ABSTRACT It was investigated if pre-incubation ascorbic acid (AA) injection in fertile eggs incubated at high temperature impacts the performance, the yield of carcass and parts, and the intestine morphology of broilers reared under heat stress. Three thousand Cobb® fertile broiler eggs were randomly distributed according to weight into three incubations treatments (eggs not injected with AA and incubated at 37.5°C; eggs not injected with AA and incubated at 39°C; and eggs injected with 6 µg AA/100 µL water prior to incubation and incubated at 39ºC). The hatched birds were reared at thermoneutral, cold, and hot house temperatures. Broilers reared under hot temperature presented lower feed intake and weight gain than the broilers of the different rearing temperatures. Egg incubation at 39.0 ºC and 39.0 ºC + AA reduced broiler viability. Carcass and cut yields were not influenced by incubation and rearing procedures. Duodenal goblet cell count was lower in broilers from eggs of the treatment 39ºC + AA than in broilers from the other incubation treatments and in broiler rearing in hot temperature. In the jejunum, the goblet cell counts were higher in broilers that were reared under hot than thermoneutral temperatures. The incubation treatment of 39 ºC+AA increased the goblet cell counts in the ileum of broilers reared under cold temperatures. Rearing temperature influenced the duodenal villi counts, which were lower under cold rearing conditions than in the two other rearing temperatures. The results showed that egg incubation at 39°C, independently of ascorbic acid injection, did not produce an effective epigenetic heat adaptation in broilers.

RESUMO A erva mate ( Ilex paraguariensis) possui em compostos orgânicos com propriedades de modificar a composição química de carne de frangos de corte, desta maneira este estudo avaliou a influência da erva mate sobre a composição química e o perfil lipídico de carne de peito, coxas e sobrecoxas de frangos de corte. Foram utilizados 500 pintainhos de corte distribuídos em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado com inclusões de erva mate nas dietas (0.1; 0.2; 0.4, e 0.6%) com quatro repetições de 25 aves em cada tratamento, criados de 1 a 42 dias de idade para posterior abate e análises da composição de cortes cárneos. A adição de erva mate não afetou a composição química e o perfil lipídico dos peitos de frangos, porém a composição da carne de sobrecoxas foi afetada. Foi observado efeito da adição da erva mate em ácidos graxos saturados, insaturados, monoinsaturados e poli-insaturados na carne de sobrecoxas de frango, destacando-se a redução nas concentrações de ácidos graxos saturados e o aumento das concentrações dos ácidos poli-insaturados, em especial Linolênicoe Eicosapentaenoico, demonstrando assim o potencial da erva mate em alterar o perfil lipídico da carne de aves.

SUMMARY Yerba mate ( Ilex paraguariensis) has in its composition organic compounds wich can modify chemical composition of broiler meat. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of yerba mate in chemical composition and lipid profile of broiler breast and thigh meat. The trial was conducted using 500 broiler chicks distributed in a completely randomized design with four treatments (0.1; 0.2; 0.4, and 0.6%) and five replicates with 25 chicks each. The chicken were raised form 1 to 42 days old and slaughtered for analysis of breast and thigh meat. The addition of mate did not affect the chemical composition and the lipid profile of the chicken breast, however, the composition of the meat of thigh meat was affected. It was observed effect of the addition of the yerba mate to saturated, unsaturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids in the chicken meat. Stands out the reduction in saturated fatty acid concentrations and the increase in the concentrations of polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially Linolenic and Eicosapentaenoic, thus demonstrating the potential of mate grass in altering the lipid profile of poultry meat.

ABSTRACT The large majority of broiler houses use two types of systems: dark-house system - DHP, and tunnel with curtain system - ATC. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the association and the prevalence of locomotion issues in the broiler commercial farming systems (DHP and ATC). For assessing the thermal environment and the litter quality, a completely random design was adopted using two factors (broiler houses, DHP and ATC) with 12 repetitions. To study the surface temperature of the broiler breast, and the locomotion ability (gait score) a completely randomized design was adopted in a double factorial scheme 2 × 2 (two houses typology vs. sex) with 24 repetitions. To verify whether the type of house and the sex were associated to broiler locomotion problems due to the lack in walking ability, and the presence of medular compression (spondylolisthesis) the logistic regression was applied to the analysis: odds ratio and relative risk. The chance of the poultry to present inability of walking was 3.80 times higher in the male population. The risk factor associated with the lack of walking ability of the poultry was correlated to the tunnel house with curtains, presenting a relative risk 1.58 times higher when compared to the dark-house with walls. There was not the relative risk of medular compression (spondylolisthesis) neither was found an association between the poultry’ sex and the type of house. The reduction in the male broiler locomotion ability might be associated with the rearing in the housing tunnel with curtains.

ABSTRACT The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of dietary grape pomace flour (GPF) inclusion on the performance and egg quality of European quails (Coturnix coturnix coturnix) in lay. One hundred ninety-two (192), 42-day-old quails were distributed in a completely randomized design with four treatments (0, 2, 4 and 6% grape pomace flour inclusion) with six replicates of eight birds each. The performance parameters egg weight (g), average feed intake (g/bird), total feed intake (g/bird), egg production (%) and feed conversion ratio (kg/dozen) were evaluated, as well as egg quality traits Haugh unit, albumen weight (g), yolk weight (g), eggshell thickness (mm), egg specific gravity (g/cm3), and yolk pigmentation. There was no effect (p>0.05) of dietary GPF levels on egg production, feed intake, or feed conversion ratio. Egg weight, albumen weight, and egg specific gravity linearly decreased (p<0.05) as GPM levels increased in the diet. Haugh unit and eggshell thickness were not affected (p>0.05) by the treatments. A quadratic effect (p<0.05) was observed for yolk weight, with an estimated maximal inclusion level of grape pomace flour of 4.18% to obtain the highest yolk weight. A quadratic effect (p<0.05) was also observed on yolk pigmentation, with an estimated minimal level of 3.2% for this parameter. The minimal inclusion of 3.2% of grape pomace flour in quail diets influenced the egg yolk pigmentation, demonstrating its efficiency as a pigmentation additive.

The objective of this article is to clearly reflect the reality of our modern world experiencing the convergence of two mighty movements meeting and flowing into each other. The first stream is the tidal wave of people migrating to the urban centres of our globalising world. The second stream is the result of a massive shift in the centre of Christianity away from its traditional rootedness in Western Christendom. The biggest challenge of our time is for this Christian Church, still stuck in the prevailing Christendom paradigm, to wake up to and actively engage this new post-Christendom context. This article would like to draw specific attention to the South African context where the traditional Western and now developing Southern Christianity find a common Developing World intersection. As 'pilgrims or exiles' that is facing a strange and confronting new world, the Western Church should accept the new missiological challenge that globalisation and urbanisation presents. The Western Church must heed a very urgent call to stay relevant and be actively involved in God's global missio Dei currently unfolding in our world. The only way for the Christian Church to be local instruments of God's Kingdom in a new urban world, is to actively seek a new glocal togetherness. INTRADISCIPLINARY AND/OR INTERDISCIPLINARY IMPLICATIONS: The Western theological academy needs to urgently engage the social sciences in order to cooperate and collaborate in all areas of urban and social development, urban planning, community development and even urban advocacy for the needs of the urban poor and marginalised. The Christian Church, as God's 'missionary people', is Biblically mandated and spiritually equipped to be actively involved in the urban challenges that globalisation and urbanisation present.

Resumo: Os produtores de milho precisam decidir sobre qual a melhor alternativa para comercialização do produto: vender antes da colheita, no momento da colheita, no mercado futuro ou armazenar para vender na entressafra. Entretanto, essa nem sempre é uma tarefa fácil já que depende de diversas variáveis que afetam diretamente essa decisão. Neste estudo, foram analisados dados da produção de milho internacional e brasileira e buscou-se identificar qual a melhor estratégia de comercialização de milho para os produtores de Mato Grosso do Sul (MS) considerando quatro variáveis de decisão em conjunto: logística, preço, produtividade e disponibilidade de produto. Essa análise multicritério foi realizada adotando-se a metodologia do Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) com o uso do software Expert Choice (r) v. 11. Os resultados indicaram que a melhor decisão para o produtor de milho de MS seria vender o produto na entressafra e também apontaram que a logística foi o critério de maior peso na tomada de decisão (0,467).

Abstract: Corn producers need to find the best alternative to sell the production; selling before harvest, during the harvest, in the future market or store to sell in the off-season period. However, this is not an easy task because the crop is affected by several variables. In this study, we analyzed international and Brazilian corn production data to find out the best strategy of corn commercialization for Mato Grosso do Sul State (Brazil) producers. We considered four variables alltogether: logistics, price, productivity and product availability. The multicriteria analysis was done using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) using the software Expert Choice (c) v.11. The results indicated that the best decision for growers in Mato Grosso do Sul is selling the corn production in the off-season. Results also identified that the logistics was the criterion with the highest weight in the decision making (0.467).

O presente trabalho visa avaliar os princípios e ferramentas da produção mais limpa utilizados pelas empresas brasileiras e, de forma específica, entender como estes princípios são agrupados e organizados pelas organizações de maneira a tornar mais efetivos tais princípios. Foi utilizado para coleta de dados o survey exploratório em organizações associadas ao Instituto Ethos. Para a análise dos dados foram utilizadas estatísticas descritivas e análise multivariada, consubstanciando seis conjuntos de fatores explicativos. A estatística descritiva indicou que mais de 68% das empresas brasileiras pesquisadas adotaram o planejamento e controle da produção com educação ambiental com foco na análise da intensidade de material para redução de emissões e resíduos na produção, além da substituição e desenvolvimento de insumos tradicionais em ecológicos junto aos fornecedores, visando desenvolver produto ambientalmente correto. Entretanto, a adoção desses princípios exigiu investimento em pesquisa e inovação e treinamentos em educação ambiental, gerando aumento dos custos operacionais. Já os princípios menos utilizados pelas empresas explicam a falta de conhecimentos sobre as normas de rotulagem ambiental (13%), AA1000 para inclusividade dos stakeholders nas decisões operacionais (25%) e de Eco-Management Audit System (28%). Os princípios foram agrupados em seis fatores pelas empresas, que são: (i) a adoção de produção mais limpa e ecologia industrial com sistema de gestão ambiental baseada na ISO 14001, visando o desenvolvimento de projetos para o meio ambiente no produto, processo produtivo e redes logísticas; (ii) a cocriação com os clientes no desenvolvimento de produto ecológico com foco na logística reversa de remanufatura; (iii) a adoção de planejamento e controle da produção ambiental favoreceu o investimento em pesquisa e inovação com foco na redução de riscos ambientais externos; (iv) a cocriação com os fornecedores para o desenvolvimento de matérias-primas e componentes ecológicos, além de promover sistema de auditorias; (v) a adoção de gestão da cadeia de suprimentos verde para selecionar fornecedores sustentáveis e implantar o método SBP para o desdobramento dos indicadores ambientais; e, finalmente, (vi) a intensificação de treinamentos aos fornecedores sobre educação ambiental para auxiliar nas ações de logística reversa de pós-consumo e pós-venda para reuso, remanufatura e reciclagem.

The present study aims to evaluate the principles and tools of cleaner production used by Brazilian companies and, specifically, understand how these principles are grouped and organized by organizations in order to make them more effective. An exploratory survey of organizations associated with the Ethos Institute was used for data collection. Descriptive statistics and multivariate analysis were used to analyze the data, consolidating six sets of explanatory factors. Descriptive statistics indicated that over 68% of the Brazilian firms surveyed have adopted the planning and control of production with environmental education focusing on the analysis of the intensity of material to reduce emissions and waste production, besides the replacement of traditional inputs by ecological ones in order to develop environmentally friendly products. However, the adoption of these principles required investment in research and innovation and training in environmental education, generating increased operating costs. On the other hand, the principles less commonly used by companies explain the lack of knowledge on standards of environmental labeling (13%), AA1000 for inclusiveness of stakeholders in operational decisions (25%), and Eco-Management and Audit System (28%). The principles were grouped into six factors by company, as follows: (i) the adoption of cleaner production and industrial ecology and environmental management system based on ISO 14001, aiming to develop projects for the environment in the product, production process, and logistics networks; (ii) co-creation with customers in the development of environmentally friendly products with a focus on reverse logistics for remanufacturing; (iii) the adoption of planning and control of environmental production favored investment in research and innovation aiming to reduce external environmental risks; (iv) co-creation with suppliers to develop environmentally friendly raw materials and components, in addition to promoting an audit system; (v) the adoption of management of green supply chain vendors to select and implement the SBP sustainable method for the unfolding of environmental indicators; and finally, (vi) the intensification of training on environmental education in the suppliers to assist in reverse logistics actions of post-consumer and post-sale for reuse, remanufacturing, and recycling.

Este estudo visa avaliar as influências dos stakeholdersna determinação de uma Governança Corporativa voltada à Produção Mais Limpa (P+L). Primeiramente identificaram-se na literatura três constructos que exercem influência sobre a governança da empresa para a implementação da P+L, que são: política pública, agentes econômicos e sociedade. Depois disso, realizou-se um surveyem empresas associadas ao Instituto Ethos. Para a avaliação estatística, utilizou-se a análise de componentes principais para dados categóricos ou nominais. Os resultados apontaram algumas tendências em termos de influências dos stakeholders, direcionando a mudanças de princípios da governança corporativa, que conseguinte impulsionam mudanças endógenas e incrementais no sistema de produção para a implantação da P+L. A política pública tende a taxar emissões de carbono das empresas e promover financiamento a juros baixos para investimento em tecnologias limpas e controle da produção no sistema de produção, o agente econômico tende a se conscientizar e obedecer a leis ambientais que levam à implantação de P+L, e a sociedade tende a comprar produtos ecológicos, além de denunciar práticas enganosas das empresas.

This study aims to evaluate the influence of stakeholders in determining a Corporate Governance focused on Cleaner Production (CP). First, three constructs that influence the governance of enterprises to implement CP were identified in the literature: public policy, economic agents, and society. After that, a survey was carried out in companies associated with the Ethos Institute. Regarding statistical analysis, principal components analysis was conducted for categorical or nominal data. The results showed some trends in terms of stakeholders' influences, directing changes in the principles of corporate governance, which consequently boost endogenous and incremental changes in the production system for the deployment of CP. Public policy tends to tax carbon emissions from companies and promote low-interest financing for investment in clean technologies and production control in the production system; the economic agent tends to become aware of and comply with environmental laws that lead to implantation of CP; and society tends to buy green products and report deceptive business practices.

A utilização de lâmpadas de diodo emissor de luz (LED) tem-se destacado na avicultura por apresentar economia de energia e proporcionar viabilidade do processo de criação. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar o desempenho e o rendimento de carcaça de frangos de corte expostos a diferentes cores de LED, em comparação às lâmpadas fluorescentes. Para isso, foram realizados dois experimentos (E1 e E2) utilizando 2.646 aves da linhagem Cobb®, em que, no experimento E1, as aves (machos) foram expostas à iluminação artificial (20 lux) com LED vermelho, amarelo, azul, branco e lâmpada fluorescente, e no experimento E2, as aves (machos e fêmeas) foram expostas à iluminação artificial (15 lux) com LED vermelho e azul, e lâmpada fluorescente. Como variáveis respostas, foram medidos o ganho de peso acumulado (kg), o consumo de ração (kg), a conversão alimentar, o peso de carcaça quente (kg), o rendimento de carcaça (%) e de peito, e a coxa-sobrecoxa (%). Os resultados mostraram que não houve diferença (p > 0,05) entre os tratamentos para desempenho e rendimento de carcaça e cortes, no experimento E1. No experimento E2, houve diferença apenas entre os sexos (p < 0,05), com machos apresentando maior ganho de peso acumulado, maior consumo de ração, maior peso de carcaça quente e maior rendimento de coxa-sobrecoxa. Pode-se concluir que a utilização de LED, nas diferentes cores, apresentou o mesmo efeito das lâmpadas fluorescentes sobre o desempenho e o rendimento de carcaça de frangos de corte.

Light emitting diode (LED) has been used in commercial poultry industry by presenting superior energy savings and providing feasibility on production process. The objective of this research was to evaluate performance and carcass yield of broiler chickens exposed to different LED colors compared with fluorescent lamps. For that, two experiments (E1 and E2) were performed and 2,646 Cobb® chickens were used. In experiment E1, male birds were exposed to 20 lux artificial lighting with red, yellow, blue, and white LED bulbs; and fluorescent bulb. In experiment E2, male and female birds were exposed to 15 lux artificial lighting with red and blue LED bulbs; and fluorescent bulb. Cumulative weight gain (kg), feed intake (kg), feed conversion, hot carcass weight (kg), carcass yield (%), and breast and thigh + drumstick yield (%) were used as response variables. Results showed no difference (p > 0.05) among treatments for performance, carcass yield, and cut yield in experiment E1. In experiment E2 there was only difference between genders (p < 0.05) and males showed higher total weight gain, feed intake, hot carcass weight and thigh + drumstick yield. Different LED color use had same effect as fluorescent lights on broiler performance and carcass yield.

A suinocultura moderna enfrenta muitos desafios, dentre os quais o crescimento da produtividade, a melhoria da qualidade de carne, a redução de danos ambientais e a redução de custo de produção. Suínos gastam energia na vocalização, especialmente quando submetidos a determinado estresse. O desperdício de energia pode aumentar o custo de produção e conduzir a um maior dano ambiental. O objetivo deste estudo foi estimar a energia gasta pelos leitões sob o estresse da castração e seu efeito sobre o ganho de peso dos animais. Dois grupos de dez animais cada foram castrados, sendo um grupo com anestesia local e outro sem anestesia. As vocalizações dos leitões foram gravadas durante as diferentes fases do processo de castração, sendo objeto de uma estimativa da quantidade de energia emitida durante cada vocalização. Posteriormente, esta energia foi associada com o ganho de peso dos animais. Não houve diferença no gasto total da energia em ambos os grupos, uma vez que a energia utilizada durante a aplicação da anestesia foi semelhante à energia gasta durante a castração dos animais sem anestesia. Também não houve correlação entre a energia gasta e o ganho de peso dos animais. Foi possível estimar a quantidade de energia emitida através de vocalização. Esta energia gasta por leitões com dor foi maior do que em outras situações de manejo (contenção, pesagem e soltura).

Modern swine production faces many challenges nowadays, among which are productivity growth, meat quality improvement, decrease of environmental damage and reduction of cost production. Pigs spend energy to vocalizing, especially when they undergo stress. The waste of energy can increase the cost of production and lead to greater environmental damage. The goal of this study was to estimate the energy spent by pigs under the stress of castration and its effect on the animals' weight gain. Two groups of ten animals each were castrated, being one group with local anesthetic and the other without anesthetic. The piglets' vocalizations were recorded during different stages of the neutering process and then estimated of the amount of energy emitted during each vocalization. Afterwards, this energy was associated with the animals' weight gain. There was no difference in the total energy spent in both groups, since the energy used during the application of anesthetic was similar to the energy spent during the castration of the animals without anesthetic. There was also no correlation between energy spent and the animals' weight gain. It was possible to estimate the amount of energy emitted through vocalization. This energy spent by piglets in pain was greater than in other handling situations (contention, weighting and realease).

Artificial lighting is one of the most powerful management tools available to commercial layer producers. Artificial light allows anticipating or delaying the beginning of lay, improving egg production, and optimizing feed efficiency. This study aimed at comparing the performance of commercial layers submitted to lighting using different LED colors or conventional incandescent lamps. The study was carried out in a layer house divided in isolated environments in order to prevent any influenced from the neighboring treatments. In total, 360 Isa Brown layers, with an initial age of 56 weeks, were used. The following light sources were used: blue LED, yellow LED, green LED, red LED, white LED, and 40W incandescent light. Birds in all treatment were submitted to a 17-h continuous lighting program, and were fed a corn and soybean meal-based diet. A completely randomized experimental design with subplots was applied, with 24 treatments (six light sources and four periods) of three replicates. Egg production (%) was significantly different (p<0.05) among treatments, with the best results obtained with red LED, white LED, and incandescent light sources. Egg weight, feed intake, and internal egg quality (albumen height, specific gravity, and Haugh units) were not influenced (p>0.05) by light source. It was concluded that the replacement of incandescent light bulbs by white and red LEDs does not cause any negative effect on the egg production of commercial layers.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the utility of an existing ultrasound machine for the purposes of focused assessment sonography in trauma (FAST) scanning in a developing world emergency department (ED). DESIGN: Prospective study undertaken over a 12-month period. Trauma patients attending the ED were FAST scanned by one of three trained emergency medicine doctors. SETTING: The ED at a government hospital in rural KwaZulu-Natal (KZN), the referral centre for 22 peripheral hospitals. SUBJECTS: All patients presenting to the ED who had sustained abdominal or thoracic trauma. OUTCOME MEASURES: Scans were recorded as positive or negative for free intra-abdominal or pericardial fluid. All results were confirmed by computed tomography, laparotomy or a second trained ED ultrasonographer, followed by a period of clinical observation. RESULTS: 72 FAST scans were included, 52 for blunt trauma and 20 for penetrating trauma. Of the 72 scans, 15 (20.8%) were positive. FAST scanning had 100% specificity and overall sensitivity of 71.4%. When considering blunt trauma alone the sensitivity improved to 81.3%, while in penetrating trauma it was much poorer (62.5%). CONCLUSIONS: We propose a valuable role for FAST scanning in all peripheral hospitals for the assessment of patients sustaining blunt trauma. In rural areas with limited resources FAST scans may assist in the appropriate timely transfer of trauma patients for further imaging or definitive surgical intervention.

Postmodern theologians like Hal Taussig are not very optimistic about the future of Christianity. To them, the theistic (mythological) understanding of God is of little use in the postmodern world of the 21st century. Taussig prefers the grassroots Christianity, which has room for persons of all sexual orientations, and advocates ecological sensitivity. The question is: What do the followers of this spirituality teach their children about God? The solution is what Wilber calls 'the conveyer belt' and God's 'Kosmic address'. Everyone starts at square one, 'traditional' and grassroots Christians alike, and move along this conveyer belt. Along the way, there are seven stages and three perspectives, i.e. the first, second and third-person perspective, through which human consciousness could evolve. That means that any given person could have one of 21 different possible understandings and experiences of God. A questionnaire could assist pastors to determine at which stage or level of evolution an individual is, as well as the 'Kosmic address' that God has for that individual. Through spiritual exercises, pastors could then support the individual's further growth towards mature human consciousness.

Kenneth Earl Wilber III, an integral philosopher, psychologist and mystic with an intelligence quotient of 160, was born on 31 January 1949 in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, in the United States of America, and is considered by some as one of the most important philosophers of the 21st century. He developed his integral philosophy over 30 years, which can be divided into five phases. The most important aspects of his philosophy for the purposes of this article are the AQAL integral map of reality, and the evolution of consciousness. AQAL stands for 'all quadrants, all levels, lines and stages'. Wilber divides reality into singular and plural interiors and exteriors; or art, morals and science. Also deriving ideas from Developmental Psychology, he sees the evolution of consciousness unfolding in seven stages: archaic, magic, mythic, rational, pluralistic, holistic and transpersonal. This theory could add value to pastoral care by enabling pastors to support believers' own spiritual growth in pursuit of the kingdom of heaven.

The objective of this study was to investigate the prevalence of health related symptoms and to analyze the work activities of workers in contracted non-mechanized broiler farms in two regions of the state of Paraná in order to determine possible factors associated to those symptoms. The methods consisted in selecting the houses and the workers, and to apply a questionnaire that included demographic data, questions related to work, the Nordic Questionnaire for Musculoskeletal Symptoms, other symptoms (runny nose, skin itching, throat and eye irritation). In addition, workers were asked if they enjoyed their job, if the supervisor motivated them to work, and if they were afraid to lose their job. Activities were submitted to systematic observations, adapted from Ergonomics, and the loads carried were analyzed and some instruments weighted. The study included 80 workers of both genders between 16 and 59 years, being 40 from each region. There were evidences of low back pain risk in the activities of filling drinkers and washing bell drinkers, with a higher prevalence in region A, where automated systems were less frequently used. The study suggests that mechanized filling of feeders, and the use of nipple drinkers may prevent health problems. It was also found that psychosocial aspects were associated to musculoskeletal symptoms. Promoting better working conditions is essential, as these aspects can affect human behavior at work.