The aim of this study was to clinically evaluate the efficacy of antibiotics in retained third molar extractions, determining the need of antibiotics prophylaxis use in these procedures. Fourteen (14) patients, aged between 15 and 30 years, irrespective of sex, color or race were selected, for removal of retained third molars in symmetrical positions. The surgeries were divided into two groups: the control group in the first surgery and the second group undergoing prophylactic administration of 500 mg of amoxicillin 8 / 8 hours, for seven days after surgery. The evaluation of edema was established by the distance of reference points and assessment of facial trismus and was obtained by top and bottom interincisal distance. Measurements were performed before and after surgery, 24, 48 hours and for 7 days. Pain was evaluated subjectively by a visual analog scale. There was no statistically significant difference with respect to swelling and trismus after dental extractions with or without the use of antibiotics, and there was statistically significant difference in relation to pain in the postoperative periods of 24 and 48 hours, and increased pain reported by the test group. At day seven no differences were noted in perception of pain between the groups. Finally, the amoxicillin therapy subsequent to the third molar surgery is not related to the postoperatory conditions of the patient.

El objetivo de esta investigación fue estudiar clínicamente la eficacia de la terapia con amoxicilina en terceros molares retenidos sobre las condiciones postoperatorias de edema, dolor, trismus e infección. Fueron seleccionados 14 pacientes de entre 15 y 30 años con la retención de los dientes 3.8 y 4.8 en la misma posición según las clasificaciones utilizadas actualmente. Se realizó inicialmente una cirugía y posteriormente la segunda; se estableció un grupo test con terapia antibiótica (amoxicilina 500mg c/8h por 7 días) y un grupo control que no utilizo antibióticos. El edema fue estudiado a través de la distancia de puntos faciales de referencia y la evaluación del trimus fue obtenida por medio de la distancia interincisal superior e inferior. El dolor fue estudiado mediante escala visual análoga. No existió diferencia estadísticamente significativa en relación al edema y al trismus en los periodos estudiados; existió diferencia estadísticamente significativa respecto al dolor durante los primeros dos días, siendo el grupo test que presentaba más dolor. A los 7 días ya no se apreció diferencias. Finalmente, la amoxicilina como terapia posterior a la exodoncia de terceros molares no se relaciona con las condiciones postoperatorias del paciente.

Foram utilizados 10 jacarés Caiman crocodilus yacare, colhendo-se 5 ml do sangue periférico de cada animal. A análise morfológica foi realizada após coloração por Leishman. Para estudo citoquímico, empregaram-se os métodos do PAS, do Sudan black B, da o-toluidina e do azul de bromofenol. Foram identificados 7 tipos celulares: eritrócitos, trombócitos, heterófilos, eosinófilos, basófilos, linfócitos e monócitos azurófilos. Os eritrócitos nucleados apresentam formato elíptico com atividade mitótica e positividade citoplasmática para o azul de bromofenol. Os trombócitos são de formato elíptico, com citoplasma abundante nos pólos, contendo grânulos de glicogênio e núcleo com sulcos profundos. Heterófilos, grosseiramente esféricos, mostram núcleo esférico excêntrico e citoplasma repleto de grânulos corados em salmão, de formato fusiforme, em baqueta, oval ou esférico. A citoquímica nestas células revelou a presença de glicogênio, grânulos citoplasmáticos positivos para azul de bromofenol e parcialmente sudanófilos e positivos para mieloperoxidase. Eosinófilos mostram-se esféricos com núcleo lenticular excêntrico e citoplasma com grânulos esféricos ou ovais róseos positivos para Sudan e mieloperoxidase, porém fracamente para o azul de bromofenol. Basófilos apresentam formato esférico, de tamanho menor em relação aos demais granulócitos, núcleo esférico central e citoplasma com poucos grânulos fortemente basófilos. Linfócitos mostram-se polimórficos com núcleo de formato irregular, citoplasma escasso com projeções e grânulos azurófilos. Monócito azurófilo, de formato esférico, núcleo excêntrico e citoplasma basófilo contendo grânulos azurófilos abundantes.

Samples of peripheral blood were collected from 10 healthy Caiman crocodilus yacare and stained with Leishman, for morphological analysis, or submitted to the following cytochemical methods: PAS, Sudan black B, o-toluidine and mercury bromophenol blue. Seven types of cells were identified: erythrocytes, thrombocytes, heterophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes and azurofilic monocytes. Erythrocytes were elliptical and positive for bromophenol blue. Some mitotic figures were noted. Spindle-shaped thrombocytes showed large nucleus with striking indentation. The cytoplasm was attenuated at one or both poles into knob-like projections containing glycogen. Heterophils revealed round eccentric nuclei and cytoplasm containing glycogen and many polymorphic granules. These granules showed partial positive reaction for Sudan and activity for myeloperoxidase. Eosinophils showed eccentrically located lenticular-shaped nuclei and numerous round granules stained positive with myeloperoxidase and Sudan. Basophils revealed a round central nuclei and cytoplasm with few basophilic round granules. Lymphocytes appeared as polygonal or irregular cells with thin cytoplasm forming bleb-like protrusions. Azurophilic monocytes were round with eccentrically located nuclei and basophilic cytoplasm containing numerous azurophilic granules.

SUMMARY: Samples of peripheral blood from healthy young reptiles were collected from the cervical venous sinus in tubes containing EDTA 10%. Freshly prepared smears were used for the following purpuses: a) Staining in Rosenfeld solution for the morphological analyses. b) Detection of alkaline phosphatase with naphthol ASMX-phosphate and myeloperoxidase (pH 7,0 and pH10,0) with o-toluidine H(2)0(2). The same blood samples with EDTA were centrifuged for 15' at 2,000rpm and the buffy coat containing leukocytes was devided in two fragments and one of them treated with glutaraldehyde (1h at 4C) and used for alkaline phosphatase reaction and the other 1,25% glutaraldehyde + 1% paraformaldehyde (1h 4C) and used for myeloperoxidase reaction. The eosinophils revealed round, oval or lobed eccentric nuclei with prominent nucleoli. The cytoplasm of eosinophils is dominated by striking eosinophilic granules (large, nearly spherical, closely packed, uniform in size). No alkaline phosphatase activity was observed in the eosinophils. A positive reaction for myeloperoxidase (faint at ph 7,0 an strong at pH 10,0) was visualized as a brown precipitate in the eosinophils. EM observation revealed myeloperoxidase activity only in a few granules (at pH 7,0) and in a majority of the granules (at pH 10,0). Basic protein reaction product is visible essentially at the periphery of all the citoplasmic granules in the eosinophils.

RESUMEN: Muestras de sangre periférica de reptiles, jóvenes y sanos, fueron recolectadas del seno venoso cervical, en tubos que contenían EDTA 10%. Inmediatamente los frotis fueron sometidos a los siguientes procedimientos: a) Tinción con solución de Rosenfeld para el análisis morfológico. b)Detección de la fosfatasa alcalina con naftol AS-MX fosfato y mieloperoxidasa (pH 7,0 y pH10,0) con o-toluidina H(2)0(2). Una parte de la sangre con EDTA fue centrifugada por 15' a 2.000rpm y el coágulo conteniendo los leucocitos, fue dividido en dos fragmentos y tratados con: a) glutaraldehído a 2% (1h a 4C) para la reacción de la fosfatasa alcalina; b)glutaraldehído a 1,25% + paraformaldehído al 1% (1h 4C), para la reacción de la mieloperoxidasa. Los eosinófilos revelaron núcleo excéntrico redondeado, oval o lobulado con nucléolo prominente. El citoplasma de los eosinófilos es ocupado por gránulos eosinofílicos evidentes (grandes, aproximadamente esféricos, compactos, uniformes en tamaño). No fue observada actividad de la fosfatasa alcalina en eosinófilos. Una reacción positiva débil en pH 7,0 y fuerte en pH 10,0, para mieloperoxidasa fue visualizada como un precipitado marrón, en los eosinófilos. El microscopio electrónico reveló actividad de la mieloperoxidasa solamente en algunos gránulos en pH 7,0 y en la mayoría de los gránulos en pH 10,0. Proteínas básicas produjeron reacción visible, principalmente en la periferia de todos los gránulos citoplasmáticos de los eosinófilos.

Little information is available on the ultrastructural characteristics of the blood cells in reptiles. In the present study we have examined the fine structure of heterophils, eosinophils and thrombocytes from the blood of a crocodile (Caiman crocodilus yacare). Samples of peripheral blood from healthy young were collected with EDTA and centrifuged. The buff coat was collected and fixed in half strength Karnovsky solution. Spindl-eshaped thrombocytes showed large nuclei with prominent heterochromatin juxtaposed to the nuclear envelop. Cytoplasmic organelles were scarce: there were mitochondria, some profiles of roughsurface endoplasmic reticulum, free ribosomes and microtubules. Many tubular structures and vacuoles were distributed throughout the cytoplasm, forming the open canalicular membrane system. Heterophils and eosinphils revealed round eccentric nuclei with prominent nucleoli. The cytoplasm of heterophils contained many polymorphic granules with homogeneous electrondense matrix. Ribosomes, roug-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum and many clear vesicles were observed. Some fibrillar structures were also present. In addition to the usual organelles, the cytoplasm of eosinophils were essentially filled with many round or slightly oval granules with heterogeneous electron-dense matrix; in some of them a fine granular structure was visible. Both heterophils and eosinophils showed long numerous pseudopodia

Fueron utilizados 10 ejemplares de Caiman crocodilus yacare provenientes del municipio de Cáceres (Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil), a cada uno de los cuales les fueron extraidos 5ml de sangre periférica. Las muestras obtenidas fueron utilizadas para análisis ultraestructurales, referentes a trombocitos, eosinófilos y heterófilos. Los trombocitos son de forma elíptica, poseen citoplasma abundante sólo en los polos y su núcleo presenta surcos profundos o hendiduras acentuadas, mostrando algunos poros en su envoltura. Su citoplasma contiene abundantes túbulos y vesículas electrolúcidas del sistema canalicular. Son observados vacúolas con cuerpos densos y microtúbulos. Los heterófilos poseen formato aproximadamente esférico y núcleo excéntrico o periférico. Su citoplasma está repleto de gránulos polimórficos de formas de huso, en baqueta, oval o esférica, con superficie, en general, irregular. Los eosinófilos son esféricos y de núcleo lenticular excéntrico o periférico. El citoplasma contiene gránulos esféricos u ovales. Cabe destacar la presencia de gránulos citoplasmáticos voluminosos con diferencias en la electrodensidad, de superficie uniforme, pudiendo contener una estructura interna heterogénea. En heterófilos y eosinófilos, el núcleo presenta heterocromatina, eucromatina, nucléolo y la envoltura nuclear es porosa