Abstract: This paper develops a methodology using business intelligence (data warehouse) and OLAP tools (Online Analytical Processing) to match individuals from a household survey data to a census one. In order to geo-reference the household data, the method takes advantage of the geographical information of the census. Using the 2003 Household Survey and the 2002 Chilean Census of Population and Housing, the average household income is projected to intra-municipality levels and the results are compared to Elbers et al. (2003) methodology. The results show that the proposed methodology allows for taking into account and display the impact of intra-municipality heterogeneity and the spatial interaction among the spatial units.

Resumen: Este trabajo desarrolla una metodología de inteligencia de negocios (data warehouse) y herramientas OLAP (Online Analytical Processing) para parear individuos de una encuesta de hogares con los del censo. Para georreferenciar los datos de los hogares, el método aprovecha la información geográfica del censo. Usando la Encuesta de Hogares de 2003 y el Censo de Población y Vivienda de Chile 2002, se estima el ingreso promedio familiar en niveles intramunicipales y los resultados se comparan con la metodología Elbers et al. (2003). Los resultados muestran que la metodología propuesta permite tener en cuenta la heterogeneidad intramunicipal y mostrar el impacto y la interacción espacial entre las unidades espaciales.

Background: Framingham risk score (FRS) has limitations and can underestimate risk. Carotid ultrasound to measure intima media thickness or plaques is recommended for cardiovascular risk assessment. Aim: To determine the prevalence of subclinical atherosclerosis in asymptomatic subjects classified as low and intermediate risk. Material and Methods: Cross-sectional study performed in subjects without cardiovascular disease. Cardiovascular risk was estimated using the Chilean FRS and the General Cardiovascular Disease FRS. Carotid ultrasound was performed in all subjects. We defined subclinical atherosclerosis as the presence of carotid plaque or intima media thickness greater than 75th percentile by gender and age. Results: We studied 203 subjects aged 47.2 ± 9.6 years (54% males). Mean intima media thickness was 0.62 ± 0.1 mm. An abnormal value was detected in 68 subjects (33%) and carotid plaques in 32 subjects (15.7%). Based on Chilean FRS, 96% were considered at low risk, 4% at intermediate, and none at high risk. In the low risk group the prevalence of abnormal intima media thickness and plaques was 40 and 14% respectively. Presence of plaques was more common in women than men (23 and 7% respectively, p < 0.01). According to the General Cardiovascular Disease FRS, 23% were at low, 39% at low intermediate and 28% at high intermediate risk. In the low risk group the prevalence of an abnormal intima media thickness was 34% and no subject had plaques. Conclusions: Carotid plaques were detected in Chilean subjects classified as having a low FRS risk. The underestimation of risk was higher in Chilean women.

In order to identify the anthropometric variables that best explain the nutritional status of female staff of the agriculture and forestry sector of the Maule and Bio Bio in Chile, nutritional status was determined using three indicators: body mass index (BMI ), percentage of fat mass obtained through bioelectrical impedance and subcutaneous measurements. This research proposes the hypothesis that an anthropometric assessment to determine the variables that explain the body composition through multivariate techniques. The identification of anthropometric profiles, which allowed to characterize the probability of overweight women workers, was carried through classification trees, statistical technique based on the use of predictive variables to partition the database, in similar regions, obtaining highly homogeneous groups for a particular feature. As a result it was determined that the study population has high percentages of obesity. The classification methodology determined for the case of BMI, anthropometric variables that significantly explained the probability of overweight were hip circumference and age; however, in the case of fat mass percentage determined by bioelectrical impedance they were forearm circumference and triceps skinfold; and through skinfolds, submental crease, height and weight.

Con el objetivo de identificar las variables antropométricas que mejor explican el estado nutricional del personal femenino del sector silvoa-gropecuario de las regiones del Maule y Bío-Bío en Chile, se determinó su estado nutricional a través de tres indicadores: el índice de masa corporal (IMC), porcentaje de masa grasa obtenido a través de impedancia bioeléctrica y mediciones subcutáneas. La presente investigación propone como hipótesis que una evaluación antropométrica permite determinar las variables que explican la composición corporal, a través de técnicas multivariantes. La identificación de perfiles antropométricos, que permitieron caracterizar la probabilidad de presentar sobrepeso en las trabajadoras, se realizó a través de árboles de clasificación, técnica estadística que se basa en el uso de variables predictoras para particionar la base de datos, en regiones similares, obteniendo grupos altamente homogéneos para una característica en particular. Como resultado se determinó que la población bajo estudio presenta altos porcentajes de obesidad. La metodología de clasificación determinó, para el caso del IMC, que las variables antropométricas que explicaron significativamente la probabilidad de presentar sobrepeso fueron el perímetro de cadera y edad; en cambio, para el caso del porcentaje de masa grasa determinado por medio de impedancia bioeléctrica, fueron perímetro de antebrazo y pliegue tricipital; y a través de pliegues subcutáneos, pliegue submentoniano, la talla y el peso.

In this paper, we propose a solution development of Business Intelligence and Geographic Information Systems (SIG) to an integrated management of information generated from Census of population, households and dwellings, and the Survey of Economic and Social Classification (CASEN). This, as an alternative to current methods in small area estimation (SAE) that are used to obtain disaggregated welfare indicators and estimate, for example, the income from the household attributes, ignoring the geographical location of the observations in the Survey. In this paper, we propose a change in the traditional implicit logic in these methods, to estimate the average income in small areas, georeferencing the survey observations using the matching method known as Matching Estimator and then extrapolating data using the Kriging prediction technique. The proposal suggests the use of an integrated database of both sources allowing to obtain data from the survey of economic characterization at levels of disaggregation not originally provided and are transferred by pairing with census data. Using spatial location codes incorporated into a SIG, cartographic visualization tools are added, which facilitates the observation and analysis of spatial relationships among geographic units, as well as observation and analysis of particularities in small areas. As an application, we describe the per capita spatial disaggregation income of households in Regions XIII, VI and VII of Chile.

En este trabajo se plantea el desarrollo de una solución de Inteligencia de Negocios y Sistemas de Información Geográfica (SIG) para gestionar integradamente los datos generados por el Censo Nacional de personas, hogares y viviendas y la Encuesta de Clasificación Económica y Social (CASEN) como una alternativa a los métodos actuales de estimación en área pequeña (SAE) utilizados para obtener indicadores desagregados de bienestar y que estiman, por ejemplo, el ingreso a partir de los atributos del hogar, ignorando la ubicación geográfica de las observaciones de la encuesta. En este trabajo proponemos un cambio en la lógica tradicional implícita de estos métodos, al estimar el ingreso medio en áreas pequeñas georreferenciando las observaciones de la encuesta mediante el método de emparejamiento conocido como Matching Estimator y luego extrapolando los datos con la técnica de predicción del Kriging. La propuesta plantea el uso de una base de datos integrada de ambas fuentes mediante tecnología ETL (Extract, Transform and Load), permitiendo obtener datos de la encuesta en niveles de desagregación que esta no provee originalmente y que le son transferidos por el emparejamiento con los datos del Censo. Utilizando los códigos de localización espacial incorporados a un SIG, se añaden herramientas de visualización cartográfica que facilitan la observación y análisis de las relaciones espaciales entre las unidades geográficas, así como la observación y análisis de las particularidades en áreas pequeñas. Como aplicación, se describe la desagregación espacial del ingreso per capita de los hogares en las Regiones XIII, VI y VII de Chile.

BACKGROUND: Several particular aspects of diversity patterns of Chilean littoral fishes are still poorly understood, and existing studies within this scope are fundamentally based on bibliographic compilations. In this study, we use empirical data to assess whether the diversity patterns of fish fauna along 4000 km of the Chilean coast (20° - 55° S)can be explained in relation to the environmental latitudinal gradient. Fish were collected from intertidal pools and subtidal habitats (<35 m). Analyses focused on the spatial scales of diversity patterns and latitudinal breaks in species diversity, comparing the observed patterns among intertidal and subtidal habitats. Correlations between variance in environmental factors and species richness were calculated. RESULTS: Richness was positively autocorrelated at spatial scales <1000 km. Overall, richness was observed to progressively decrease toward higher latitudes, but values for intertidal fish in particular decreased towards the north and south from the point of maximum richness. This is a pattern that has already been recorded for other intertidal organisms. Similarity was seen to decrease with distance, and turnover point for intertidal fishes was high around 30° - 32° S, while northern species disappeared between 36° - 39° S. Subtidally, there is an invasion of subantarctic species between 53° - 55° S. CONCLUSIONS: Environmental variables are significant to the diversity patterns recorded. However, richness variations could result from many types of variables acting together and not from one single factor.

Este artigo descreve a frequência e o número de Sphyrion laevigatum da pele de Genypterus blacodes, o qual é um importante recurso econômico no Chile. A análise baseada em modelos de distribuição espacial, demonstrou que os parasitos tendem a ficar agrupados. A variação numérica de parasitas por hospedeiro pode ser descrita por distribuição binomial negativa. O número máximo observado de parasitas por hospedeiro foi dois.

This paper describes the frequency and number of Sphyrion laevigatum in the skin of Genypterus blacodes, an important economic resource in Chile. The analysis of a spatial distribution model indicated that the parasites tended to cluster. Variations in the number of parasites per host could be described by a negative binomial distribution. The maximum number of parasites observed per host was two.

Esta indagación -enmarcada en la teoría de agencia- tiene como propósito central explorar la percepción de los actores en los gobiernos corporativos universitarios sobre el marco regulatorio externo que, en la especie, es articulado por la normativa jurídica sobre educación superior. En este caso los rectores fungen de agentes y los máximos cuerpos colegiados se ubican en la casilla del principal. Para alcanzar el objetivo trazado, se recurrió a la obtención de información, primordialmente de fuentes primarias, aplicando una encuesta a una muestra de rectores y miembros de los máximos cuerpos colegiados de las universidades chilenas. Los encuestados, tanto de las universidades tradicionales como de las instituciones de carácter privado, evidencian algunas diferencias; sin embargo, una mayoría apreciable parece desear un mejor marco regulatorio que el actual, el cual, sobre todo en el segmento tradicional, se observa como inadecuado y por lo mismo, mal ponderado y deficientemente evaluado. Tal mejora serviría de manera óptima para el monitoreo que el principal debe ejercer en la conducta del agente, con el correlato de elevar o mejorar la calidad de los quehaceres universitarios.

Percepções de marcos regulatórios para o Ensino Superior, por reitores e máxima corpos de universidades chilenas.

Eleginops maclovinus tem sido um importante recurso pesqueiro no Chile desde 1957. Caligus rogercresseyi é uma das espécies ectoparasitas mais comumente encontradas em E. maclovinus. Hematócrito, nível de hemoglobina, contagem de eritrócitos, contagem de leucócitos, volume corpuscular médio (VCM), hemoglobina corpuscular média (HCM), concentração de hemoglobina corpuscular média (CHCM) e contagem diferencial de leucócitos foram determinadas antes e após uma infestação experimental comC. rogercresseyi. Foram encontradas diferenças significativas no nível de hemoglobina, leucócitos, VCM, HCM, CHCM, hematócrito e eritrócitos entre peixes infestados e não infestados. Além disso, foram encontradas correlações entre o número de C. rogercresseyi com hematócrito, CHCM, neutrófilos, eosinófilos e linfócitos. Foram estabelecidos intervalos de referência para E. maclovinus em condições de cativeiro.

Eleginops maclovinus has been an important fishery resource in Chile since 1957. Caligus rogercresseyi is one of the most prevalent ectoparasite species found on E. maclovinus. Hematocrit, hemoglobin level, red blood cell count (RBC), white blood cell count (WBC), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) and differential white blood cell count were determined before and after an experimental infestation withC. rogercresseyi. We found significant differences in the hemoglobin level, WBC, MCV, MCH, MCHC, hematocrit level and RBC between infested and uninfested fish. Furthermore correlations between number of C. rogercresseyi with hematocrit, MCHC, neutrophil, eosinophil and lymphocyte counts were found. Hematological reference ranges of E. maclovinus in captivity conditions were also established.

Polyplacophorans are common herbivores on rocky shores, but basic aspects of their ecology remain scarcely studied and their role within communities could be more complex than previously considered. Such is the case of Acanthopleura echinata (Barnes), one of the largest and most conspicuous chitons in the world, and at the same time, one of the least known intertidal species in the southeastern Pacific. To improve the basic ecological knowledge of this potentially important intertidal consumer, we studied the diet of A. echinata and its variation among sites of varying levels of coastal upwelling spread over 1000 km along the coast of northern Chile. A seasonal evaluation of diet, body size distribution and density at sites expected to vary in overall nutrient loadings, benthic algal productivity and sea surface temperature, allowed us to examine plasticity in Acantholeura diet and body size. Overall, A. echinata consumed 85 items of algae (64.7 %, mainly fleshy and calcified encrusting thalli) and invertebrates (35.3 %, mainly barnacles). Diet was always dominated by encrusting corallines, although the proportion of algae increased with body size suggesting an ontogenetic variation in feeding habits. Although the number and occurrence frequency of dietary items varied significantly in time and space, there were no consistent seasonal patterns and the dominant items in the diet remained the same at all places. The density of A. echinata showed no significant spatial variation, but its body size and diet breadth correlated positively among sites and both tended to increase with latitude. Our results show that A. echinata is a generalist, polyphagous consumer with a high potential for affecting the space-occupancy dynamics in the intertidal system, and also that among site variation in diet bears no simple relationship with variation in sea surface temperature and upwelling intensity.

Los poliplacóforos son herbívoros comunes en costas rocosas, pero los aspectos básicos de su ecología han sido escasamente estudiados y su rol trófico dentro de las comunidades podría ser más complejo de lo considerado hasta ahora. Tal es el caso de Acanthopleura echinata (Barnes), uno de los chitones más grandes y conspicuos en el mundo, pero a la vez una de las especies intermareales menos conocidas del Pacífico sudeste. A fin de mejorar el conocimiento ecológico básico de este consumidor intermareal potencialmente importante, estudiamos la dieta de A. echinata y su variación entre sitios con distintos niveles de surgencia costera distribuidos a través de 1000 km en la costa del norte de Chile. Una evaluación estacional de la dieta, distribución de tamaño corporal y densidad en sitios con diferencias esperables en aporte total de nutrientes, productividad de algas bentónicas y temperatura superficial del mar, permitió examinar la plasticidad de la dieta y el tamaño corporal de Acanthopleura. Globalmente, A. echinata consumió 85 ítemes de algas (64.7 %, principalmente algas incrustantes calcificadas y blandas) e invertebrados (35.3 %, principalmente cirripedios). Su dieta estuvo siempre dominada por coralinas incrustantes, aunque la proporción de algas aumentó con el tamaño corporal sugiriendo una variación ontogenética en sus hábitos tróficos. Aunque el número y frecuencia de ocurrencia de ítemes dietarios variaron significativamente en tiempo y espacio, no hubo patrones estacionales consistentes y los ítemes dominantes en la dieta fueron los mismos en todos los lugares. La densidad de A. echinata no varió significativamente a través del espacio, pero su tamaño corporal y su amplitud dietaria se correlacionaron positivamente entre sitios y ambos tendieron a aumentar con la latitud. Nuestros resultados muestran que A. echinata es un consumidor generalista y polífago con alto potencial para afectar la dinámica de ocupación del espacio en el sistema intermareal, y además que la variación dietaria entre sitios no tiene una relación evidente con la variación en intensidad de surgencia y temperatura superficial del mar.

Background: Wireless capsule endoscopy (CE) is a relatively new method to evaluate the small intestine. Aim: To evaluate the indications of CE in our center and assess whether specific indications are associated with best results during CE studies. Material and Methods: Retrospective analysis of 69 patients aged 9 to 85 years (36 males) subjected to a CE at our institution between April 2004 and October 2007. Results: The most common indications for CE were overt gastrointestinal bleeding in 43.5% of patients, iron deficiency anemia in 39.1 %, suspicion of a small bowel tumor in 4.3%, chronic diarrhea in 4.3% and abdominalpain in 2.9%. CE was normal in 23.2% and was able to find lesions in 76.8% of the studies. Gastrointestinal bleeding, followed by iron deficiency anemia were the indications associated with the higher rates of positive findings during CE. Conclusions: Gastrointestinal bleeding and iron deficiency anemia were the indications that obtained the best diagnostic y ield for CE.

Os cromenos, dihidropiridinas e piridinas substituídos têm-se revelado importantes na síntese de compostos com propriedades farmacológicas interessantes. Consequentemente, achamos importante a síntese de cromenopiridinas e cromenodihidropiridinas (ou seja, anéis fundidos do cromeno e da dihidropiridina ou da piridina) de forma a pesquisar a sua atividade biológica. Neste estudo, propomos a síntese "one-pot " para 2,4-dimetil-5-oxo-5H-cromeno[4,3-b]piridina-3-carboxilatos de etilo, 2,4-dimetil-5-oxo-5H-cromeno[3,4-c]piridina-3-carboxilatos de etilo substituídos e as suas respectivas 1,4 dihidropiridinas, baseada numa síntese modificada da piridina de Hantzsch usando 2-hidroxiaril aldeído, com os grupos que retiram e doam elétrons no anel fenil, como reagentes iniciais. Dezesseis compostos foram sintetizados pelo método descrito e completamente caracterizados. Um rendimento médio de 37% foi obtido para os diferentes derivados.

Substituted chromenos, dihydropyridines and pyridines have been important in the syntheses of compounds having interesting pharmacological properties. Therefore, we found of interest to synthesize chromenopyridines and chromenodihydropyridines (i.e., fused chromeno and dihydropyridine or pyridine rings) to further study their biological activity. Here, we propose one-pot syntheses for substituted ethyl-2,4-dimethyl-5-oxo-5H-chromeno[4,3-b]pyridine-3-carboxylates, ethyl-2,4-dimethyl-5-oxo-5H-chromeno[3,4-c]pyridine-3-carboxylates and their respective 1,4-dihydropyridines based on a modified Hantzsch pyridine synthesis using 2-hydroxyaryl aldehydes, with electron withdrawing and electron donating groups on the phenyl ring, as starting reactants. Sixteen compounds were synthesized by the described method and fully characterized. An average yield of 37% was obtained for the different derivatives.

Aims: To know the clinical and biochemical spectra and perinatal outcomes associated with syndrome of hypertension in pregnancy (HP) in the Herminda Martin Hospital from Chilian. Methods: It is a retrospective study using clinical records with HP diagnosis (N=416) during 2006 to 2008. The available records were divided in three different groups according with arterial blood pressure: Group I (n=124) <140/90 mmHg; Group II (n=98) ³ 140-159/³ 90-109 mmHg and Group III (n=41)³ 160/110 mmHg. Additionally, a subset (n=85) was divided considering the percentile of the uric acid level in the mother as: HP with low (<p25th), middle (p25-75th) and high (>p75th) uric acid levels. The studied groups were analyzed and compared each other and quantitative variables were correlated with perinatal outcomes. Results: The prevalence of HP was 3.8%. Women in the groups II and III showed worse clinical and neonatal outcomes compared with women in the group I. Body mass index (BMI), maternal blood pressure and uric acid levels were negatively correlated with neonatal anthropometry. Moreover, neonatal anthropometry was lower in women with high uric acid levels, a situation that was independent of maternal hypertension or BMI. Conclusion: Hypertension in pregnancy was associated with high maternal and neonatal morbidity. This study allowed identifies some weaknesses (e.i., lack of compliance in diagnosis criteria) as well as suggest the potential role of perinatal risk markers (e.i., uric acid levels).

Objetivo: Conocer los resultados clínicos, bioquímicos y perinatales asociados al síndrome de hipertensión del embarazo (SHE) en el Hospital Herminda Martín de Chillan. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo de registros clínicos (n=416) con diagnóstico de SHE en el periodo 2006 a 2008. Los registros disponibles fueron divididos en tres grupos de acuerdo al nivel de presión arterial: Grupo I (n=124) <140/90 mmHg; Grupo II (n=98) ³ 140-159/³ 90-109 mmHg y Grupo III (n=41)³ 160/110 mmHg. Adicionalmente, un subgrupo (n=85) fue dividido considerando el percentil de distribución del nivel de ácido úrico materno en: SHE con niveles bajos (<p25), medios (p25-p75) o altos (>p75). Se analizaron y compararon los grupos estudiados y se correlacionó las variables estudiadas con los resultados perinatales. Resultados: La prevalence de SHE fue de 3,8%. Las mujeres del grupo II y III muestran peores resultados clínicos y neonatales que las mujeres del grupo I. El índice de masa corporal (IMC), la presión arterial materna y el nivel de ácido úrico están relacionados negativamente con la antropometría neonatal. Además, la antropometría neonatal fue menor en las mujeres con niveles más altos de ácido úrico, situación que no obedece a la severidad de la hipertensión o el IMC materno. Conclusión: La presencia de SHE esta asociada a mayor morbilidad materna y neonatal. Este estudio permitió detectar deficiencias (e.L, falta de cumplimiento en criterio diagnóstico) y hacer recomendaciones sobre probables marcadores de riesgo perinatal (e.L, nivel de ácido úrico).

OBJETIVO: Analisar o perfil dos pacientes até 10 anos de idade, submetidos à facectomia no setor de catarata do Hospital da Piedade, determinando as principais indicações, perfil sócioeconômico e características pré-natais nos casos relevantes. MÉTODOS: Foram analisados retrospectivamente, os dados de 60 pacientes com até 10 anos de idade, submetidos à lensectomia, dentro do período de janeiro de 2006 a dezembro de 2007. Todas as cirurgias foram realizadas no setor de catarata do Hospital da Piedade, pelo mesmo cirurgião. Os responsáveis pelas crianças foram submetidos a questionário. RESULTADOS: Dos 60 pacientes, 25 eram do sexo feminino (42 %) e 35 do sexo masculino (58 %). 42 pacientes (70%) apresentavam o diagnóstico de catarata congênita, 8 (13%) tinham subluxação de cristalino e 10 (17%) foram submetidos à lensectomia devido à baixa da acuidade visual associada à catarata traumática. Entre as mães dos pacientes com catarata congênita, 40 (95%) realizaram pré natal com mais de 5 consultas, destas 9 mães (22,5%) foram infectadas pelo vírus da rubéola durante a gestação. Nos casos referentes à subluxação todos os 8 apresentavam síndrome de Marfan. Os 10 casos de trauma foram em meninos. CONCLUSÕES: Foi possível verificar que a grande maioria de nossos pacientes submetidos à facectomia apresentava catarata congênita e um número relevante dos casos encontrava-se ainda relacionado à rubéola. É fundamental diminuir o tempo entre a suspeita diagnóstica e o atendimento especializado, favorecendo o prognóstico visual dessas crianças.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the profile of the patients who were submitted to phakectomy at the cataract service of the Hospital da Piedade, under the age of 10 years old, evaluating the main indications, the socioeconomic and gestational profiles in the relevant cases. METHODS: Data of 60 patients under the age of 10 years old submitted to lensectomy, were retrospectively analyzed, during the period between January of 2006 and December of 2007. All the surgeries were performed at the cataract service of the Hospital da Piedade, by the same surgeon. RESULTS: Of the 60 patients, 25 were female (42%) and 35 were male (58 %). 42 patients (70%) had the diagnostic of congenital cataract, 8 (13%) had subluxated lens and 10 (17%) had lensectomy for traumatic cataract. Considering congenital cataract patient's mothers, 40 (95%) underwent prenatal exams with more than 5 appointments, 9 (22.5%) of them were infected by rubella virus during the pregnancy. In subluxation cases, 8 had Marfan's syndrome. 10 cases of trauma occurred in boys. CONCLUSION: It was possible to verify that the majority of our patients submitted to phakectomy had congenital cataract and there is an important number of cases that still associated to rubella. Decreasing time since the suspect until the specialized consultation, will improve the visual prognosis of the children.