.49-3.36). Likewise the frequency of suicidal ideation was higher in those with a bad perception of psychological well-being (OR: 3.87; 95%CI: 2.09-7.71), and a bad perception of autonomy and relation with parents (OR:2.46; 95%CI: 1.34-4.54). Suicide planning was also associated with dimensions of autonomy and relation with parents (OR: 2.32; 95% CI: 1.23-4.38) and dimensions of friends and social support (OR: 1.86; 95%CI:1.05-3.28). Suicide attempt was associated with the dimensions of friendship and social support (OR: 1.83; 95%CI: 1.02-3.28) and school environment (OR: 1,92; 95%CI: 1,23-3,01). Conclusions: Suicide ideation is associated with worse physical and psychological well-being. Suicide planning and suicide attempt is associated with a worse perception about the relation with parents or friends, social support, and school environment.

Resumen El objetivo de este trabajo es describir y analizar la asociación entre PGI/PGII (indicador de atrofia gástrica con H. pylori-CagA y factores asociados a estilo de vida como ingesta calórica, obesidad y hábitos nocivos entre adultos mayores positivos por H. pylori en Costa Rica utilizando modelos de ecuaciones estructurales multigrupo (SEM). Con una muestra de 1748 adultos mayores del estudio CRELES, se utilizó un SEM para analizar las relaciones entre PGI/PGII, CagA, ingesta calórica, obesidad y hábitos nocivos difieren por sexo, edad y áreas de riesgo. Los SEMs propuestos exhibieron un buen ajuste en hombres (RMSEA = 0.039), mujeres (RMSEA = 0.000), área de bajo riesgo (RMSEA = 0.038), áreas de riesgo medio (RMSEA = 0.042), individuos menores de 80 años (RMSEA = 0.038) e individuos de 80 años o más (RMSEA = 0.042), mientras que hubo un ajuste aceptable en áreas de alto riesgo (RMSEA = 0.061). Los SEMs ajustados mostraron que CagA predice la relación PGI/II en la dirección esperada con efectos proporcionales al área de riesgo, pero no por sexo y edad. Todos los indicadores medibles de obesidad (IMC, brazos y cintura) mostraron coeficientes estandarizados significativos con efectos similares entre los grupos por sexo, edad y área de riesgo. No se encontraron otros efectos o diferencias significativas. Proponemos un modelo SEM bien ajustado para las posibles relaciones entre CagA y PGI/II y el nivel de riesgo del área geográfica en adultos mayores. No se encontraron diferencias en las variables analizadas entre hombres y mujeres ni entre los grupos de edad.

Abstract The aim of this work is to describe and analyze the association of PGI/PGII ratio (indicator of gastric atrophy) with H. pylori-CagA and life style factors such as caloric intake, obesity, and harmful habits amongst H. pylori-positive elderly people infected in Costa Rica using an exploratory multigroup structural equations model (SEM). Using a sample of 1748 H. pylori-positive elderly people from CRELES first wave study, a SEM was employed analyze if the relationships between PGI/PGII ratio with levels of H. pylori-CagA, caloric intake, obesity, and harmful habits, differs by sex, age and risk areas subgroups. The proposed SEMs exhibited a good fit in males (RMSEA = 0.039), females (RMSEA = 0.000), low-risk area (RMSEA = 0.038), middle-risk area (RMSEA = 0.042), individuals under 80 years (RMSEA = 0.038) and individuals aged 80 and over (RMSEA = 0.042), while an acceptable fit was observed for the high-risk area (RMSEA = 0.061). Fitted SEMs showed that CagA predicted PG-ratio as expected, with effects increasing with the risk area, but similar between sex and age groups. All indicators measuring obesity (BMI, arms, and waist) showed significant standardized coefficients, with similar effects between sex, age and risk area groups. No other significant effects or differences between groups were identified. We propose a good-fitted SEM model for the possible relationships between CagA and PG ratio and the geographical risk area level for elderly people. No differences were observed on measured parameters between male and female population, or between under 80 years and older individuals.

Abstract: Allan-Herndon-Dudley syndrome is a rare X-linked genetic disorder, caused by a deficiency of the monocarboxylate transporter 8 (MCT8), a specific transporter of thyroid hormones, with functions mainly at the brain level. The syndrome produces an early onset of severe neurological disorder, in which hypotonia predominates. Objective: To present a rare case with an unexpected diagnosis, highlighting the usefulness of requesting a complete thyroid profile in every hypotonic male infant without a specific cause. Clinical Case: A 10-month-old male infant with severe axial and peripheral hypotonia, global weakness with little spontaneous mobility, without head support or stable sitting. Complete metabolic and peripheral neurophysiological studies were performed. Genetic studies for spinal muscular atrophy, Prader Willi syndrome, and myotonic dystrophy were also performed. The trio exome analysis detected a probably pathogenic variant c.359C>T;p.(Ser120Phe), hemizygous in exon 1 of the SLC16A2 gene, inherited from the mother. Thyroid abnormalities as increased free triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), and delayed myelination were observed. Conclusions: MCT8 deficiency should be considered in the case of the male infant with unex plained hypotonia and weakness without a determined cause. The diagnosis is guided by a thyroid profile including free T3 hormone, because it presents a characteristic thyroid profile with decreased free thyroxine (T4), increased free T3, and normal or slightly elevated TSH levels. In this case, the implementation of the trio exome analysis allows establishing an early certain diagnosis.

Resumen: El síndrome de Allan-Herndon-Dudley es un raro trastorno genético, ligado al cromosoma X, produ cido por déficit del transportador monocarboxilato 8 (MCT8), que es un transportador específico de hormonas tiroideas principalmente a nivel cerebral. Produce un cuadro neurológico grave de inicio precoz, en el que predomina la hipotonía muscular. Objetivo: Presentar un caso infrecuente con diagnóstico inesperado, destacando la utilidad de solicitar un perfil tiroideo completo ante todo lac tante varón con hipotonía muscular sin causa determinada. Caso Clínico: Lactante masculino de 10 meses de edad, con gran hipotonía axial y periférica, debilidad con escasa movilidad espontánea, sin sostén cefálico ni sedestación estable. Se realizaron estudios metabólicos y neurofisiológicos periféri co completos, y estudios genéticos de Atrofia Espinal, Prader Willi y Distrofia Miotónica. El exoma a tríos detectó una variante probablemente patogénica c.359C>T;p.(Ser120Phe), en hemicigosis en el exón 1 del gen SLC16A2, heredada de la madre. Se objetivaron alteraciones tiroideas con aumento de triyodotironina (T3 libre) y hormona estimulante de la tiroides (TSH), y retraso de la mielinización cerebral. Conclusiones: La sospecha de déficit de transportador MCT8 debe incluirse en el estudio del lactante masculino con hipotonía y debilidad sin causa determinada. El diagnóstico se orienta con un perfil tiroideo que incluya la hormona T3 libre, dado que presenta un perfil tiroideo caracte rístico con disminución de tiroxina libre (T4), aumento de T3 libre y niveles normales o ligeramente elevados de TSH. La implementación del exoma a tríos pudo establecer en este caso un diagnóstico de certeza de forma precoz.

Abstract Aim: To document the recent experiences on the implementation of sampling and culturing Helicobacter pylori in Costa Rica, to compare it with other diagnostic methods: rapid urease test and histopathology and to describe the diagnoses associated with the obtained isolates. Methods: Descriptive research involving patients who visited the digestive endoscopy department of the Clínica Bíblica hospital in San José, Costa Rica between February and July of 2019 for gastroscopy. Gastric biopsies were obtained and histopathological analysis, rapid urease test, and bacteriological culture for Helicobacter pylori were performed. For culture techniques, the sample was transported in an in-house semi-solid medium. Biopsy fragments were macerated and plated on Skirrow agar and Helicobacterselective in-house agar, and incubated in microaerophilic atmosphere for 48 hours to 10 days. Culture positivity was determined by observation of the colonial morphology and microscopic observation; Gram staining and biochemical tests (urease, catalase, and oxidase) were used for bacterial identification. Results: 44 patients (mean aged 50.6 ± 10.0 years old, 54.5% male) were included in the study. Helicobacter pylori was recovered in biopsies from 27 patients (61.4% success rate). Bacterial growth was similar regardless the culture medium, but the physiological state of the bacteria was better in the Helicobacter-selective agar than in Skirrow. The weekly recovery rate increased to reach a 100% recovery plateau on week 11. Culture was compared with the rapid urease test in 27 patients, and the concordance between both methods using Cohen's kappa coefficient was 0.48. Whilst the culture detected Helicobacter pylori in 56% of the patients, and the rapid urease test in 37%, the combination of both allowed a 60% rate. The most frequent endoscopic diagnosis in patients with positive cultures were erythematous gastritis and chronic superficial gastritis, and the predominant histopathological diagnosis was chronic atrophic gastritis. Culture-based diagnosis was consistent with the histopathology detection of Helicobacter pylori in 80.4% of the cases. Conclusions: The implementation of H. pylori culture in Costa Rica is possible. This study had a 61.4% recovery rate. The combination of culture with rapid urease test and histopathology increases the probability of an accurate and timely diagnosis. We recommend that, based on previously described protocols such as ours, each laboratory adjusts the conditions to allow a good recovery rate and implement H. pylori diagnostic methods most suitable to their routine activities.

Resumen Objetivo: Determinar la viabilidad del cultivo de la bacteria Helicobacter pylori en Costa Rica por medio de la documentación de toma de muestras, la comparación del diagnóstico histopatológico y la descripción de los diagnósticos asociados a los aislamientos obtenidos con los resultados de la ureasa rápida. Métodos: Investigación descriptiva que involucró a pacientes de entre los 35 y 70 años, de ambos sexos, que asistieron al Servicio de Endoscopia Digestiva del Hospital Clínica Bíblica entre febrero y junio del 2019 para estudio gastroscópico. Se obtuvieron biopsias gástricas para diagnóstico histopatológico, prueba de ureasa rápida y cultivo de Helicobacter pylori. Para este último, se transportaron las biopsias en un medio de transporte semisólido, se maceró el tejido y se cultivó enagar Skirrow y agar selectivo para Helicobacter; una placa de cada medio se incubó a 37 °C en microaerofilia entre 48 horas y 10 días. La positividad del cultivo se realizó por observación de la morfología colonial y la bacteria se identificó por análisis microscópico al fresco, tinción de Gram y pruebas bioquímicas (catalasa, ureasa y oxidasa). Resultados: Se incluyó a 44 pacientes (edad: 50.6 ± 10.0, 54.5% masculinos). Se recuperó Helicobacter pylori en biopsias de 27 pacientes (61.4% de éxito). La recuperación de la bacteria fue similar en el medio Skirrow y en el selectivo para Helicobacter. El porcentaje de éxito de recuperación semanal aumentó durante el estudio hasta alcanzar un éxito del 100% en la semana 11. Se comparó el cultivo con la ureasa rápida en 27 pacientes y la concordancia entre ambos métodos fue de un coeficiente kappa de Cohen de 0.48. El cultivo detectó la bacteria en un 56% de los pacientes, la ureasa rápida en un 37% y la combinación de ambas técnicas permitió la detección en un 60%. El diagnóstico endoscópico más frecuente en los pacientes con cultivo positivo fue la gastritis eritematosa y gastritis crónica superficial y el diagnóstico histopatológico predominante fue gastritis crónica con atrofia gástrica. El diagnóstico por cultivo coincidió con la detección por azul de toluidina en un 80.4% de los casos. Conclusiones: Se puede implementar el cultivo de Helicobacter pylori en Costa Rica. Este estudio tuvo un porcentaje de recuperación de la bacteria de 61.4%. La combinación del método de cultivo con la prueba de ureasa rápida y la detección histológica contribuye a un diagnóstico certero y oportuno. Recomendamos que, con base en protocolos descritos en esta investigación, cada laboratorio estandarice las condiciones que le permitan un buen porcentaje de recuperación y una implementación adaptada a sus actividades de rutina.

Background: Adolescents are more prone to develop health risk behaviors. Among these, early consumption of psychoactive drugs is relevant. Aim: To assess the association between early consumption of illicit drugs, tobacco and alcohol, suicide behaviors, risky sexual behaviors, eating habits and physical activity in school age adolescents from Valparaiso, Chile. Material and Methods: The online world survey of scholar health to identify the health risk behaviors was answered by 550 adolescents aged 15 to 18 years, from a public educational institution at Valparaiso, Chile. Results: Early consumption of alcohol, smoking and illicit drug use was reported by 59, 57 and 44% of respondents, respectively. The frequency of psychoactive drug consumption during the last month, risky sexual behaviors and missing breakfast was higher among those with an early onset of alcohol and illicit drug consumption and smoking. The frequency of suicidal risk behaviors and low consumption of fruits and vegetables was higher among those with an early onset of illicit drug use and smoking. A low physical activity level was associated with early smoking onset. Health risk behaviors were associated with early onset of alcohol and illicit drug consumption and smoking. Conclusions: Early onset of alcohol and illicit drug consumption and smoking is associated with health risk behaviors in Chilean adolescents.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Diabetes is a serious and chronic condition that occurs when a person's blood glucose levels are high because the body cannot produce insulin or its amount is insufficient. It is an important and independent risk factor for cardiovascular diseases and other damages. Objective: To describe the prevalence and mortality from diabetes in Cuba during the decade 2010-2019. Material and Methods: A descriptive ecological study on diabetes in Cuba was carried out. Dispensarization and gross mortality rates due to the disease in the 2010-2019 decade were taken into account. The statistical yearbooks published by the Directorate of Medical Records and Health Statistics of the Ministry of Public Health those years were used as a source of information. Results: The prevalence of diabetes in Cuba in the decade tended to increase from 4,04 % in 2010, to 6,67 % in 2019. It was more frequent in women. Crude mortality rates decreased in that period from 23,9 to 20,6 per 100 000 inhabitants. Conclusions: The annual prevalence rates of diabetes reported in Cuba were higher in females. In the decade, the general prevalence of diabetes showed an increase, while the trend in gross mortality from this disease was related to the decrease. Women were more likely to die than men.

RESUMEN Introducción: La diabetes mellitus es una afección grave y crónica que ocurre cuando los niveles de glucosa en la sangre de una persona son altos, porque su cuerpo no puede producir insulina o su cantidad es insuficiente. Constituye un importante e independiente factor de riesgo, para las enfermedades cardiovasculares y otros daños. Objetivo: Describir la prevalencia y mortalidad por diabetes en Cuba, en el decenio 2010- 2019. Material y métodos: Se realizó un estudio ecológico, descriptivo, sobre la diabetes mellitus en Cuba. Se tuvieron en cuenta, la dispensarización, las tasas de mortalidad brutas por la enfermedad, en el decenio 2010- 2019. Los anuarios estadísticos publicados por la Dirección de Registros Médicos y Estadísticas de Salud, del Ministerio de Salud Pública de esos años, fueron la fuente de información. Resultados: La prevalencia de diabetes en Cuba en el decenio, ha tenido tendencia al incremento de 4,04 % en 2010, a 6,67 % en 2019. Fue más frecuente en las personas del sexo femenino. Las tasas brutas de mortalidad, disminuyeron en ese período de 23,9 a 20,6 por 100 000 habitantes. Conclusiones: Las tasas de prevalencia anuales de diabetes reportadas en Cuba, resultaron mayores en el sexo femenino. En el decenio, la prevalencia general de diabetes mostró un incremento, en tanto que la tendencia de la mortalidad bruta por esta enfermedad, fue al descenso. Murieron más mujeres que hombres.

Abstract Objective: to evaluate the perception of gender-based violence among female workers in the agricultural sector in Aguascalientes, Mexico. Methodology: with a descriptive-cross-sectional study design, the 75 respondents were selected according to the non-probabilistic method. Results: among the women interviewed, 58.67% stated that they had been the object of or witnessed some sexist comment; while 25.33% confirmed having been the object of or witnessed sexual harassment (physical and/or verbal) within their work area. Limitations: the principal obstacle was the lack of empiric and scientific information related to labor-violence in the agriculture and livestock sector. Another limitation was that due to the COVID-19 pandemic restrictions, the surveys were conducted virtually. Value: gender inequalities in a little-studied economic and labor sector are known. Conclusions: the information presented shows that women workers identify and experience gender-based violence in their work space; it is necessary to make changes in the sector to ensure conditions of equity, safety and human dignity.

Resumen Objetivo: evaluar la percepción que las trabajadoras del sector agropecuario de Aguascalientes, México, tienen de la violencia de género. Metodología: el estudio es de tipo descriptivo-transversal. Se encuestaron 75 mujeres seleccionadas de acuerdo con el método no probabilístico. Resultados: se obtuvo que 58.67% aseguró haber sido objeto o testigo de algún comentario sexista y 25.33% confirmó haber sido objeto o testigo de acoso sexual (físico o verbal) en su área de trabajo. Limitaciones: el principal obstáculo ha sido la escasez de información empírica y científica sobre estudios de violencia laboral en el sector agropecuario. Otra limitación fue que las encuestas se tuvieron que realizar de manera virtual, debido a las restricciones por la pandemia de COVID-19. Valor: se dan a conocer las desigualdades de género en un sector económico y laboral poco estudiado. Conclusiones: la información presentada demuestra que las trabajadoras detectan la violencia de género en su espacio laboral. Por eso se recomienda hacer cambios en el sector que aseguren equidad de género, seguridad y dignidad humana.

ABSTRACT Introduction: In Cuba, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is the sixth leading cause of death. There is insufficient knowledge concerning its scope. Objective: To determine the prevalence and characteristics of the disease in Havana (2017-2018). Methods: A multicenter, cross-sectional study coordinated by Iniciative Burden of Lung Disease. It included 349 non-hospitalized people aged 40 and over from four family doctor´s offices (random selection). A questionnaire with sociodemographic variables on previous medical diagnosis and smoking was applied. A spirometric study was conducted before and after salbutamol administration to determine airflow limitations, and the disease was classified as mild, moderate, severe, and very severe. Results: Overall prevalence was 20.9% (95 % CI: 16.6-25.2); with males accounting for 25.3%; and females for 17.7%. It increased with age. Mild forms of the disease affected 60% of the population; they were more common in females (67%) than in males (severe forms, 22%). Previous spirometry was performed in 15% of respondents. Fourteen people (19.1%) had previously been diagnosed with pulmonary emphysema, chronic bronchitis, or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Smoking prevalence was 36%, with a higher percentage in the severe forms of the disease. One-third (31.7%) were exposed to second-hand tobacco smoke at home or at work, with a daily average exposure of 5 hours. Conclusions: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is a major health problem in Havana due to its high prevalence and underdiagnosis. An increase in prevalence is predicted given the demographic dynamics in the country and the high level of tobacco consumption among the population. Therefore, more comprehensive management of this preventable disease is required.

RESUMEN Introducción: En Cuba la enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica es sexta causa de mortalidad general. Existe insuficiente conocimiento sobre su magnitud. Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia y características de la enfermedad en La Habana (2017-2018). Métodos: Estudio multicéntrico transversal, coordinado por Iniciative Burden of Lung Disease, incluyó 349 personas no institucionalizadas de 40 años y más de cuatro consultorios médicos (selección aleatoria). Se aplicó cuestionario con variables sociodemográficas relacionadas con diagnóstico médico previo y tabaquismo. Se realizó estudio de espirometría, pre-pos aplicación de salbutamol para determinar limitación del flujo aéreo y clasificó severidad de la enfermedad en leve, moderada, severa y muy severa. Resultados: Prevalencia global 20,9 % (IC 95 %:16,6-25,2); en hombres 25,3 %, en mujeres 17,7 %. Se incrementó con la edad. Formas leves 60 %, más frecuentes en mujeres 67 % vs. severas en hombres, 22 %. Espirometría previa 15 % de encuestados. Catorce encuestados (19,1 %) tenían el diagnóstico médico previo de enfisema pulmonar, bronquitis crónica o enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica. Prevalencia de tabaquismo 36,0 %, mayor porcentaje en formas severas. La tercera parte (31,7 %), expuestos al humo de tabaco ajeno, en hogar o trabajo; media de exposición diaria 5 h. Conclusiones: La alta prevalencia y subdiagnóstico de enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica la convierten en un importante problema de salud en La Habana. Se pronostica incremento de la prevalencia relacionado con la dinámica poblacional en el país y el alto consumo de tabaco en la población. Se requiere un manejo más integral de esta enfermedad prevenible.

Resumo: A diminuição da produção voltada para autoconsumo pode afetar negativamente a segurança alimentar e nutricional (SAN) e soberania alimentar das famílias rurais. Esta temática é relevante na região do Alto Xingu, em Mato Grosso, dada a mudança no uso da terra e a intensificação de fenômenos socioeconômicos como a crescente ocupação da força de trabalho de moradores e moradoras de áreas rurais em atividades não agrícolas. Este estudo objetiva caracterizar a produção de autoconsumo entre assentados rurais do Alto Xingu e relacioná-la com a SAN das famílias. Foram aplicados Recordatórios de 24 horas de consumo alimentar e entrevistas em profundidade em 43 unidades domésticas. Os resultados indicam que a produção para autoconsumo é relevante para a SAN e soberania alimentar dos assentados, principalmente para proteína animal. Contudo, a prática tem se enfraquecido neste contexto de transformações. Frente às pressões do entorno, identificou-se uma “ordem de desarticulação” das produções para autoconsumo, com destaque para a vulnerabilidade do cultivo de hortaliças e resistência da produção de frango e de árvores frutíferas. Por fim, o estudo destaca que a diminuição da produção para autoconsumo afeta, principalmente, a soberania alimentar e reprodução social das famílias, reforçando o processo de transformação socioeconômica em curso no meio rural.

Abstract: The reduced production for self-consumption may affect food and nutrition security as well as the food sovereignty of rural families. This is a relevant topic in the Upper Xingu region, in Mato Grosso, given the land-use change and the intensification of socioeconomic phenomena such as the growing workforce occupation of the rural areas’ residents, in non-agricultural activities. This study aims to identify food production for self-consumption among rural settlers in the Upper Xingu region, as well as to relate the practice to food security. For this, 24-hour dietary recall for food consumption and in-depth interviews were performed in 43 domestic units. Results show the importance of food production for self-consumption towards food security and food sovereignty, especially for animal protein. However, the practice has decreased over time in this context of changes. We identified an “order of disarticulation” of the production for self-consumption surrounding pressure and we highlight the vulnerability of growing vegetables and the resistance of the poultry and fruit tree production. Finally, the study emphasizes that the reduced production for self-consumption mainly affects families' food sovereignty and social reproduction, strengthening the socioeconomic changes taking place in the rural areas.

Abstract The evaluation of teaching competencies is a necessary process to improve the quality of higher education. The objective of this research was to analyze the teaching skills of the teaching staff of the Faculty of Accounting and Administration (FCA) of the Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua. The research was quantitative in nature; the design was non-experimental, cross-sectional descriptive, and the sampling was probabilistic. For this, in addition, bibliographic consultations and field research were carried out. Thus, with a sample of 230 teachers, the current situation of teaching competencies in the FCA was described and analyzed. The main results indicate the need to implement appropriate training programs for teachers, since there are areas of opportunity that must be strengthened, as well as taking into account the influence of teachers' age and employment status.

Resumen La evaluación de competencias docentes es un proceso necesario para mejorar la calidad educativa de nivel superior. El objetivo de la presente investigación fue analizar las competencias docentes de la plantilla de profesores de la Facultad de Contaduría y Administración (FCA) de la Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua (UACH). La investigación fue de naturaleza cuantitativa; el diseño fue no experimental, transeccional descriptivo, y el muestreo fue probabilístico. Para ello, además, se realizaron consultas bibliográficas e investigación de campo. Así, con una muestra de 230 docentes, se describió y analizó la situación actual de las competencias docentes en la FCA. Los principales resultados señalan la necesidad de implementar programas de capacitación adecuados a los docentes, ya que se cuenta con áreas de oportunidad que se deben fortalecer, así como tomar en cuenta la influencia que ejercen la edad y la situación laboral de los docentes.

Resumo A avaliação das competências docentes é um processo necessário para melhorar a qualidade do ensino superior. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi analisar a capacidade docente do corpo docente da Faculdade de Contabilidade e Administração (FCA) da Universidade Autônoma de Chihuahua (UACH). A pesquisa foi de natureza quantitativa; o delineamento foi não experimental, transversal descritivo e a amostragem foi probabilística. Para tanto, foram realizadas consultas bibliográficas e pesquisas de campo. Assim, com uma amostra de 230 professores, foi descrita e analisada a situação atual das competências docentes na FCA. Os principais resultados apontam para a necessidade de implementação de programas adequados de formação de professores, uma vez que existem áreas de oportunidades que devem ser fortalecidas, bem como levando em consideração a influência da idade dos professores e da situação de emprego.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Hypertension could be a key element for the prevention of cardiovascular diseases, since it constitutes its main common denominator. It is the main risk factor for the global burden of morbidity and mortality. Objective: To characterize the prevalence of arterial hypertension in Cuba in 2019. Methods: An ecological study was carried out. The prevalence rates of arterial hypertension in the national surveys of risk factors in the years 1995, 2001 and 2010 were compared to those of the dispensarization carried out in those years. The total prevalence rates of arterial hypertension were taken into account by age groups and sex, considering also those of each province and of the special municipality of Isla de la Juventud. The data was processed automatically. The results were expressed in a table and in graphs. Results: The prevalence rates of arterial hypertension found in the national surveys of risk factors exceeded those of dispensarization in those years. The prevalence of hypertension increased with age. In the age group 60-64 years, more than 75% of people were hypertensive. In those aged 25-59, 65 and over, as well as in the total, hypertensive women predominated. Conclusions: It is necessary to reduce, within the health system, the gap between patients known as hypertensive and those who really are carriers of the disease, to achieve proper management of this and, thus, to have a favorable influence on morbidity and mortality from vascular diseases.

RESUMEN Introducción: La hipertensión arterial pudiera ser un elemento clave para la prevención de las enfermedades cardiovasculares, pues constituye su principal denominador común. Es el principal factor de riesgo, para la carga mundial de morbilidad y mortalidad. Objetivo: Caracterizar la prevalencia de hipertensión arterial en Cuba en el año 2019. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio ecológico. Se compararon las prevalencias de hipertensión arterial en las encuestas nacionales de factores de riesgo en los años 1995, 2001 y 2010 respecto a las de la dispensarización de esos años. Se tuvieron en cuenta las prevalencias totales de hipertensión arterial por grupos de edad y sexo, las de cada provincia y del municipio especial Isla de la Juventud. Los datos se procesaron de forma automatizada. Los resultados se expresaron en una tabla y gráficos. Resultados: Las prevalencias de hipertensión arterial encontradas en las encuestas nacionales de factores de riesgo superaron a las de la dispensarización en esos años. La prevalencia de hipertensión arterial se incrementó en la medida que lo hizo la edad. En el grupo de edad de 60 a 64 años, más del 75 % de las personas resultaron hipertensas. En los de 25 a 59, de 65 y más y en el total predominaron las mujeres hipertensas. Conclusiones: Es preciso reducir la brecha entre los pacientes conocidos como hipertensos, dentro del sistema de salud y los que realmente son portadores de la enfermedad, conseguir el manejo adecuado de esta y con eso influir favorablemente en la morbilidad y mortalidad por enfermedades vasculares.

Abstract Introduction: WHO recommends interprofessional education (IPE) in which two or more students from different health professions learn together to work together in the future. In clinical simulation, students carry out health actions similar to reality but without any risk to the patient. Clinical simulation has been seen as a good method to promote IPE. Objective: To implement a pilot IPE experience in clinical simulation with university students (medicine and nursing) and professional training (nursing assistant practitioner). In case of success, this method can be introduced into regular courses. Method: Two multidisciplinary pilot experiences were carried out. Three clinical cases were designed where students from the three studies had to intervene. In each of the cases, a student of each of the three degrees assumed the first contact with the situation. In all cases, the four phases of the clinical simulation were followed and at the end of each experience, the students answered a satisfaction survey on their perception of learning, instructors, organizational aspects and general satisfaction. Results: The pilot experiences were considered successful due to the positive perception of the teachers involvedad and the great satisfaction generated among the participating students. Conclusions: Based on the success of these pilot tests, IPE has now been introduced into the regulated official curricula of medical and nursing programs where simulations are carried out with students of these careers and nursing assistants. The participation of non-university students is highlighted, which could stimulate similar experiences in health science studies.

Resumen Introducción: La WHO recomienda la educación interprofesional (EIP) donde 2 o más estudiantes de 2 o más profesiones sanitarias aprenden juntos para trabajar juntos en el futuro. La simulación clínica, donde los estudiantes realizan acciones sanitarias parecidas a la realidad, pero sin riesgo para el paciente, se ha visto como un buen método para fomentar la EIP. Objetivo: Implementar unas experiencias piloto de EIP en simulación clínica con estudiantes universitarios (de medicina y de enfermería) y de formación profesional (de auxiliares de enfermería) para que en el caso de éxito introducirlas en los estudios reglados de Medicina y de Enfermería. Métodos: Se realizaron 2 experiencias piloto multidisciplinarias en el campo de la simulación clínica. Se diseñaron 3 casos clínicos donde tenían que intervenir alumnos de los 3 estudios. En cada uno de los casos, el primer contacto con la situación lo asumía un estudiante de cada una de las 3 titulaciones. En todos los casos se siguieron las 4 fases de la simulación clínica y al finalizar cada experiencia los estudiantes participantes contestaron una encuesta de satisfacción sobre su percepción de aprendizaje, instructores, aspectos organizativos y satisfacción general. Resultados: Las experiencias piloto fueron consideradas exitosas por la percepción positiva de los profesores implicados manifestada en reuniones posteriores de reflexión y por la gran satisfacción generada entre los estudiantes participantes. Conclusiones: A partir del éxito de las pruebas piloto, la educación interprofesional se ha introducido en los currículums reglados de los estudios de medicina y de enfermería donde se realizan simulaciones con estudiantes de dichas carreras y de auxiliares de enfermería. Se resalta el hecho novedoso de la participación de estudiantes no universitarios que podría estimular experiencias similares en estudios de ciencias de la salud.

ABSTRACTS Compliance with the English language curricular strategy still constitutes a problem to be perfected in the group of General Chemistry discipline. Teaching tasks are elaborated for the contribution to the development of the same from the referred discipline. Supported by different methods such as: analysis-synthesis, modeling, observation, student and teacher surveys, it was possible to establish the theoretical-methodological foundations of the teaching tasks. The results of the tasks contributed to raising the professional performance of teachers and the level of preparation of students in the English language from the General Chemistry discipline.

RESUMEN El cumplimiento de la estrategia curricular de idioma Inglés aún constituye un problema a perfeccionar en el colectivo de disciplina Química General. Se elaboran tareas docentes para la contribución al desarrollo de la misma desde la referida disciplina. Apoyados en diferentes métodos tales como: el análisis-síntesis, la modelación, la observación, encuestas a estudiantes y profesores fue posible establecer los fundamentos teóricos - metodológicos de las tareas docentes. Con los resultados de las tareas se contribuyó a elevar el desempeño profesional de docentes y el nivel de preparación de los estudiantes en el idioma inglés desde la disciplina Química General.