RESUMO O tomateiro pode ser atacado por diversas doenças, como a pinta preta, que causa grandes prejuízos aos produtores, exigindo grande número de aplicações de fungicidas. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de filtrados de fungos sapróbios no controle de pinta preta do tomateiro (Alternaria solani). Os tratamentos foram constituídos por filtrados de Stachylidium bicolor (SBI), Periconia hispidula (PHI), Brachysporiella pulchra (BPU), Myrothecium leucotrichum (MLE) e Pycnoporus sanguineus (PSA) diluídos a 20%, além da testemunha (água) e acibenzolar-S-metil (ASM). As plantas de tomate, com cinco folhas, foram pulverizadas com filtrados e três dias após realizou-se a inoculação com A. solani. As variáveis analisadas foram a área abaixo da curva de progresso da doença (AACPD) e a atividade específica de catalase, lipoxigenases, peroxidase e polifenoloxidase. A aplicação de filtrado de SBI promoveu redução de 80% e 96% da AACPD na terceira e quarta folha respectivamente. A catalase foi incrementada com uso dos filtrados de BPU e PHI 96 hpi. A lipoxigenase foi incrementada 130, 72, 130 e 81% no horário 24 hpi ao aplicar os filtrados de SBI, PHI, MLE e ASM respectivamente. Os filtrados de SBI, BPU, MLE e PSA incrementaram a atividade da lipoxigenase em 30, 26, 12 e 22% respectivamente, no horário 120 hpi. A atividade de peroxidase aumentou 74% em função da aplicação de SBI 120 hpi. A polifenoloxidase não foi influenciada pelos tratamentos. O filtrado de S. bicolor é efetivo em promover o controle da severidade da pinta preta do tomateiro.

ABSTRACT Tomato plants can be attacked by several diseases. The early blight disease causes large losses to tomato growers and requires many applications of fungicide for its control. Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of saprobic fungi filtrates on the control of early blight (Alternaria solani) in tomato plants. The treatments consisted of fungi filtrates (Stachylidium bicolor - SBI; Periconia hispidula - PHI; Brachysporiella pulchra - BPU; Myrothecium leucotrichum - MLE; and Pycnoporus sanguineus - PSA) diluted at 20%, a control (water), and acibenzolar-S-methyl (ASM). Tomato plants with five leaves were treated with the filtrates, and A. solani was inoculated after three days. The variables analyzed were: area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC), and specific activity of the enzymes: catalase, lipoxygenase, peroxidase, and polyphenol oxidase. The SBI filtrate decreased the AUDPC in 80% for the third leaf and 96% for the fourth leaf. Catalase activity increased due to the application of BPU and PHI filtrates, at 96 hours post-inoculation (hpi). Lipoxygenase activity increased in 130%, 72%, 130%, and 81% at 24 hpi when applying the SBI, PHI, MLE, and ASM filtrates, respectively. The application of SBI, BPU, MLE, and PSA filtrates increased lipoxygenase activity in 30%, 26%, 12%, and 22%, respectively, at 120 hpi. Peroxidase activity increased 74% at 120 hpi, when applying the SBI filtrate. Polyphenol oxidase activity was not affected by the treatments. S. bicolor filtrate is efficient to control the severity of the early blight disease in tomato plants.

RESUMO Alternaria solani, agente etiológico da pinta preta, é considerado um fitopatógeno de grande impacto econômico na cultura do tomate, gerando grandes prejuízos aos agricultores. O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar o potencial antagonista por confronto direto, produção de voláteis e atividade antimicrobiana in vitro de filtrado de fungos sapróbios contra A. solani. Assim, confrontou-se o fitopatógeno A. solani com os fungos sapróbios Volutella minima, Memnoniella echinata, M. levispora, Curvularia eragrostidis, C. inaequalis, Gonytrichum chlamydosporium, G. macrocladum, Pseudobotrytis terrestris, Pithomyces chartarum, Lappodochium lageniforme, Dictyochaeta simplex, Stachybotrys nephrosfora e S. globosa, observando a formação de halo de inibição e agressividade dos fungos por meio de uma escala de nota. Foi avaliado também o crescimento do fitopatógeno na concentração 20% para selecionar filtrado de sapróbios com atividade antimicrobiana. Posteriormente os filtrados dos sapróbios selecionados foram estudados nas concentrações 5; 10; 15 e 20%, avaliando o crescimento micelial de A. solani. Os sapróbios L. lageniforme e G. macrocladum, apresentaram maior crescimento micelial em relação a A. solani sete dias após a repicagem do fitopatógeno. Aos 15 dias somente o L. lageniforme conteve o patógeno. No teste de confrontação direta os fungos L. lageniforme e G. macrocladum ocuparam uma maior área na placa de Petri que o patógeno. Os filtrados dos fungos G. macrocladum, C. inaequalis, P. terrestris, S. globosa e C. eragrostidis na concentração de 20% promoveram redução no crescimento micelial de A. solani de 34, 21, 19, 10 e 10%, respectivamente. Ao analisar o efeito das concentrações dos filtrados no crescimento micelial de A. solani, observou dose-dependência em todos os tratamentos, com máxima inibição do crescimento para os filtrados de G. macrocladum, C. inaequalis, P. terrestris, S. globosa e C. eragrostidis, respectivamente, na concentração 20%.

ABSTRACT Alternaria solani, the etiological agent of early blight, is considered a phytopathogen of great economic impact on tomato crop, causing great losses to farmers. The aim of this study was to assess the antagonistic potential for direct confrontation, the production of volatile compounds and the in vitro antimicrobial activity of saprobic fungal filtrate against A. solani. Thus, the phytopathogen A. solani was confronted with the saprobic fungi Volutella minima, Memnoniella echinata, M. levispora, Curvularia eragrostidis, C. inaequalis, Gonytrichum chlamydosporium, G. macrocladum, Pseudobotrytis terrestris, Pithomyces chartarum, Lappodochium lageniforme, Dictyochaeta simplex, Stachybotrys nephrosfora and S. globosa, to observe inhibition zone formation and aggressiveness of the fungi according to a score scale. The phytopathogen growth was also evaluated at the concentration of 20% to select the saprobe filtrate with antimicrobial activity. Subsequently, the selected saprobe filtrates were studied at the concentrations of 5; 10; 15 and 20%, evaluating the mycelial growth of A. solani. The saprobes L. lageniforme and G. macrocladum showed greater mycelial growth, compared to A. solani, at seven days after transferring the phytopathogen. At 15 days, only L. lageniforme contained the pathogen. In the direct confrontation test, the fungi L. lageniforme and G. macrocladum occupied a larger area on the Petri dish, in contrast to the pathogen. The fungal filtrates G. macrocladum, C. inaequalis, P. terretris, S. globosa and C. eragrostidis, at a concentration of 20%, promoted a reduction in the mycelial growth of A. solani by 34, 21, 19, 10 and 10%, respectively. Analyzing the effect of the filtrate concentrations on the mycelial growth of A. solani, dose-dependence was observed in all treatments, with maximum growth inhibition for filtrates of G. macrocladum, C. inaequalis, P. terretris, S. globosa and C. eragrostidis, respectively, at the concentration of 20%.

The study evaluated the replacement of bovine heart by gelatin in the feed training of carnivorous fish, using giant trahira (Hoplias lacerdae) as an experimental model. A completely randomized design with four treatments and five repetitions was employed. The treatments were composed of wet ingredients beef heart (control), gelatin diluted in water, gelatin diluted in beef heart broth, and gelatin diluted in water mixed with fish meal. The fish (3.22±0.03 cm and 0.57±0.01 g) were conditioned to accept industrialized diets by the technique of gradual feed ingredients transition in the diet. Gains in weight and length, efficiency of feed training, specific growth rate, cannibalism, mortality and survival rates were evaluated. There was significant difference in weight and length gains and specific growth rate, whereby the use of bovine heart gave the best results. Greater efficiency of feed training was observed for fish fed diets containing beef heart and gelatin diluted in water mixed with fish meal. The high survival rates and the absence of significant differences among treatments for rates of cannibalism, mortality and survival indicate the feasibility of using gelatin as a moist ingredient in the feed training of carnivorous fish.