Abstract The aim of this study was to characterize the oil obtained from seeds of Campomanesia adamantium by physicochemical quality parameters, oxidative stability, antioxidant activity, quality indexes, optical and thermal stability and its fatty acid profile. These seeds were a relevant source of oil (83 mg g-1) with high potential antioxidant activity (IC50 = 25.32 μg mL-1) evaluated by DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) with induction period above of 50 hours. In addition, palmitic (53%) and oleic (34%) are the primary saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids. This oil showed excellent quality for edible vegetable oil and bioctive compounds. The thermal stability of this oil by thermogravimetric analysis/differential thermogravimetry (TGA/DTG) started at 154 and 231 °C under synthetic air and nitrogen atmospheres, respectively, and by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) crystallization was onset at 4.94 °C. This study revealed as a novelty that the C. adamantium seeds are an excellent source of oil that presents best qualities, which makes it a great candidate for edible vegetable oil, as well as for production of soap, lotions and biofuel.

We developed and validated a stability-indicating assay method for the simultaneous determination of enrofloxacin and piroxicam in combination and in the presence of degradation products. Reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography analyses were carried out on a Vertisep C18 column and acetonitrile-water (48:52 v/v, pH 3.0) mobile phase with a 1.00 mL min−1 flow rate. The efficient chromatographic separation of these drugs and their forced degradation products was achieved in less than 5min with a peak purity match factor higher than 950. The method used showed linearity in the concentration ranges of 0.25 to 16.0 µg mL−1 for enrofloxacin (r = 0.9997) and 0.125 to 8.0 µg mL−1 for piroxicam (r = 0.9999) as well as precision (relative standard deviation lower than 2%), accuracy (mean recovery 100 ± 2%), and robustness, according to ICH (International Conference on Harmonization) and AOAC (Association of Official Analytical Chemists) guidelines. This method can simultaneously determine the combination of these drugs in a veterinary formulation and separate the drug peaks from their forced degradation products. Additionally, its optimized chromatographic conditions can contribute to the quality control of this formulation in pharmaceutical manufacturing plants and minimize waste from the organic solvent.

The seed oils from four plants (Scheelea phalerata, Butia capitata, Syagrus romanzoffiana, Terminalia cattapa) found in Mato Grosso do Sul were extracted at good yields. Alkaline transesterification of these seed oils to esters using methanol and ethanol was studied and also produced good yields. Oleic acid (30.5/32.3%), lauric acid (30.7/32.9%) methyl and ethyl esters, were the main components of transesterification of the oils from Scheelea phalerata and Syagrus romanzoffiana. Lauric acid (42.2%), capric acid (15.9%) and caprylic acid (14.6%) methyl and ethyl esters were the main ester components of transesterification of the oil from Butia capitata. Oleic acid (37.8%), palmitic acid (33.5%) and linoleic acid (22.6%) methyl and ethyl esters were the main components of transesterification of oil from Terminalia catappa. Based on differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) studies, the first crystallization peak temperature of esters was observed. Esters derived from oils of the family Arecaceae (Scheelea phalerata, Butia capitata, Syagrus romanzoffiana) showed the lowest points of crystallization, despite having high levels of saturated fat. Esters of Terminalia cattapa oil, rich in unsaturated fat, showed the highest crystallization temperature. This difference in behavior is probably related to the high concentration of esters derived from lauric acid and palmitic acid.

Objetivou-se avaliar a fermentação e a composição química de silagens da parte aérea e da espiga de milho, submetidas ou não à geada. Avaliou-se a inoculação microbiana, no experimento 1, da silagem de parte aérea de milho, e no experimento 2, da silagem de espiga de milho, submetidas ou não à geada, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 2 x 2. Em silagens de parte aérea de milho, a inoculação não influenciou os teores de matéria seca (MS), matéria orgânica (MO), proteína bruta (PB) e fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) e a digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca (DIVMS), com média de 57,49%, e nitrogênio amoniacal (N-NH3) e perdas de MS, com médias iguais a 6,07%N total e 0,99%, respectivamente. A geada acarretou menor teor de MS, 23,05% vs 26,48%MS, respectivamente, e maior teor de PB das silagens, 7,13 vs 6,00%PB. As silagens de espiga de milho expostas à geada apresentaram maiores teores de MS e MO, sem influência nos teores de PB, 1,71%. A geada afetou a composição química das silagens da parte aérea de milho e da espiga de milho e todas apresentaram pH adequado. Constatou-se que a inoculação não influencia a fermentação e composição química das silagens de parte aérea de milho e de espiga de milho submetidas à geada.

Two experiments were run to evaluate the fermentation and the chemical composition of corn silages, aerial part and ear of corn, submitted or not to frost, with or without microbial inoculation, both completely randomized experimental design, in 2 x 2 factorial arrangement. Samples were taken before and after of ensilage. In the aerial part silage, inoculation did not influence the dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and in vitro digestibility of dry matter (IVDDM), with an average of 57.49%, and ammonia-N (NH3-N) and DM losses, with means equal to 6.07% total N and 0.99% respectively. The frost caused lower DM content, 23.05% vs 26.48%DM, respectively, and higher CP content of silages, 7.13 vs 6.00% CP. The ear of corn silage exposed to frost had higher DM and OM, without influence on CP, 1.71%. The frost affected the chemical composition of corn silages, aerial part and ear of corn, and they had proper pH. Inoculation did not influence the fermentation and chemical composition of corn silages, aerial part and ear of corn, submitted or not to frost.

Componentes de polpa e de semente de baru (Dipteryx alata Vog.), leguminosa do cerrado brasileiro, foram objetos de estudo neste trabalho. Análises térmicas, Termogravimetria (TG) e Calorimetria Exploratória Diferencial (DSC) foram utilizadas na investigação de proteínas em farinha desengordurada, concentrado e isolado proteico. A extração do concentrado proteico foi em pH 10, seguida de precipitação no ponto isoelétrico para obter o isolado, o qual foi seco por atomização. As curvas termogravimétricas foram obtidas em atmosfera de nitrogênio em vazão de 100 mL/minutos. As temperaturas iniciais, finais e de pico foram analisadas, assim como a perda de massa. Na faixa de temperatura avaliada, a farinha desengordurada e o concentrado apresentaram quatro etapas de perda de massa, enquanto que o isolado apenas duas etapas. O conteúdo de proteína da farinha desengordurada da semente de Baru foi mais alto do que do isolado. Por outro lado, ocorreu redução da entalpia, sugerindo que o processo aplicado na obtenção do concentrado e isolado de baru levou à desnaturação das proteínas.

Baru (Dipteryx alata Vog.), a species of legume found in the Brazilian savannas, was investigated in this study for the composition of its flesh and seed. Thermal analyses, Thermogravimetry (TG), and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) were used to investigate the proteins in defatted meal, concentrate, and protein isolate. The protein concentrate was extracted at pH 10, followed by a precipitation at the isoelectric point to obtain the isolate that was spray dried. The thermogravimetric curves were obtained under a nitrogen atmosphere with a 100 mL/minutes flow. The initial, final and peak temperatures and mass loss were analyzed. Within the performed temperature ranges studied, the defatted meal and concentrate presented four steps of mass loss, while the isolate showed only two steps. The protein content of defatted meal from Baru nuts was higher than that of the isolate. On the other hand, there was a reduction in enthalpy, which suggests that the process applied to obtain the baru concentrate and isolate led to protein denaturation.

This work aimed to evaluate the toxicity of some insecticides compounds on Aedes aegypti and Artemia salina larvae. Bioassays were carried out to evaluate the toxic effect after of 24 and 72 h using the compounds or associations. The LC10, LC50 and LC90 values were obtained and utilized for toxicity comparations. For Ae. aegypti, LC50 were 32.65 mg L-1 in 24 h for Na2[EDTA-Cu(II)] and total mortality in 72 h for SAP-Na2[EDTA-Cu(II)].

Aedes aegypti é inseto de grande interesse na Saúde Pública por transmitir o vírus da Dengue, Febre Amarela e Febre Hemorrágica da Dengue. No controle do mosquito utilizam-se inseticidas organoclorados, organofosforados, carbamatos e piretróides que guiam à seleção de insetos resistentes. A combinação de íons metálicos de transição, EDTA, STI e SAP são propostos como estratégia efetiva e persistente para o controle de larvas de Ae. aegypti através de danos ao sistema digestório por radicais livres. A toxicidade dos compostos foi avaliada para Ae. aegypti e A. salina (organismo não alvo). Os bioensaios foram conduzidos para avaliar o efeito tóxico dos compostos e associações após 24 e 72 horas. As CL10, CL50 e CL90 foram obtidas para comparações de toxicidade. Para Ae. aegypti a CL50 foi 32,65 mg L-1 em 24 horas para Na2[EDTA-Cu(II)] e mortalidade total a 62,5 mg.L-1para quelato em polímero acrílico de liberação lenta SAP-Na2[EDTA-Cu(II)] em até 72 horas.

This work aimed to evaluate the toxicity of some insecticides compounds on Aedes aegypti and Artemia salina larvae. Bioassays were carried out to evaluate the toxic effect after of 24 and 72 h using the compounds or associations. The LC10, LC50 and LC90 values were obtained and utilized for toxicity comparations. For Ae. aegypti, LC50 were 32.65 mg L-1 in 24 h for Na2[EDTA-Cu(II)] and total mortality in 72 h for SAP-Na2[EDTA-Cu(II)].

Os objetivos deste trabalho foram avaliar a variabilidade genética e a possibilidade de sucesso na seleção simultânea para porte baixo e alta produção de látex considerando as variáveis relacionais: produtividade de látex por unidade de altura (PBA) e produtividade de látex por área basal das plantas (PBB) como novos caracteres no melhoramento da seringueira (Hevea brasiliensis). A seleção baseada nas referidas variáveis permitem a identificação de novos materiais genéticos destinados a plantios adensados. Vinte e duas progênies de meios-irmãos foram estabelecidas no município de Votuporanga (SP), sob delineamento de blocos ao acaso com 22 tratamentos, cinco repetições e dez plantas por parcela, no espaçamento de 3 x 2 m em linhas simples. Aos três anos de idade, as progênies foram avaliadas quanto aos caracteres em estudo. A combinação dos dois caracteres aumentou a variabilidade genética disponível para seleção sendo possível desenvolver eficiente melhoramento genético simultâneo para o aumento da produção de borracha e redução do porte da planta. Portanto, é possível melhorar os dois caracteres (PB e PBB) simultaneamente, não havendo prejuízo no caráter principal (PB). As altas correlações genéticas entre PBB e PBA (0,842) e entre PBB e altura (-0,578) revelam que a seleção baseada em PBB resultará em redução da altura. O tipo de seleção foi eficiente em aumentar a produção de borracha, reduzindo substancialmente a altura e pouco o perímetro do caule. Esses efeitos são desejáveis em um programa de melhoramento da seringueira visando à seleção de genótipos para plantios adensados.

Goals of this work were to evaluate genetic variability and potential of successful simultaneous selection for short stature and high rubber yield, considering relational variables: rubber yield per height unit (PBA) and rubber yield per plant basal area (PBB), both as new traits in rubber tree genetic improvement. Selection based on these variables allows identification of new genetic material suitable for high density plantations. Twenty-two half-sib progenies of half-sibs were established in Votuporanga. The trial was carried out with 22 treatments with five replications each and 10 plants per plot, planted in single lines at density of 3 x 2m. Plots were randomly distributed. At three year old age, progenies were evaluated and showed that a combination of those two traits increased genetic variability available for selection. Results also demonstrated that it is possible to have an efficient genetic improvement for simultaneously increasing rubber yield while reducing plant height. Therefore, it is possible to improve these two traits (PB and PBB) simultaneously, without losses on the main traits (PB). High correlations between PBB and PBA (0.842) and between PBB and height (-0.578) show that selection based on PBB will lead to height reduction. The type of selection proved itself efficient for increasing rubber yield while substantially reducing plant height and less reducing trunk perimeter. All these effects are desirable in a rubber tree genetic improvement program aiming at selection of genotypes suitable for higher density plantations.

Abstract The present study was carried out to evaluate the genetic variability and genetic parameters of Hevea brasiliensis parent trees for the germination trait. Seeds from thirty parent trees were collected at the Experimental Station, in Votuporanga, SP. The germination tests were carried out at the COMFLORA nursery in Ponta Porã city, following the randomized block design, four replications and ten seeds per plot. The data were analyzed through Selegen - Reml/Blup software. The heritability parents means coefficient was high (0,99), suggesting expressive genetic control. Selection of parent trees provided a genetic mean gain of 16,22%.

Resumo O presente estudo avaliou a variabilidade genética e estimou parâmetros genéticos em matrizes de Hevea brasiliensis com base no caráter germinação. Sementes de trinta matrizes da espécie foram coletadas e estabelecidas na Estação Experimental de Votuporanga, SP. O teste de germinação das sementes foi avaliado no viveiro da COMFLORA em Ponta Porã, MS. O ensaio foi estabelecido sob o delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições e dez sementes por parcela. Os dados obtidos foram analisados através do software Selegen - Reml/Blup. A estimativa de coeficiente de herdabilidade média de matrizes foi alta (0,99), sugerindo expressivo controle genético. A seleção das matrizes proporcionou ganho genético médio de 16,22%.