Resumo Introdução O bullying escolar representa um fenômeno expressivo no Brasil e no mundo, impactando na saúde e no desenvolvimento de crianças e adolescentes. Objetivo Analisar as relações entre as percepções de estudantes sobre bullying escolar e interações familiares. Método Trata-se de um estudo qualitativo, do qual participaram 55 estudantes. Entrevistas semiestruturadas foram utilizadas na coleta de dados e analisadas segundo a análise de conteúdo, em sua modalidade temática, no software Atlas.Ti. O referencial teórico-metodológico adotado foi a Teoria Bioecológica do Desenvolvimento. Resultados Revelou-se que a) as características individuais, resultantes do processo de desenvolvimento que envolve a família, são os fatores que melhor explicam o bullying; b) as experiências negativas no contexto familiar podem favorecer o envolvimento dos estudantes em situações de bullying; e c) aspectos positivos das famílias podem ser considerados pontos fortes a serem explorados por programas de intervenção. Conclusão Foram identificadas relações entre as percepções acerca do bullying escolar e as interações familiares. A investigação aumenta a compreensão sobre a complexidade do bullying e poderá subsidiar iniciativas de formação de profissionais que atuam na área da saúde e têm as famílias como matriz de ação na atenção primária.

Abstract Background School bullying represents an expressive phenomenon in Brazil and in the world, impacting in the health and development of children and adolescents. Objective To analyze the relationships between student perceptions of school bullying and family interactions. Method This is a qualitative study, in which 55 students participated. Semi-structured interviews were used in the data collection and analyzed according to the content analysis, in its thematic modality, in the software Atlas.Ti. The theoretical-methodological reference adopted was the Bioecological Theory of Development. Results It was revealed that a) individual characteristics resulting from the development process involving the family are the factors that best explain bullying; b) negative experiences in the family context can favor the involvement of students in situations of bullying; and c) positive aspects of families can be considered as strengths to be explored by intervention programs. Conclusion Relationships between perceptions about school bullying and family interactions were identified. The research increases understanding about the complexity of bullying and may subsidize initiatives for the training of professionals who work in the health area and have the families as a matrix of action in primary care.

Five hundred and four 1-day-old Cobb broiler chickens were randomly allotted to 18 treatments and fed a semi-purified basal diet (4 g/kg total phosphorus) supplemented with 2 levels of supplemental P (0.5 or 1 g/kg) during 21 days to evaluate performance and bone mineralization; to assess the relative bioavailability of P (RBP) in wheat meal (WM) and roasted (RS) or extruded soybean meal (ES), with or without phytase (0 or 750 ftu/kg diet), using dicalcium phosphate (DC) as standard; and to estimate phosphorus excretion. Weight gain (WG), feed intake (FI), feed to gain ratio (FG), and tibia ash weigh (AW) were assessed. For each source, the RBP was calculated by the slope ratio method, when tibia ash weight was regressed on P ingested. Ingested and fecal P was determined to calculate P intake, and P excretion and excretion rate. Phytase addition increased overall FI, WG, and FG ratio by 3.3, 2.6 and 0.8%, respectively, but differences were not significant. Overall AW was increased by 10.8% after the enzyme inclusion in the diets. The relative bioavailability of phosphorus values of tested WM, RS, and ES were increased by 6.32, 64.32, 76.99%, respectively, in response to supplementation of phytase in diets containing WM, RS, and ES, respectively. Phytase reduced P excretion by 12.7% and the excretion rate by 15.0%, regardless of the phosphorus source or level.

The objectives of this study were to validate a non-extractive RIA for seminal testosterone and quantify the hormone using a solid-phase commercial kit, and study the correlation between testosterone in seminal plasma and sperm characteristics. Parallelism showed a correlation index r = 0.992 (Y = -5.47 + 1.073X; R² = 0.985), indicating that the non-extractive method presented is indicated particularly for assessment of testosterone when establishing comparisons between samples. Overall mean (±SD) of testosterone level was 0.60±0.65 ng/mL. Correlation was only found between the seminal concentrations of testosterone and pH of the semen.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a atividade cicatrizante do laser diodo Alumínio Gálio Índio Fósforo (AlGaInP), ë660nm em feridas cutâneas induzida em ratos. MÉTODOS: Foram utilizados 54 ratos Wistar, fêmeas, divididos em três grupos (n=18) e subdivididos em três subgrupos (n=6) animais para serem estudados no 5, 10 e 15º dias após o procedimento cirúrgico. A ferida foi induzida em região dorso-cervical utilizando punch. As lesões foram irradiadas em dias alternados com laser AlGaInP, nas densidades de energia de 3J/cm² (L3) ou 6J/cm²(L6). O grupo controle não recebeu irradiação. No 5,10 e 15º dia após o procedimento cirúrgico os animais foram eutanasiados e a área de reparo foi removida e os cortes histológicos foram corados com hematoxilina-eosina e picrossírius. Foram avaliados aspectos macroscópicos e histológicos das lesões nos tempos citados, bem como análises morfométricas da angiogênese e do conteúdo de colágeno. RESULTADOS: A atividade cicatrizante do laser AlGaInP foi evidenciada pelo aumento da angiogênese do grupo L3 e L6 em relação ao grupo controle (GC) no 5º dia (p=0,0001) e diminuição do infiltrado de polimorfonucleares e hemorragia (p=0,045 e p=0,007 respectivamente) dos grupos L3 e L6 em relação ao controle. No 10 e 15ºdias observou-se também que nos grupos tratados com laser L3 e L6 houve estimulo acentuado a fibroplasia(p=0,0003 e p=0,034 respectivamente), quando comparados ao grupo controle (GC). CONCLUSÃO: O laser AlGaInP atuou de forma positiva sobre a cicatrização de feridas cutâneas em ratos.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect the healing activity of diode laser Indium Gallium Aluminum Phosphorus (InGaAlP) ë660nm on healing of surgical wounds in rats. METHODS: Fifty-four female Wistar rats were used, divided into three groups (n=18) and subdivided into three subgroups (n=6) to be studied in 5, 10 and 15th days after surgical procedures. The wound was induced in the dorsal-cervical using punch. The lesions were irradiated on alternate days with InGaAlP laser, the energy densities of 3J/cm² (L3) or 6J/cm² (L6). The control group received no irradiation. At 5, 10 and 15th days after surgery the animals were euthanized and the repair area was removed and histological sections were stained with hematoxylin-eosin and picrossírius. We evaluated macroscopic and histological lesions in the times cited, as well as morphometric analysis of angiogenesis and collagen content. RESULTS: The wound healing activity InGaAlP laser was evidenced by increased angiogenesis group L3 and L6 in relation to control group (CG) at the 5th day (p=0.0001) and decreased polymorphonuclear infiltrate and hemorrhage (p=0.045 and p=0.07 respectively) in the groups L3 and L6 in relation to control group (GC). On the 10 and 15th days was also observed in groups treated with laser L3 and L6 stimulation was pronounced fibroplasia (p=0.0003 and p=0.034 respectively) when compared with the control group (CG). CONCLUSION: The InGaAlP laser acted positively on the healing of skin wounds in rats.

Quatrocentos e vinte pintos de corte Cobb 500, machos de 1 dia de idade, foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em 15 tratamentos com 4 repetições, em teste utilizando baterias (7 aves/gaiola), com duração de 21 dias, para determinar a biodisponibilidade relativa de fósforo (BRP) em três ingredientes, com duas características genéticas (baixo fósforo fítico ou convencional). Utilizou-se uma dieta basal semipurificada, à base de milho e farelo de soja, adicionada de cevada convencional, cevada com baixo fósforo fítico, milho convencional, milho com baixo fósforo fítico, farelo de soja convencional, farelo de soja com baixo fósforo fítico e de fosfato bicálcico em substituição ao amido de milho, de modo a fornecer 0,05 ou 0,10% de fósforo suplementar, totalizando 15 dietas [(3 × 2 × 2) + 3]. Semanalmente foram avaliados o peso vivo, o ganho de peso, o consumo de ração e a conversão alimentar por parcela experimental. Ao final do experimento, aos 21 dias de idade, foram abatidas 3 aves por unidade experimental para remoção das tíbias esquerdas para análise do conteúdo de cinzas ósseas. A biodisponibilidade de fósforo do milho, da cevada e do farelo de soja convencionais foram de 18,5; 50,9 e 34,4% respectivamente, enquanto, para a do milho, da cevada e do farelo de soja com baixo fósforo fítico foram de 93,5; 132,9 e 90,9% respectivamente. O consumo de ração, o ganho de peso e a mineralização óssea das aves alimentadas com as dietas com baixo fósforo fítico foram superiores aos daquelas alimentadas com as dietas convencionais.

Four hundred and twenty one day-old broilers, Cobb 500, were randomly allotted to 15 treatments with four replications (7 chicks/pen) in a 21-day battery trial to assess the relative availability of phosphorus (RBP) from three feeds with two different genetic characteristics (low phytic phosphorus or conventional). One semi-purified basal diet based on corn starch and soybean meal with the addition of conventional barley, barley with low phytate phosphorus, conventional corn, corn with low phytate phosphorus, conventional soybean meal, soybean meal with low phytate phosphorus and dicalcium phosphate in substitution for the corn starch to supply 0.05 or 0.10% supplementary phosphorus, totaling 15 diets [(3 × 2 × 2) + 3]. Live weight, weight gain, feed intake, and feed to gain ratio were determined weekly for each experimental unit. At the end of the experimental period (21 days), three broilers per pen were slaughtered to remove the left tibias to determine the bone ash content. The phosphorus bioavailability of the conventional corn, barley and soybean were 18.5, 50.9, and 34.4%, respectively whereas for low phytate phosphorus corn, barley and soybean meal values were observed of 93.5, 132.9, and 90.9%, respectively. Feed intake, weight gain and bone mineralization of broilers fed low phytate phosphorus diets were higher than the observed for conventional ingredient diets.

Cento e noventa e dois leitões foram usados em um experimento para avaliar a biodisponibilidade relativa do fósforo (RBP) em seis fontes fosfáticas. As fontes foram três fosfatos de uso em nutrição (FP), dois fabricados no Brasil e um nos Estados Unidos, e três amostras de fosfatos de rocha (RP), originados de duas minas brasileiras e uma mina situada em Israel. Os níveis de cálcio (Ca), fósforo (P) e flúor (F) nos fosfatos de rocha foram 29, 12 e 1,7% (fonte RP 1), 33, 14 e 1,4% (fonte RP 2) e 30, 14 e 3,6% (fonte RP 3), respectivamente. Os suínos foram alimentados com uma dieta basal de milho e farelo de soja (18% PB, 0,95% Lis, 0,75% Ca, 0,37% P) ou dieta basal contendo 0,15% P a partir de um fosfato bicálcico purificado padrão (SP), ou com 0,15% P a partir das fontes experimentais FP ou RP. Cada dieta foi fornecida a seis baias (replicatas) com quatro leitões durante 35 dias (14,4 a 39,9 kg). O ganho de peso (WG), a conversão alimentar (FG), o P plasmático (PP), as cinzas ósseas (BA) e a resistência óssea à quebra de metacarpos e metatarsos (BS-MM) e fêmures (BS-F) melhoraram com a adição de fósforo às dietas. Contudo, o desempenho e os parâmetros ósseos pioraram com o uso dos fosfatos de rocha, em comparação à suplementação dietética de FP. A análise de regressão dos dados de WG, BA, BS-MM e BS-F em relação ao P adicional foi realizada e foram calculadas slope-ratios para avaliar a RBP nas fontes de FP e RP. A biodisponibilidade média do P nas fontes FP e RP, relativas ao SP (com valor atribuído de 100), foram 89 e 49% (WG), 112 e 49% (BA), 78 e 28% (BS-MM), e 101 e 52% (BS-F), respectivamente. Baixos desempenho e resistência óssea relacionados à toxicidade devem ser esperados se fosfatos de rocha forem utilizados na alimentação de suínos.

One hundred ninety two swine were used in a trial to assess the relative bioavailability of phosphorus (RBP) in six phosphate sources. Phosphates were three feed grade phosphates (FP), two made in Brasil, and one USA made, and three rock phosphate samples (RP) originated from two mines sites in Brasil, and one mine site in Israel. Levels of calcium, phosphorus and fluorine in RP were 29, 12 and 1.7% (RP source 1), 33, 14 and 1.4% (RP source 2), and 30, 14 and 3.6% (RP source 3), respectively. Pigs were fed a corn-soybean meal basal diet (18% CP, 0.95% Lys, 0.75% Ca, 0.37% P) or the basal diet with 0.15% P from a standard purified grade calcium phosphate (SP), or with 0.15% P from experimental FP or RP. Each diet was fed to six pen replicates of four pigs per pen for 35 days (14.4 to 39.9 kg). Weight gain (WG), feed/gain (FG), plasma P (PP), bone ash (BA), and breaking strength of metacarpals and metatarsals (BS-MM) and femurs (BS-F) were improved by phosphorus addition. However, performance and bone parameters were depressed by RP, as compared to FP dietary supplementation. WG, BA, BS-MM and BS-F were regressed to P added, and slope-ratios were calculated to assess RBP in the FP and RP sources. The average bioavailability of P in the FP and RP sources, relative to SP, were 89 and 49% (WG), 112 and 49% (BA), 78 and 28% (BS-MM), and 101 and 52% (BS-F), respectively. Low animal performance and bone strength related to toxicity should be expected if rock phosphates are used to feed pigs.

Functional properties of pigeon pea (Cajanus rajan (L) Millsp) flour and protein concentrate. The objective of this investigation was to study the functional properties of Pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp) flour and protein concentrate. The solubility of both samples were superior than 70% at pH above 6.7 and below 3.5. The water and oil absorption were 1.2 and 1.07 ml/g of sample and 0.87 and 1.73ml/g of flour and protein concentrate samples, respectively. The minimum concentration of flour and protein concentrate needed for gelation was 20% and 12%, respectively. The emulsifying capacity of flour and concentrate was 129.35g and 191.66g oil/g of protein and the emulsion stability 87.50and 97.97%, respectively, after 780 minutes. The foam capacity and stability of flour foam were 36.0% and 18.61, while of the concentrate were 44.70% and 78.97% after 90 minutes. These properties indicate that the flour as well as the concentrate could have application in various food systems.

O objetivo desta investigação foi estudar as propriedades funcionais da farinha e do concentrado protéico de feijão guandu (Cajanus cojan (L.) Millsp). A solubilidade de ambas amostras foi i superior a 70% em pH acima de 6,7 e abaixo de 3,5. A capacidade de absorção de água e óleo foi de 1,2 e 1,07 ml/g de amostra e 0,87 e 1,73 ml/g de amostra de farinha e concentrado protéico, respectivamente. A concentração mínima de geleificação da farinha foi de 20% e do concentrado de 12%. A capacidade de formação e estabilidade da emulsão de farinha e do concentrado foram de 129,35 e 191,66g de óleo emulsificado/g de proteína, respectivamente, e a estabi1idade da emulsão de 87,50 e 96,97%, respectivamente, após 780 minutos. A capacidade de formação e estabilidade da espuma de farinha foram de 36,0% e 18,61 %, respectivamente, e do concentrado foram de 44,70% de espuma formada e 78,97% de espumas intactas aos 90 minutos. Estas propriedades indicaram possibilidades de aplicações em vários sistemas alimentares.

Foram utilizados 10 jacarés Caiman crocodilus yacare, colhendo-se 5 ml do sangue periférico de cada animal. A análise morfológica foi realizada após coloração por Leishman. Para estudo citoquímico, empregaram-se os métodos do PAS, do Sudan black B, da o-toluidina e do azul de bromofenol. Foram identificados 7 tipos celulares: eritrócitos, trombócitos, heterófilos, eosinófilos, basófilos, linfócitos e monócitos azurófilos. Os eritrócitos nucleados apresentam formato elíptico com atividade mitótica e positividade citoplasmática para o azul de bromofenol. Os trombócitos são de formato elíptico, com citoplasma abundante nos pólos, contendo grânulos de glicogênio e núcleo com sulcos profundos. Heterófilos, grosseiramente esféricos, mostram núcleo esférico excêntrico e citoplasma repleto de grânulos corados em salmão, de formato fusiforme, em baqueta, oval ou esférico. A citoquímica nestas células revelou a presença de glicogênio, grânulos citoplasmáticos positivos para azul de bromofenol e parcialmente sudanófilos e positivos para mieloperoxidase. Eosinófilos mostram-se esféricos com núcleo lenticular excêntrico e citoplasma com grânulos esféricos ou ovais róseos positivos para Sudan e mieloperoxidase, porém fracamente para o azul de bromofenol. Basófilos apresentam formato esférico, de tamanho menor em relação aos demais granulócitos, núcleo esférico central e citoplasma com poucos grânulos fortemente basófilos. Linfócitos mostram-se polimórficos com núcleo de formato irregular, citoplasma escasso com projeções e grânulos azurófilos. Monócito azurófilo, de formato esférico, núcleo excêntrico e citoplasma basófilo contendo grânulos azurófilos abundantes.

Samples of peripheral blood were collected from 10 healthy Caiman crocodilus yacare and stained with Leishman, for morphological analysis, or submitted to the following cytochemical methods: PAS, Sudan black B, o-toluidine and mercury bromophenol blue. Seven types of cells were identified: erythrocytes, thrombocytes, heterophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes and azurofilic monocytes. Erythrocytes were elliptical and positive for bromophenol blue. Some mitotic figures were noted. Spindle-shaped thrombocytes showed large nucleus with striking indentation. The cytoplasm was attenuated at one or both poles into knob-like projections containing glycogen. Heterophils revealed round eccentric nuclei and cytoplasm containing glycogen and many polymorphic granules. These granules showed partial positive reaction for Sudan and activity for myeloperoxidase. Eosinophils showed eccentrically located lenticular-shaped nuclei and numerous round granules stained positive with myeloperoxidase and Sudan. Basophils revealed a round central nuclei and cytoplasm with few basophilic round granules. Lymphocytes appeared as polygonal or irregular cells with thin cytoplasm forming bleb-like protrusions. Azurophilic monocytes were round with eccentrically located nuclei and basophilic cytoplasm containing numerous azurophilic granules.

SUMMARY: Samples of peripheral blood from healthy young reptiles were collected from the cervical venous sinus in tubes containing EDTA 10%. Freshly prepared smears were used for the following purpuses: a) Staining in Rosenfeld solution for the morphological analyses. b) Detection of alkaline phosphatase with naphthol ASMX-phosphate and myeloperoxidase (pH 7,0 and pH10,0) with o-toluidine H(2)0(2). The same blood samples with EDTA were centrifuged for 15' at 2,000rpm and the buffy coat containing leukocytes was devided in two fragments and one of them treated with glutaraldehyde (1h at 4C) and used for alkaline phosphatase reaction and the other 1,25% glutaraldehyde + 1% paraformaldehyde (1h 4C) and used for myeloperoxidase reaction. The eosinophils revealed round, oval or lobed eccentric nuclei with prominent nucleoli. The cytoplasm of eosinophils is dominated by striking eosinophilic granules (large, nearly spherical, closely packed, uniform in size). No alkaline phosphatase activity was observed in the eosinophils. A positive reaction for myeloperoxidase (faint at ph 7,0 an strong at pH 10,0) was visualized as a brown precipitate in the eosinophils. EM observation revealed myeloperoxidase activity only in a few granules (at pH 7,0) and in a majority of the granules (at pH 10,0). Basic protein reaction product is visible essentially at the periphery of all the citoplasmic granules in the eosinophils.

RESUMEN: Muestras de sangre periférica de reptiles, jóvenes y sanos, fueron recolectadas del seno venoso cervical, en tubos que contenían EDTA 10%. Inmediatamente los frotis fueron sometidos a los siguientes procedimientos: a) Tinción con solución de Rosenfeld para el análisis morfológico. b)Detección de la fosfatasa alcalina con naftol AS-MX fosfato y mieloperoxidasa (pH 7,0 y pH10,0) con o-toluidina H(2)0(2). Una parte de la sangre con EDTA fue centrifugada por 15' a 2.000rpm y el coágulo conteniendo los leucocitos, fue dividido en dos fragmentos y tratados con: a) glutaraldehído a 2% (1h a 4C) para la reacción de la fosfatasa alcalina; b)glutaraldehído a 1,25% + paraformaldehído al 1% (1h 4C), para la reacción de la mieloperoxidasa. Los eosinófilos revelaron núcleo excéntrico redondeado, oval o lobulado con nucléolo prominente. El citoplasma de los eosinófilos es ocupado por gránulos eosinofílicos evidentes (grandes, aproximadamente esféricos, compactos, uniformes en tamaño). No fue observada actividad de la fosfatasa alcalina en eosinófilos. Una reacción positiva débil en pH 7,0 y fuerte en pH 10,0, para mieloperoxidasa fue visualizada como un precipitado marrón, en los eosinófilos. El microscopio electrónico reveló actividad de la mieloperoxidasa solamente en algunos gránulos en pH 7,0 y en la mayoría de los gránulos en pH 10,0. Proteínas básicas produjeron reacción visible, principalmente en la periferia de todos los gránulos citoplasmáticos de los eosinófilos.

Little information is available on the ultrastructural characteristics of the blood cells in reptiles. In the present study we have examined the fine structure of heterophils, eosinophils and thrombocytes from the blood of a crocodile (Caiman crocodilus yacare). Samples of peripheral blood from healthy young were collected with EDTA and centrifuged. The buff coat was collected and fixed in half strength Karnovsky solution. Spindl-eshaped thrombocytes showed large nuclei with prominent heterochromatin juxtaposed to the nuclear envelop. Cytoplasmic organelles were scarce: there were mitochondria, some profiles of roughsurface endoplasmic reticulum, free ribosomes and microtubules. Many tubular structures and vacuoles were distributed throughout the cytoplasm, forming the open canalicular membrane system. Heterophils and eosinphils revealed round eccentric nuclei with prominent nucleoli. The cytoplasm of heterophils contained many polymorphic granules with homogeneous electrondense matrix. Ribosomes, roug-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum and many clear vesicles were observed. Some fibrillar structures were also present. In addition to the usual organelles, the cytoplasm of eosinophils were essentially filled with many round or slightly oval granules with heterogeneous electron-dense matrix; in some of them a fine granular structure was visible. Both heterophils and eosinophils showed long numerous pseudopodia

Fueron utilizados 10 ejemplares de Caiman crocodilus yacare provenientes del municipio de Cáceres (Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil), a cada uno de los cuales les fueron extraidos 5ml de sangre periférica. Las muestras obtenidas fueron utilizadas para análisis ultraestructurales, referentes a trombocitos, eosinófilos y heterófilos. Los trombocitos son de forma elíptica, poseen citoplasma abundante sólo en los polos y su núcleo presenta surcos profundos o hendiduras acentuadas, mostrando algunos poros en su envoltura. Su citoplasma contiene abundantes túbulos y vesículas electrolúcidas del sistema canalicular. Son observados vacúolas con cuerpos densos y microtúbulos. Los heterófilos poseen formato aproximadamente esférico y núcleo excéntrico o periférico. Su citoplasma está repleto de gránulos polimórficos de formas de huso, en baqueta, oval o esférica, con superficie, en general, irregular. Los eosinófilos son esféricos y de núcleo lenticular excéntrico o periférico. El citoplasma contiene gránulos esféricos u ovales. Cabe destacar la presencia de gránulos citoplasmáticos voluminosos con diferencias en la electrodensidad, de superficie uniforme, pudiendo contener una estructura interna heterogénea. En heterófilos y eosinófilos, el núcleo presenta heterocromatina, eucromatina, nucléolo y la envoltura nuclear es porosa