RESUMO Produtos lácteos são os principais veículos para incorporação de probióticos, e têm grande popularidade entre o público que procura alimentos funcionais. A aplicação probióticos em novas matrizes alimentares necessita de estudos a fim de verificar a estabilidade e viabilidade dos probióticos no produto. O objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver uma bebida probiótica smoothie e avaliar a qualidade microbiológica, pH, acidez, sinérese, viabilidade dos probióticos e aceitação e preferência sensorial. Para tal foram elaboradas 36 formulações, empregando-se iogurte e diferentes polpas de frutas. Seis formulações foram selecionadas sensorialmente contendo iogurte probiótico e as polpas de manga, uva, frutas vermelhas (com 8 e 10% açúcar), manga/maracujá, frutas vermelhas/açaí, na proporção 60/40 (m/m), as quais foram avaliadas. As bebidas apresentaram adequada qualidade higiênico-sanitária e a viabilidade inicial dos probióticos foi em torno de 7 log UFC mL-1. Durante 30 dias de estocagem verificou-se o aumento da acidez e a diminuição no pH, o aumento na sinérese e uma pequena diminuição na viabilidade dos probióticos, em todas as formulações. A bebida smoothie contendo iogurte probiótico e polpa de frutas vermelhas (10% açúcar), foi selecionada devido à aceitação e preferência sensorial e a manutenção dos níveis de probióticos para conferir benefícios à saúde do consumidor.

ABSTRACT Dairy products are the primary delivery for probiotics, with great popularity among the public looking for functional foods. The addition of probiotics to new food matrices requires studies about the stability and viability of these microorganisms in the final product. This study aimed to develop a probiotic smoothie beverage and to evaluate the microbiological quality, pH, acidity, syneresis, probiotics viability, sensory acceptance, and consumers’ preference. For that, thirty-six beverage formulations were prepared using yogurt and different fruit pulps. Six formulations were selected for the study, as follows: probiotic yogurt with the addition of mango pulp, grape, red fruits (containing 8 and 10% sucrose), mango/passion fruit, and red fruits/açaí, using a yogurt/pulp ratio of 60/40 (w/w). The beverages presented adequate hygienic-sanitary quality, with an initial probiotics viability around 7 log CFU mL-1. An increase in acidity and a decrease in pH, as well as a higher rate of syneresis and a small decline in probiotic viability were observed for all formulations throughout 30 days of storage. The probiotic smoothie made with red fruit pulp (10% sugar) was selected due to its better sensory acceptance, and maintenance of probiotic counts to confer health benefits.

Abstract A study correlating the physical and sensory texture measurements of hearts of palm in conserve was carried out with a view to establishing an instrumental texture standard for this product. One hundred hearts of palm sticks in conserve from different brands, 50 of Açaí and 50 of Pupunha, were cut in half cross wise. One of the halves was used for the sensory evaluation and the other for the instrumental evaluation. Fifty consumers were instructed to bite each half-stick received in the crosswise direction and evaluate the hardness on a linear 10 cm scale and the acceptability of the hardness on a nine-point hedonic scale. The instrumental hardness was analyzed using the TA-XT2 texturometer. The Pearson correlation between the force required to cut the hearts of palm sticks and the acceptability of the hardness was negative and significant at p < 0.05, that is, the greater the force required to cut the stick, the less the consumer liked it. Considering that the maximum acceptable sensory hardness is 5.0 on the 10 cm scale, the maximum acceptable values for the physical measurements are: maximum force/area: 20.4 N/cm2 and mean force/area: 5.6 N/cm2.

Abstract The cereal bars are products globally accepted and consumed by all age groups. In this study, by Response Surface Methodology (RSM), the effects of different concentrations of inulin, acacia gum and sorbitol in the characteristics of hardness, color and water activity of cereal bars were studied. A total of 17 experiments being 8 factorials, 6 axials and 3 repetitions at the central point were performed. The regression model presented for the hardness was significant indicating that the quantities of inulin, acacia gum and sorbitol affect the hardness of the cereal bars. Referring to color it was observed that the less inulin and more sorbitol, the more yellow the tone of the bars was. The results of water activity were not influenced by the ingredients. In a comprehensive assessment through the RSM, the bars coming from the treatments 5 and 11 provided the best results and when submitted to sensory evaluation they were not statistically different. Although these bars have presented reduction of 15 to 20% in calorific value, according to the DRC 54/2012 they cannot be considered products with a reduced caloric value. These bars also presented considerable level of soluble fiber (more than 3% inulin).

AbstractIron deficiency is a highly prevalent nutritional problem worldwide and it impacts on the cognitive development of children. Therefore, the aim of this research was to develop meatloaf with high iron content by using in their formulations pork liver. Meatloaves were prepared with additions of 9.98% and 13.31% (formulations A and B) of pork liver in order to meet 15% and 20% of the daily requirement of iron (10 mg/day) for children. Samples were evaluated regarding their physicochemical, microbiological and sensory characteristics. The results were subjected to Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey test. Results of physicochemical analyses showed an increase in protein and mineral contents and a decrease in fat content. The iron and zinc contents were respectively 100.0% and 70.83% (formulation A) and 152.73% and 97.92% (formulation B) higher than that of the standard formulation. Regarding fat content, the reduction of 31.5% in formulation B makes it a light product. As for the microbiological aspect, all meatloaves were adequate for consumption. Regarding sensory analysis, all the attributes considered were not statistically different, but for purchase intention test formulation B was better accepted. Therefore, formulations A and B are good sources of iron and zinc.

O tamarillo (Cyphomandra betacea Sendt) é originário da Região Andina do Peru. O objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver o produto 'geleia de tamarillo' e consistiu em: caracterizar os frutos e o seu rendimento em polpa; apresentar um protocolo de processo, e avaliar sensorialmente os produtos obtidos a partir de três formulações, diferenciadas quanto ao grau °Brix, ao tipo de açúcar e ao teor de pectina. Os frutos tamarillos apresentaram 54,8 ± 4,0 mm, 34,6 ± 2,4 mm e 36,2 ± 6,5 g de comprimento, diâmetro e massa, respectivamente. A polpa integral, de sabor doce e levemente ácida, apresentou 13,30 ± 0,14 °Brix e pH 4,19 ± 0,11. Os frutos renderam 83,3% de polpa integral e 51,5% de locular mucilaginosa, contendo sementes. As geleias de 50 °Brix e contendo glicose ou sacarose foram as mais aceitas pelos provadores quando comparadas à geleia de 40 °Brix, de menor concentração de sólidos solúveis. Um porcentual maior ou igual a 70% do total de provadores aprovou as geleias de 50 °Brix para todos os seus atributos sensoriais avaliados e um mínimo de 40% manifestou intenção de compra. Considerando-se que a sacarose possui custo menor que a glicose, o protocolo de fabricação da geleia de 50 °Brix contendo a sacarose e 2% de pectina foi o recomendado, na pesquisa, para a produção de geleia de tamarillo.

The Tamarillo (Cyphomandra betacea Sendt) is a fruit native to the Peruvian Andean region. The objective of this study was to develop the product 'tamarillo jam'. The study consisted of characterizing the fruits and their yield in pulp; presenting a protocol for the process; and carrying out a sensory analysis of three different formulations which differed according to their degree of °Brix, type of sugar and pectin content. The tamarillo fruits showed length (stem-apex), diameter and mass of 54.8 ± 4.0 mm, 34.6 ± 2.4 mm and 36.2 ± 6.5 g, respectively. The whole pulp had a sweet, slightly acid taste, with total soluble solids of 13.30 °Brix ± 0.14 and pH 4.19 ± 0.11. The fruits yielded 83.3% in whole pulp and 51.5% in mucilaginous pulp containing the seeds. Jams with 50 °Brix containing glucose or sucrose showed greater acceptance as compared to jams with 40 °Brix, containing less soluble solids. Over 70% of the panellists approved the jams with 50 °Brix for all the sensory attributes evaluated, and at least 40% expressed their intention to purchase it. Thus, considering the lower cost of sucrose as compared to glucose, the protocol for the production of tamarillo jam at 50 °Brix using sucrose and 2% of pectin was recommended.

O objetivo do estudo foi o acompanhamento das alterações de cor em geleias de morango e goiaba light, durante a estocagem. Para o estudo, uma formulação de cada sabor foi preparada, variando a aplicação de hidrocoloides (pectina e amido modificado). As geleias foram caracterizadas quanto ao pH, sólidos solúveis, atividade de água e sinérese. Para acompanhamento das alterações de cor, as amostras permaneceram armazenadas durante 180 dias em câmaras com temperaturas controladas de 10 °C (controle) e 25 °C (comercial) e, a cada 30 dias, foram realizadas análises instrumentais de cor (L*, a* e b*). O modelo de Arrhenius foi aplicado às velocidades de reação (k), nas diferentes temperaturas, mostrando que as geleias de morango e goiaba light apresentaram maiores alterações quando armazenadas na temperatura de 25 °C, quando comparadas com as amostras armazenadas a 10 °C. Foram obtidos valores de energia de ativação entre 13 e 15 kcal.mol-1 e valores de Q10 entre 2,1 e 2,3, para geleia light de morango e geleia light de goiaba, respectivamente. Concluiu-se, portanto, que, em termos de alterações de cor, a cada 10 °C de aumento de temperatura a vida de prateleira das geleias light foi reduzida pela metade.

The purpose of this study was to follow-up color changes in low-calorie strawberry and guava jellies during storage. To this end, one formulation of each flavor was prepared varying the application of hydrocolloids (pectin and modified starch). The jellies were studied regarding pH, soluble solids, water activity and syneresis. In order to follow-up color changes, the samples remained stored for 180 days in chambers with controlled temperatures of 10 °C (control) and 25 °C (commercial), and color instrumental analyses (L*, a*, and b*) were performed every 30 days. Arrhenius model was applied to reaction speeds (k) at different temperatures, where light strawberry and guava jellies showed greater color changes when stored at 25 °C compared to the samples stored at 10 °C. Activation energy values between 13 and 15 kcal.mol-1 and Q10 values between 2.1 and 2.3 were obtained for light strawberry jelly and light guava jelly, respectively. Therefore, it was concluded that, with respect to color changes, every 10 °C temperature increase reduces light jellies shelf-life by half.

Este estudo objetivou avaliar o efeito de coberturas comestíveis como barreira à incorporação de óleo durante o processo de fritura em produtos estruturados pré-fritos congelados, produzidos com raiz de mandioca. Foram utilizados três diferentes hidrocoloides em seis formulações de coberturas, sendo três coberturas compostas por pectina e proteína de soro de leite, e outras três compostas por hidroxipropil-metil celulose e proteína de soro de leite nas proporções de 1:4, 1:1 e 4:1, respectivamente. Foram também produzidos filmes nas mesmas relações utilizadas para as coberturas e, nestes filmes, foram avaliadas a permeabilidade ao vapor de água, a solubilidade em água e a espessura, além das propriedades mecânicas (resistência à tração e elongação). Nos produtos de mandioca, foram avaliados os teores de umidade e lipídios, cor e textura instrumental, e atributos sensoriais. A concentração de proteína de soro de leite influenciou as propriedades dos filmes, provocando diminuição da solubilidade, aumento da espessura, aumento no valor da permeabilidade para os filmes compostos de pectina e redução significativa para os filmes compostos de hidroxopropil-metil celulose e proteína de soro de leite. As coberturas à base de hidroxipropil-metil celulose proporcionaram maiores teores de umidade e menores teores de lipídios nos produtos de mandioca, sendo que a combinação de 1:4 proporcionou uma redução de 32,3% no teor de absorção de lipídios. A cobertura de hidroxipropil-metil celulose na combinação de 1:4 proporcionou ao produto maior crocância, além de coloração dourada, desejável neste tipo de produto. Sensorialmente, os produtos apresentaram diferenças estatísticas somente em relação aos atributos textura e crocância. A partir destes resultados, pode-se concluir então que esta interação, hidroxipropil-metil celulose e proteína de soro de leite na proporção 1:4, quando aplicada em produtos estruturados de mandioca pré-fritos congelados, proporciona menor retenção de lipídios, além de crocância e textura interna adequadas.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of edible coatings as a barrier to oil incorporation during the process of frying frozen pre-fried structured products made from cassava roots. Three different hydrocolloids were used in six coating formulations, three being composed of pectin and milk whey protein, and the other three of hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose and milk whey protein in the proportions of 1:4, 1:1 and 4:1, respectively. Films made with the same formulations were evaluated for their characteristics of water vapor permeability, water solubility and thickness, as well as their mechanical properties (tensile strength and stretching). The cassava products were evaluated for their moisture and lipid contents, color, instrumental texture and sensory attributes. The milk whey protein concentration influenced the characteristics of the bio-films, causing a decrease in solubility, increase in thickness and increase in the permeability value of the bio-films containing pectin, and a significant reduction of the same parameters in the bio-films composed of hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose and milk whey protein. The hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose based coatings resulted in higher moisture contents and lower lipid contents in the cassava products, the 1:4 combination giving a 32.30% reduction in the amount of lipid absorption. The hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose coating in the 1:4 proportion resulted in crispier products with a golden color, desirable attributes in this type of product. The products only presented statistically significant sensory differences for the attributes of texture and crispiness. As from these results it was concluded that the interaction of hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose with milk whey protein in the 1:4 proportion, when applied to frozen pre-fried structured cassava products, resulted in reduced lipid retention and adequate crispiness and internal texture.

Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o uso simultâneo de ácido ascórbico e azodicarbonamida em produto de panificação e através da metodologia de superfície de resposta. As respostas do planejamento experimental (2²) foram: o volume específico e a pontuação total das características externas e internas do pão francês. A ação do ácido ascórbico no aumento do volume específico do pão francês teve efeitos significativos (p < 0,05 ou valores próximos) linear e quadrático. Para a azodicarbonamida verificou-se somente efeito quadrático (p < 0,05 ou valores próximos), e não houve qualquer efeito de interação entre os dois agentes oxidantes estudados. A aplicação de ácido ascórbico e azodicarbonamida em concentrações acima de 75 mg.kg -1 de farinha de trigo e 30 mg.kg -1, dentro dos níveis estudados, proporcionou a produção de pães franceses de maior volume específico.

The aim of this work was to evaluate the simultaneous use of ascorbic acid and azodicarbonamide in a bakery product by using the response of the surface methodology. The experimental design (2²) responses were the specific volume and total count of the external and internal characteristics of French bread. The action of ascorbic acid on the increase of the specific volume of French bread had significant linear and quadratic effects (p < 0.05 or near values). For azodicarbonamide, the quadratic effect was observed, and there was no interaction effect between the two studied oxidants agents. The application of ascorbic acid and azodicarbonamide using concentrations above 75 mg.kg -1 of wheat flour and 30mg.kg -1, considering the studied levels, provided French bread production with a higher specific volume.