Abstract Staphylococcus aureus is among the major pathogens involved in food poisoning, and meat contaminated with S. aureus coagulase positive is considered a public health risk because the bacterium is resistant to several conventional antimicrobials. Mycocins are substances produced by yeasts that secrete glycoproteins, which can also be called toxin killers, they have an inhibitory action on other microorganisms. The Wickerhamomyces anomalus, is one of the microorganisms capable of producing these mycocins, resulting in the action of disturbances on the cell wall of the pathogen causing deleterious effects. This work aims to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of the mycocins produced by W. anomalus WA45 against the 29 strains of S. aureus coagulase positive isolated from bovine, porcine and chicken meat and 1 standard strain. The antimicrobial action of the mycocins present on the culture supernatant of W. anomalus WA45 was tested by microdilution and the results were satisfactory, since 100% inhibition of strains of S. aureus coagulase positive. We concluded that the mycocins present in the supernatant of W. anomalus WA45 showed antimicrobial action, being candidates for the development of new products for the biocontrol and bioconservation of meat.

Given the increasing availability of new cultivars with high yield potential, the use of annual tropical forages to improve cattle production systems is increasing and therefore warrants more research. The objective of this study was to quantify the influence of feed supplementation and nitrogen fertilization on the diurnal ingestive behaviour of crossbred steers (zebu x taurine), maintained on a pasture of Alexander grass (Urochloa plantaginea). The treatments included the application of nitrogen fertilizer at 100 kg/ha; at 100 kg/ha + supplemented feed of wheat bran (0.5% of bodyweight); and at 200 kg/ha. The study used a completely randomized design with three replications. The paddock size was 0.7 ha. Data were analysed by fitting mixed models. The times spent resting, ruminating and consuming water were not different among treatments. However, time spent grazing significantly differed. On average, steers given supplemented feed spent less time grazing (297 min/day) than steers without the supplemented feed (345 min/day). Steers in the pasture with supplementation showed a significantly greater number of daytime bites (2029 bites) than steers in the 200 kg nitrogen treatment (1715 bites). Supplementation reduced grazing time without altering other behaviour variables. The number of daily bites was lower on the pasture with the higher nitrogen level.

O objetivo do experimento foi avaliar a associação da ervilhaca (Vica sativa) ou da suplementação energética em pastagem de aveia branca (Avena sativa) sobre o desempenho de novilhos de corte na fase de terminação. Foram utilizados 18 novilhos castrados, 1/4 Marchegiana 1/4Aberdeen Angus2/4 Nelore, com peso vivo e idade média de 360kg e 19 meses, respectivamente, divididos em três tratamentos: pastagem de aveia branca, pastagem de aveia branca consorciada com ervilhaca e pastagem de aveia branca com suplementação energética (milho grão triturado, 1% do peso vivo por dia, na matéria seca). O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos ao acaso com três tratamentos e três repetições. Houve interação significativa entre o período de avaliação e os tratamentos para participação do componente folha da aveia na pastagem. A participação da ervilhaca aumentou no decorrer do experimento de 3,51% para 12,21% consequentemente a participação da aveia diminuiu no decorrer do experimento. Não houve diferença significativa (P>0,05) para massa de forragem, carga animal, oferta de forragem e taxa de acúmulo diário entre os tratamentos. Os animais que receberam suplementação apresentaram maior (P<0,05) ganho de peso médio diário (1,08kg/dia), ganho de peso vivo por hectare (4,47kg/ha/dia) e ganho de peso vivo total (242,82kg) em comparação com aqueles que receberam somente a pastagem de aveia (0,68kg; 2,50kg/ha/dia; 123,49kg, respectivamente). Já os animais que permaneceram em pastagem consorciada de aveia e ervilhaca apresentaram resultados intermediários (0,89kg/dia; 2,99kg/ha/dia e 154,26kg, respectivamente). O melhor peso final foi para o tratamento com suplementação (424,44kg). A suplementação energética em pastagem de aveia branca apresentou melhores resultados de desempenho animal. No entanto, a consorciação de aveia branca e ervilhaca é uma alternativa quando o suplemento (grão de milho) está com um custo elevado, uma vez que o desempenho, apesar de menor, não foi diferente dos animais suplementados.

The aim of this experiment was to evaluate the association of vetch (Vica sativa) or energy supplementation in oat (Avena sativa) on the performance of steers in the finishing phase. The experiment was performed in 18 steers, quarter Marchegiana, quarter Aberdeen Angus and 2/4 Nellore genetic groups, with the live weight and age of 360kg and 19 months, respectively, divided into three treatments: pasture white oat, pasture white oat intercropped with vetch and oat pasture with energetic supplementation with the basis of ground corn (1% body weight per day in dry matter). The experimental design was a randomized block design with three treatments and three replications. The interaction was observed by the period of evaluation and treatments for the participation of oat leaf in grassland. The participation of vetches increased in the course of the experiment from 3.51% to 12.21% as opposed to the participation of oat, which decreased in the course of the experiment in all treatments. No significant difference (P>0.05) was found for the forage mass, stoking rate, forage offer and rate of daily accumulation between treatments. The animals that received supplementation showed higher (P <0.05) average daily weight gain (1.08kg/day), live weight gain for ha (4.47kg/ha/day) and total live weight gain (242.82kg) compared with those animals that received only oat (0.68kg, 2.50kg/ha/day; 123.49kg, respectively). While the animals that have remained in pasture with oat and vetch showed intermediate results (0.89kg/day, 2.99kg/ha/day and 154.26kg, respectively) the final weight was better in the treatment with supplementation (424.44kg). The energy supplementation with oat pasture is presented as the best alternative to improve animal performance. Nevertheless, the oat plus vetch is an alternative when the supplement (corn grain) has a high cost, once the animal performance was lower, but it was not different from the energetic supplementation.

O presente ensaio foi conduzido com o objetivo de se estudarem diferentes métodos de amostragem de pasto e de se estimar a composição química da dieta consumida por novilhos Holandeses, mantidos em pastagem consorciada de aveia preta (Avena strigosa Schreb) e azevém (Lolium multiflorum Lam). Os métodos avaliados foram o corte da forragem rente ao solo (CFRS), o pastejo simulado (PSI) e a coleta de extrusa ruminal (CERU). Os teores médios de proteína bruta (PB), nutrientes digestíveis totais (NDT), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) e fibra em detergente ácido (FDA) foram de 9,7; 62,2; 64,5 e 33,1% para o tratamento CFRS; de 9,8; 65,4; 59,6 e 30,0% para o PSI, e de 11,4; 70,8; 51,6 e 25,5% para CERU, respectivamente. Não houve diferença estatística entre os métodos CFRS e PSI, todavia, em relação ao método CERU, ambos subestimaram a concentração proteica e a energética, e superestimaram a quantidade de parede celular presente na dieta. Conclui-se que a coleta da extrusa ruminal pode ser um método adequado para caracterizar a dieta consumida por novilhos em pastagem consorciada de aveia e azevém.

The experiment was conducted to study different methods of pasture sampling, to estimate the chemical composition of the diet of Holstein steer, and grazing pasture of oat (Avena strigosa Schreb)and ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam). The methods evaluated were Clipping Close by Soil (CCS), Hand-Plucking (HPL) and Rumen Evacuation (REV). The averages for crude protein (CP), total digestible nutrients (TDN), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) were 9.7, 62.2, 64.5 and 33.1% for the CCS treatment; 9.8, 65.4, 59.6 and 30.0% for HPL, and 11.4, 70.8, 51.6 and 25.5% for REV, respectively. There was no statistical difference between CCS and HPL methods, however, in relation to the REV method, both underestimated protein and energy concentration, and overestimated the amount of cell walls in the diet. The conclusion is that rumen evacuation may be an adequate method to characterize the diet consumed by steers on oats and ryegrass pastures.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o desempenho de bezerros recebendo ou não suplemento energético, mantidos em pastagem de aveia preta (Avena strigosa Schreb) manejada sob duas ofertas de forragem. Foram utilizados 16 animais do grupamento genético Composto Marchangus Z (1/4 Marchigiana 1/4 Angus 1/2 Nelore), com oito meses de idade, castrados, e com peso médio inicial de 200kg. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente ao acaso, em um fatorial 2x2 (duas ofertas de forragem x dois manejos alimentares - com e sem suplementação de milho moído). Não houve interação significativa entre oferta e suplementação para nenhuma das variáveis. A oferta de forragem real ficou próxima do estipulado para 6 e 10% (5,95% e 9,07%, respectivamente). A oferta de 6% apresentou maior porcentagem de folha (57,0 contra 30,4%), menor porcentagem de colmo (43,0 contra 69,6%) e, consequentemente, maior relação folha/colmo (1,45 contra 0,45), resultando em pastagens de melhor qualidade (PB = 20,0 contra 13,6%) na menor oferta. A taxa de acúmulo diária foi maior (P<0,05) para oferta de forragem de 6% (34,2kg de MS/ha/dia) em relação à oferta de 10% (28,1kg de MS/ha/dia). A suplementação proporcionou maior ganho de peso médio diário (0,749 contra 0,594kg/dia) na recria de bezerros em pastagem de aveia preta IPR-61.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of calves fed supplemented energy or not maintained in oat (Avena strigosa Schreb) managed under two forage allowances. Sixteen Marchangus (1/4 Marchigiana 1/4 Angus 1/2 Nelore) animals were used at eight months old and average initial weight of 200kg. The experimental design utilized was completely randomized in a 2x2 factorial (two forage allowances x two feeding - with and without supplementation of corn). There was no significant interaction between supply and supplementation for the variables. The real forage allowance was close to the expected from 6 to 10% (5.95 and 9.07%, respectively). The offer of 6% shows higher percentage of leaf (57.0 versus 30.4%), lower percentage of stem (43.0 versus 69.6%) and, consequently, higher leaf/stem ratio (1.45 versus 0.45), resulting in better forage (PB=20.0 versus 13.6%), in lower offer. The accumulated rate was higher (P<.05) for forage allowance of 6% (34.2kg of MS/ha/day) in relation to the offer of 10% (28,1kg of MS/ha/day). Supplemented animals showed higher average dairy weight (.749 versus .549kg/day).