Resumen: Las diversas entradas que analizan proyectos fotográficos del siglo XIX están permeadas de comprensiones con enfoques históricos, antropológicos y estéticos. Este artículo se detiene en un breve número de fotografías que acompañaron un proyecto de divulgación del trabajo evangelizador de las misiones franciscanas en el Chaco boliviano, bajo la dirección de Doroteo Giannecchini y el trabajo fotográfico de Vincenzo de Mascio. Explora, desde un acercamiento hermenéutico, nuevos sentidos de la imagen fotográfica, dando cuenta del poder de la imagen; asume su naturaleza polisémica para ampliar la comprensión sobre la dimensión visual del proyecto misional de Giannecchini.

Abstract: Historical, anthropological and aesthetic approaches permeate the numerous entries that analyze photographic projects of the 19th century. This article focuses on a small number of photographs, part of a project to disseminate the evangelizing labour of the Franciscan missions in the Bolivian Chaco, under the direction of Doroteo Giannecchini and the photographic work of Vincenzo de Mascio. It explores new meanings of the photographic image, from a hermeneutical approach underscoring the power of images; assuming their polysemic nature to broaden the understanding of the visual dimension of Giannecchini’s missionary project.

RESUMO Introdução: O neurinoma plexiforme gigante é um neuroectoderma e uma doença hereditária. É um tumor cutâneo incomum associado à NF1, caracterizado como um tumor benigno da bainha do nervo periférico envolvendo múltiplos fascículos nervosos. Os objetivos da reconstrução da cobertura do antebraço são proteger as estruturas que vão até o punho e a mão e evitar cicatrizes que levem à perda de movimento. Tanto o antebraço quanto a mão desempenham papéis funcionais e sociais. O manejo bem-sucedido de feridas complexas é necessário para a reabilitação funcional geral desses pacientes. Relato do Caso: Paciente do sexo feminino, 31 anos, apresentou-se na divisão de cirurgia plástica com neurofibroma plexiforme gigante no antebraço direito. Após ressecção cuidadosa, todos os tendões anteriores do antebraço foram expostos. O defeito foi coberto com Pelnac T enxertável (espessura de 3mm e tamanho 12 X 24cm2), fixados com pontos monocryl 4-0. Após 10 dias, a matriz dérmica acelular foi removida e um enxerto de malha de pele de espessura parcial foi colocado. No dia 7, a matriz dérmica acelular apresentou bons sinais de ingestão. No dia 17, observamos uma sobrevida do enxerto de 95%. No seguimento de 3 meses, a reconstrução estava estável, sem defeitos de contorno, a mão apresentava amplitude de movimento completa e o paciente não apresentava problemas nas atividades diárias. Conclusões: A matriz dérmica acelular parece ser uma opção útil na cobertura de defeitos complexos no antebraço, permitindo menor morbidade e rápida recuperação funcional.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Giant plexiform neurinoma is a neuroectoderm and inherited disease. It is an uncommon skin tumor associated with NF1, characterized as a benign peripheral nerve sheath tumor surrounding multiple nervous fascicles. The goals of forearm coverage reconstruction are to protect the structures running to the wrist and hand and prevent scarring that leads to movement loss. Both forearm and hand play functional and social roles. Successful management of complex wounds is necessary for the overall functional rehabilitation of these patients. Case Report: A 31-year-old woman presented at the plastic surgery division with a giant plexiform neurofibroma in the right forearm. After careful resection, all anterior forearm tendons were exposed. The defect was covered with graftable Pelnac T (thickness of 3mm and sizing 12 X 24cm2), fixed with 4-0 monocryl sutures. After 10 days, the acellular dermal matrix silicone layer was removed, and a split-thickness skin meshed graft was placed. On day 7, the acellular dermal matrix showed good signs of intake. On day 17, we observed a 95% graft survival. At the 3-month follow-up, reconstruction was stable without contouring defects, the hand had full range of motion, and the patient had no problems in daily activities. Conclusions: Acellular dermal matrix appears to be a useful option in covering complex defects in the forearm, allowing for less morbidity and rapid functional recovery.

Abstract Aim: To assess the postural control performance of football 5-a-side (FFS) players, comparing them with sighted players. Methods: Eight FFS players and 7 sighted futsal players were included. Postural control tests included feet together stance (FTS) and single-leg stance (SLS) tasks, performed on rigid and foam surfaces. Sighted players performed the tests with open (EO) and closed (EC) eyes. Area of displacement (Area) and average velocity (Vavg) were calculated from the center of pressure time-series coordinates. Results: On both surfaces conditions, a significant difference between visually impaired football 5-a-side players and sighted EO players was observed during FTS (higher Vavg for visually impaired football 5-a-side players; p < 0.04) and SLS (higher Area and Vavg for visually impaired football 5-a-side players; p < 0.01). No differences between visually impaired football 5-a-side players and sighted EC players were found. Differences between sighted EO vs. sighted EC were observed during FTS on the foam surface, and in SLS on both surface conditions (p < 0.03). Conclusion: FFS players’ postural control performance is similar to sighted players with EC but worse than sighted players with EO, suggesting their postural control performance can be simply explained in terms of visual restriction.

Industrial water balance is an excellent tool to start the process of improving the use and reuse of water within the factory, since it allows diagnosing the current situation of the industry and detecting the points where to intervene more quickly to obtain a reduction in the catchment of water from sources outside the factory. For its implementation it is necessary to know the production diagram of the factory under study and to have surveys of the water and effluent circuits. In this work, a spreadsheet was developed that made it possible to determine the water uses of each sector of the sugar manufacturing process through the use of material and energy balances. As a result, a total use of fresh water entered or captured in the processing of a sugar mill in the province of 17.504 m³ /t sugarcane was obtained (it should be noted that this value is not the water factory consumption) and those points where the highest consumption uses were detected (barometric condensers of the sectors of evaporation and cooking, cooling of fermentation tanks and cooling of distillery condensers). The result obtained in the collection of fresh water reflects that the factory under study did not use the water resource efficiently. This tool also allowed the application of water recovery and reuse methodologies that allowed us to minimize the consumption of fresh water catchment flows that exist today. (the case that considered a 57.1% reuse index of flows from the barometric condensers of the evaporation and cooking sectors and those of the cooling of the condensers of the distillation sector, led to a reduction of water uptake from 16.804 to 6.804 m³ /t cane). The sugar scheme considered was proposed in stages, including obtaining ethanol and producing electricity for sale to the grid (cogeneration).

El balance hídrico industrial es una excelente herramienta para iniciar el proceso de mejorar el uso y reúso del agua dentro de la fábrica, ya que permite diagnosticar la situación actual de la industria y detectar los puntos donde intervenir más rápidamente para obtener una reducción en la captación de agua de fuentes externas a la fábrica. Para su implementación es necesario conocer el diagrama productivo de la fábrica en estudio y disponer de relevamientos de los circuitos de agua y efluentes. En este trabajo se desarrolló una planilla de cálculo que permitió determinar los usos de agua de cada sector del proceso fabril azucarero a través del empleo de balances de materia y energía. Como resultado se obtuvo un uso total de agua fresca ingresada o captada en el procesamiento de un ingenio azucarero de la provincia de 17,504 m³ /t caña (cabe destacar que este valor no es el consumo de la fábrica) y fueron detectados, además, aquellos puntos donde se producen los mayores usos, tales como condensadores barométricos de los sectores de evaporación y cocimientos, enfriamiento de cubas de fermentación y enfriamiento de condensadores de destilería. El resultado obtenido en la captación de agua fresca refleja que la fábrica en estudio no utilizó el recurso hídrico de manera eficiente. La herramienta mencionada facilitó, además, la aplicación de metodologías de recuperación y reutilización del agua que permitieron conducir a minimizar los caudales de captación de agua fresca hoy existentes (el caso que consideró un 57,1% de índice de reúso de flujos provenientes de los condensadores barométricos de los sectores de evaporación y cocimiento y los del enfriamiento de los condensadores del sector de destilación, condujo a reducir la captación de agua desde 16,804 a 6,804 m³ /t caña). El esquema azucarero considerado fue planteado por etapas, incluyendo la obtención de etanol y la producción de energía eléctrica para venta a la red (cogeneración).

■ RESUMO Os defeitos na região palpebral são causados principalmente por excisões cirúrgicas de neoplasias cutâneas. Os objetivos da reconstrução palpebral estão fundamentados na restauração da funcionalidade desta unidade anatômica para manter a proteção ocular e a recuperação de uma aparência normal devido à importância crítica da região periocular na estética facial. O reparo dos defeitos palpebrais começa com uma cuidadosa avaliação dos componentes anatômicos que têm sido ressecados e precisam ser reconstruídos; a extensão e a localização do defeito guiarão a reconstrução. Grandes defeitos comprometendo a totalidade da espessura palpebral são um desafio para os cirurgiões plásticos. Milhares de técnicas cirúrgicas têm sido descritas para a reconstrução de defeitos palpebrais de espessura total; apresentamos neste artigo a descrição de um caso de reconstrução dinâmica da pálpebra com associação de um retalho frontal com transposição do músculo temporal após ressecção de um carcinoma basocelular infiltrativo recidivado.

■ ABSTRACT Surgical excisions of skin neoplasms mainly cause defects in the eyelid region. The objectives of eyelid reconstruction are based on the restoration of this anatomical unit’s functionality to maintain eye protection and recovery from a normal appearance due to the critical importance of the periocular region in facial aesthetics. Repair of eyelid defects begins with a careful evaluation of the anatomical components that have been resected and need to be reconstructed; the extent and location of the defect will guide the reconstruction. Large defects compromising the entire body thickness are a challenge for plastic surgeons. Thousands of surgical techniques have been described for the reconstruction of total thickness eyelid defects; we present in this article the description of a case of dynamic eyelid reconstruction with an association of a frontal flap with temporal muscle transposition after resection of a recurrent infiltrative basal cell carcinoma.

RESUMEN En esta investigación, se evaluó el efecto del cultivo iniciador láctico, el tiempo de fermentación, la temperatura de incubación y el porcentaje de grasa en la firmeza y consistencia de una bebida de leche fermentada, a través de las características fisicoquímicas de acidez total, pH, sinéresis y comportamiento de flujo. El propósito fue encontrar la mejor formulación que extienda la vida útil del yogur, lo que lleva a un perfeccionamiento del proceso de fabricación de una empresa local de productos lácteos en Barrancabermeja (Santander, Colombia). Se evaluaron criterios de calidad por medio del porcentaje de acidez y pH del yogurt, así como su sinéresis y parámetros reológicos, durante un tiempo de almacenamiento de 24 horas y de 7 días en refrigeración. Se obtuvieron parámetros de calidad aceptables para el yogurt, preparado con una concentración del inóculo de 2%, una temperatura de incubación de 40°C y un tiempo de incubación de 150 minutos. Además, se encontraron mejores propiedades de firmeza y de consistencia, con ausencia de sinéresis y viscosidad en el rango aceptado, para este producto lácteo.

ABSTRACT In this research, the effect of the lactic starter culture, the fermentation time, the incubation temperature and the percentage of fat on the firmness and consistency of a fermented milk drink was evaluated through physicochemical characteristics of total acidity, pH, syneresis and flow behavior. The purpose was to find the best formulation that extends the shelf life of yogurt, leading to an improvement in the manufacturing process of a local dairy company in Barrancabermeja (Santander, Colombia). Quality criteria were evaluated by means of the percentage of acidity and pH of the yogurt, as well as its syneresis and rheological parameters during a storage time of 24 hours and 7 days in refrigeration. Acceptable quality parameters were obtained for the yogurt prepared with an inoculum concentration of 2%, an incubation temperature of 40°C and an incubation time of 150 minutes. In addition, better properties of firmness and consistency were found, with absence of syneresis and viscosity in the accepted range, for this dairy product.

RESUMO Introdução: A abdominoplastia é um procedimento com índice considerável de complicações, ainda que, em sua maioria, de bom prognóstico. Algumas complicações, entretanto, podem ser catastróficas, como a necrose extensa de pele e as complicações infecciosas graves. Dentre as causas incomuns de perda extensa de pele no pós-operatório, podemos citar o pioderma gangrenoso (PG), doença de curso crônico, recidivante, com comportamento imprevisível e de etiologia ainda desconhecida. No âmbito da cirurgia plástica, essa doença pode mimetizar clinicamente complicações pós-operatórias isquêmicas ou infecciosas, cujos tratamentos diferem por completo do tratamento do PG. Relato de Caso: Paciente feminina, 41 anos, previamente hígida, foi submetida à abdominoplastia associada à lipoaspiração e mamoplastia de aumento com colocação de próteses mamárias. Evoluiu com edema, calor hiperemia e dor em incisão de abdominoplastia, além de comprometimento clínico sistêmico. Submetida a desbridamentos cirúrgicos e tratamento sistêmico, com piora progressiva das lesões. Diante do insucesso dos tratamentos propostos, aventada a hipótese diagnóstica de pioderma gangrenoso. Conclusão: O PG, apesar de raro, deve ser aventado como diagnóstico diferencial em casos de complicações pós-operatórias com perda e necrose de pele que não respondem às medidas iniciais de tratamento, além de quadros aparentemente infecciosos que não respondem às terapias antibióticas adotadas.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Abdominoplasty is a procedure with a considerable rate of complications, even though, for the most part, it has a good prognosis. Some complications, however, can be catastrophic, such as extensive skin necrosis and serious infectious complications. Among the unusual causes of extensive skin loss in the postoperative period, we can mention gangrenous pyoderma (PG), a chronic, recurrent disease with unpredictable behavior and an unknown etiology. In the field of plastic surgery, this disease can clinically mimic ischemic or infectious postoperative complications, whose treatments differ completely from the treatment of PG. Case Report: A 41-year-old female patient, previously healthy, underwent abdominoplasty associated with liposuction and breast augmentation with the placement of breast implants. The patient evolved with edema, hyperemia and pain in an abdominoplasty incision, in addition to systemic clinical involvement. She was submitted to surgical debridement and systemic treatment, with progressive worsening of the lesions. In view of the failure of the proposed treatments, the diagnostic hypothesis of gangrenous pyoderma was raised. Conclusion: PG, although rare, should be considered as a differential diagnosis in cases of postoperative complications with skin loss and necrosis that do not respond to initial treatment measures, in addition to apparently infectious conditions that do not respond to adopted antibiotic therapies.

ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION: Congenital heart diseases (CHD) are structural anomalies of the heart and great vessels present at birth. CHD encompass a broad spectrum of anomalies affecting around 0.6%-0.9% of all live births worldwide. In Argentina, CHD account for one-third of all birth defects. Their etiology is heterogeneous; however, family recurrence has been observed in accordance with the influence of genetic factors. The objective of the study was to analyze the presence of chromosomal abnormalities, genomic imbalances and/or sequence variants in a sample of children with CHD in Argentina. METHODS: A total of 289 patients with CHD up to 16 years old were included. Karyotyping was performed for patients with other birth defects, and genomic regions associated with CHD were studied by multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) in patients with conotruncal CHD. In selected samples, genomic imbalances and/or sequence variants were analyzed by array comparative genomic hybridization (a-CGH) or by direct sequencing of the NKX2-5 gene, respectively. RESULTS: There were 9 patients with chromosomal abnormalities, 21 had genomic imbalances detected by MLPA and 8 by array- CGH. No pathogenic variants were found in NKX2-5. DISCUSSION: The genetic cause was found in 13% of the analyzed cases. This work represents the first study in patients with CHD either isolated or associated with other birth defects in Argentina.

RESUMEN INTRODUCCIÓN: Las cardiopatías congénitas (CC) son causadas por el desarrollo anómalo del corazón durante el período embriofetal. Abarcan un amplio espectro de anomalías estructurales de las cavidades cardíacas o de los grandes vasos, con una prevalencia mundial de 6 a 9 por 1000 nacimientos. En Argentina constituyen un tercio de las anomalías congénitas (AC) al nacimiento. Si bien su etiología es heterogénea, se ha observado recurrencia familiar acorde con la influencia de factores genéticos. El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar la presencia de anomalías cromosómicas, desbalances genómicos o variantes de secuencias en una muestra de niños afectados con CC en Argentina. MÉTODOS: Se incluyó a 289 pacientes con CC de hasta 16 años. Se realizó un cariotipo para pacientes con otras AC y análisis por amplificación múltiple de sondas dependiente de ligación (MLPA) de regiones genómicas asociadas a CC para aquellos con CC conotroncales. En muestras seleccionadas, se analizaron desbalances genómicos por microarreglos de ADN (array-CGH) o variantes de secuencia en el gen NKX2-5. RESULTADOS: Hubo 9 pacientes que presentaron anomalías cromosómicas, 21 desbalances por MLPA y 8 por array-CGH. No se hallaron variantes patogénicas en NKX2-5 en los casos estudiados. DISCUSIÓN: Se halló la causa de la afección en el 13% de los casos analizados. El estudio de pacientes con CC aisladas o asociadas a otras AC no había sido abordado previamente en Argentina mediante este algoritmo.

Resumen Justificación: Las uveítis no infecciosas constituyen una importante causa de pérdida visual a nivel mundial; por su complejidad y gravedad de complicaciones requieren un abordaje temprano y multidisciplinario. En Costa Rica se desconoce hasta el momento la incidencia global de estas entidades y todavía no existe ningún consenso en cuanto a su manejo. Objetivos: Resumir las recomendaciones terapéuticas vigentes para uveítis no infecciosas en adultos y ofrecer una guía adaptada a la realidad costarricense. Métodos: Se efectuó una revisión no sistemática de bibliografía médica indexada en las plataformas PubMed y Scielo, sobre el manejo médico de las uveítis no infecciosas. De igual manera, se compararon los esquemas terapéuticos recomendados actualmente en América y Europa con el abordaje realizado en los centros hospitalarios costarricenses, para crear una guía adaptada a la realidad nacional. En la elaboración de estas recomendaciones participaron médicos especialistas de todas las clínicas multidisciplinarias especializadas en uveítis del país. Conclusiones: En Costa Rica se cuenta con la mayoría de las opciones disponibles para el tratamiento de uveítis idiopáticas en el sistema público de salud. Se logró la creación de algoritmos de tratamiento para las diferentes patologías.

Summary Background: Noninfectious uveitis represents an important cause of visual loss worldwide, which in view of the severity and complexity of complications demands an early and multidisciplinary approach to therapy. In Costa Rica there is no statistical records of incidence nor consensus of management of these entities to this date. Objectives: To summarize the therapeutic recommendations for non-infectious uveítis according to the scientific evidence and adapt them to the Costa Rican conditions. Methods: A non-systematic review of medical literature indexed on PubMed and Scielo, concerning medical and surgical management of non-infectious uveitis was carried out. Likewise, the recommended therapeutic schemes in America and Europe were compared to the approach used in the Costa Rican hospital centers. In the elaboration of these recommendations participated physicians, specialists of all multidisciplinary clinics for uveitis of the country. Conclusions: In Costa Rica, the majority of alternatives available for the treatment of idiopathic uveitis in the public health system are available. It was possible to create therapeutic algorithms for the different diseases.

RESUMEN El objetivo de este documento es identificar los factores más relevantes que contribuyen a la creación y permanencia de empresas encabezadas por mujeres en México, para ello se define el perfil de las mujeres que inician un negocio y las condiciones en las que se suman a esta actividad. La investigación es descriptiva basada en fuentes estadísticas y documentales, se revisan datos del Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía (INEGI), de la Secretaria del Trabajo y Previsión Social (STPS) y del Instituto Nacional de las Mujeres (INMUJERES). Los resultados muestran, que las mujeres se ha visto afectadas de manera severa por el desempleo y la precariedad del mercado de trabajo, que el emprendimiento femenino surge, principalmente como una manera de hacer frente a la pobreza y marginación de sus familias y no como una forma de hacer uso productivo de recursos materiales, físicos e intelectuales. Por ello, es importante que en la construcción de políticas públicas se consideran las condiciones, las necesidades y las motivaciones que tienen las mujeres para crear sus propias empresas, para que los apoyos gubernamentales impulsen la sobrevivencia y el crecimiento de estos emprendimientos. JEL: J23, J16, J2, J22, J18, J21

ABSTRAC The objective of this document is to identify the most relevant factors that contribute to the creation and permanence of women-led companies in Mexico, for this the profile of women who start a business and the conditions in which they join this activity are defined. The research is descriptive, based on statistical and documentary sources, data from the National Institute of Statistics and Geography (INEGI), the Ministry of Labor and Social Welfare (STPS) and the National Women's Institute (INMUJERES) are reviewed. The results show that women have been severely affected by unemployment and the precariousness of the labor market, that female entrepreneurship arises, mainly as a way to face the poverty and marginalization of their families and not as a way of make productive use of material, physical and intellectual resources. Therefore, it is important to consider the conditions, needs and motivations in the construction of public policies for women to create their own businesses, so that government support promotes the survival and growth of these ventures. JEL: J23, J16, J2, J22, J18, J21

RESUMO O objetivo deste documento é identificar os fatores mais relevantes que contribuem para a criação e permanência de empresas lideradas por mulheres no México, para isso são definidos o perfil das mulheres que iniciam um negócio e as condições em que ingressam nessa atividade. A pesquisa é descritiva, com base em fontes estatísticas e documentais, dados da Instituto Nacional de Estatística e Geografia (INEGI), Ministério do Trabalho e Bem-Estar Social (Secretaria del Trabajo y Previsión Social -STPS) e o Instituto Nacional da Mulher (Instituto Nacional de las Mujeres- INMUJERES). Os resultados mostram que as mulheres foram severamente afetadas pelo desemprego e pela precariedade do mercado de trabalho, que o empreendedorismo feminino surge, principalmente como forma de lidar com a pobreza e a marginalização de suas famílias e não como maneira de fazer uso produtivo de recursos materiais, físicos e intelectuais. Portanto, é importante que, na construção de políticas públicas, sejam consideradas as condições, necessidades e motivações que as mulheres têm para criar seus próprios negócios, para que o apoio do governo conduza à sobrevivência e ao crescimento dessas empresas. JEL: J23, J16, J2, J22, J18, J21

Abstract This text is a reflection that considers the tension between the liberating possibilities of the Internet in terms of autonomy, freedom of creation and challenge to media systems, on the one hand, and socio-technical and political constraints that restrict and redirect possibilities and types of technological appropriations. We analyze different concepts of appropriation, its heuristic power and its limits in the face of global power trends on the Internet, the scenery from which alternative and autonomous feminist projects begin to emerge, which we characterize as part of a new stage of cyberfeminism.

Resumen Este texto es una reflexión que considera la tensión entre las posibilidades libertadoras de la internet en términos de autonomía, libertad de creación y desafío a los sistemas mediáticos, por un lado, y los condicionantes sociotécnicos y políticos que restringen y reorientan las posibilidades y los tipos de apropiaciones tecnológicas. Analizamos diferentes conceptos de apropiación, su potencia heurística y sus límites frente a las tendencias del poder global en la internet, escenario a partir del cual comienzan a surgir proyectos feministas alternativos y autónomos, los que caracterizamos como parte de una nueva etapa del ciberfeminismo.

Abstract An increasing number of researches have focused on phenols with antioxidant capacities that can fight diseases caused by free radicals. Those phenols can be found in various plants, fruits, and other structures. These substances were also detected in the wood of conifers and some oak species. However, there are few studies about this kind of wood, even though they could be a source of these phenols. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the antioxidant capacity and the phenolic profile of the methanolic and aqueous extracts from the sapwood, heartwood, and bark of three oaks (Quercus candicans, Q. laurina, and Q. rugosa). The extracts were obtained by successive extraction with solvents of increasing polarity (cyclohexane, acetone, and methanol) in a Soxhlet equipment, and they were finally subject to hot water with reflux. The antioxidant activity was analyzed through the inhibition of the lipid oxidation, while the phenolic composition of the extracts was analyzed through a HPLC analysis. Higher outputs were obtained from the total extracts with methanol taken from bark. The inhibition of the lipid oxidation was higher when the methanolic extract was taken from the sapwood of Q. rugosa (antioxidant activity: 94.09 %), while the methanolic extract taken from the sapwood of Q. laurina was lower (42.54 %). The phenolic compounds most frequently found in the extracts taken from the three oaks were chlorogenic acid, resorcinol, catechin, and gallic acid. Methanolic and aqueous extracts taken from the wood and bark of three oaks are rich in phenolic compounds with potent antioxidant activity and they are an alternative source of biomolecules.

Resumen La búsqueda de fenoles con capacidad antioxidante presentes en diferentes plantas, frutos y otras estructuras para combatir enfermedades que ocasionan los radicales libres va en aumento. Estas sustancias también se han detectado en maderas de coníferas y en algunas especies de encinos, pero hay pocos estudios con maderas de este género y que puedan ser fuente de estos fenoles. Por ello, el objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la capacidad antioxidante y el perfil fenólico de extractos metanólicos y acuosos en albura, duramen y corteza de tres encinos (Quercus candicans, Q. laurina y Q. rugosa). Los extractos se obtuvieron por extracción sucesiva con disolventes de polaridad creciente (ciclohexano, acetona, metanol) en equipo Soxhlet y al final con reflujo de agua caliente. La actividad antioxidante se analizó mediante la inhibición de la oxidación de lípidos y la composición fenólica de los extractos por análisis HPLC. Los rendimientos mayores se obtuvieron en los extractos totales con metanol de las cortezas. La inhibición de la oxidación de lípidos fue mayor con el extracto metanólico de la albura de Q. rugosa (94.09 % de actividad antioxidante), en contraste el extracto metanólico de la albura de Q. laurina fue el menor (42.54 %). Los compuestos fenólicos más frecuentes en los extractos de los tres encinos fueron el ácido clorogénico, resorcinol, catequina y ácido gálico. Los extractos metanólicos y acuosos de madera y corteza de los tres encinos son ricos en compuestos fenólicos con actividad antioxidante potente y son una alternativa como fuente de biomoléculas.

The sector dedicated to the commercialization of artisanal clothing has faced new opportunities for growth caused by cultural dissemination, incursion of the design and increase in fashion, which has given rise to the emergence of new companies dedicated to the offer of these products, however, in some cases within this economic units there is an ignorance in administrative knowledge which represent a disadvantage to face a competitive market. The present investigation has as objective to make a study of the conditions of the supply of clothes of artisan type in La Heroica Ciudad de Huajuapan de León, Oaxaca, México for this purpose were interviewed marketers artisanal clothing type business owners, the information collected was about the attention to the customer, the variety of products, and marketing, based on this it was able to identify that businesses have different areas of opportunity, that can boost sales of companies that marketed artisanal clothing type in this city.

El sector dedicado a la comercialización de ropa de tipo artesanal se ha enfrentado a nuevas oportunidades de crecimiento, propiciadas por la divulgación cultural, la incursión del diseño y de la moda, lo cual ha dado pie al surgimiento de nuevas empresas dedicadas a la oferta de dichos productos; sin embargo, en algunos casos, dentro de estas unidades económicas existe un desconocimiento de temas administrativos, lo que representa una desventaja importante para enfrentar un mercado competitivo. La presente investigación tiene por objetivo realizar un estudio de las condiciones de la oferta de ropa de tipo artesanal en la Heroica Ciudad de Huajuapan de León, Oaxaca, México, para ello se realizaron entrevistas a los dueños de negocios que se dedican a la venta de ropa de tipo artesanal, la información recabada fue en torno a la atención al cliente, la variedad de productos y la comercialización. En base a ello, se logró identificar que los negocios poseen diversas áreas de oportunidad, que al ser desarrolladas pueden impulsar las ventas de las empresas que comercializan ropa de tipo artesanal en esta ciudad.

Abstract: The main objective of this article is to provide evidence, based on a historical review, that the establishment of capitalism in Mexico forced acknowledgment of a specific sector of the population, i.e., youth, who were required to prepare and learn labor practices appropriate for the country as it developed and modernized. We show that this construction of the youthful subject was linked to a set of laws and rules that were established in legal and educational terms, thus giving children time to prepare to join the adult world. Our main conclusion is that the emergence of youth as a subject in Mexico was a requisite for the emergence and development of the country’s current capitalist system.

Resumen: A través de una revisión histórica, en este texto se ofrece evidencia de que el establecimiento del capitalismo en México obligó a la identificación de un sector de población específico, el “sujeto joven”, que fue esencial para la preparación y el aprendizaje de las virtudes laborales exigidas en el proceso de modernización productiva del país. Se demuestra que la construcción del “sujeto joven” estuvo ligada a un conjunto de leyes y normas, en términos jurídicos y educativos, encaminadas a que los niños tuvieran un tiempo de preparación para posteriormente incorporarse al mundo adulto. La principal conclusión es que el surgimiento del “sujeto joven” en México fue una exigencia del proceso de génesis y evolución del sistema capitalista nacional.

Resumo Alexitimia é um traço de personalidade caracterizado pelas dificuldades na identificação e descrição dos sentimentos. Alguns pesquisadores descrevem altos índices de alexitimia em pacientes com esclerose múltipla (EM), porém os dados na literatura são escassos. Objetivo: O objetivo do presente estudo foi caracterizar achados de alexitimia em pacientes com EM. Métodos: Este estudo transversal incluiu 180 pacientes com EM e um grupo controle pareado. Dados de pacientes com EM incluíram a duração da doença, número de surtos clínicos de desmielinização e grau de incapacidade neurológica avaliados pela Escala Expandida do Grau de Incapacidade (EDSS). Foram também utilizadas a escala Hospitalar de Ansiedade e Depressão (HAD) e a escala de Alexitimia de Toronto (TAS) foram utilizadas. Resultados: Cada grupo era constituído por 126 mulheres e 54 homens, com mediana de idade de 37 anos e mediana de escolaridade de 16 anos. Pacientes com EM apresentaram maior grau de depressão (p<0.01), ansiedade (p=0.01) e alexitimia (p<0.01) que os controles. Para pessoas com EM, traços depressivos (p<0.01), ansiosos (p=0.03), maior idade (p=0.02), menor nível educacional (p=0.02), maior grau de incapacidade (p<0.01) e o fato de não estar ativamente trabalhando (p=0.03) levaram a maiores níveis de alexitimia. Conclusão: Alexitimia foi um importante achado em pacientes com EM.

Abstract Alexithymia is a personality trait characterized by difficulties identifying and describing feelings. Some researchers describe high levels of alexithymia among patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) but literature data on this subject are scarce. Objective: The objective of the present study was to characterize findings of alexithymia in patients with MS. Methods: This cross-sectional case-control study included 180 patients with MS and a matched control group. Data for patients with MS included disease duration, number of demyelinating relapses and degree of neurological disability, as assessed by the Expanded Disability Scale Score (EDSS). In addition, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression (HAD) scale and the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS) were used. Results: There were 126 women and 54 men in each group, with median age of 37 years and median education of 16 years. Patients with MS had higher degrees of depression (p<0.01), anxiety (p=0.01) and alexithymia (p<0.01) than did control subjects. For individuals with MS, depressive traits (p<0.01), anxious traits (p=0.03), higher age (p=0.02), lower education level (p=0.02), higher degree of disability (p<0.01) and not being actively employed (p=0.03) were associated with higher rates of alexithymia. Conclusion: Alexithymia was a relevant finding in patients with MS.