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Abstract The Santos Basin (SB) is the main petroliferous basin in the Brazilian continental margin and one of the most studied marine areas in Brazil. However, historical data suggest that new efforts should be carried out to acquire quantitative biological data, especially in the deep sea, to establish the baseline of essential ocean variables in different ecosystems for future monitoring programs. The Brazilian energy company Petrobras planned and executed 24 oceanographic cruises over a period of 2 years to assess the benthic (SANSED cruise) and pelagic (SANAGU cruise) systems of the SB (356 days at sea in 2019 and 2021/2022). These efforts were part of the Santos Project, which comprised a comprehensive environmental study aimed at investigating benthic and pelagic variables to characterize ecology, biogeochemistry, thermohaline properties of water masses, and ocean circulation patterns, geomorphology, and sedimentology, as well as organic and inorganic chemistry. Here we present the detailed sampling designs and the field methods employed on board, during the SB scientific cruises. All sampling protocols were based on standardized approaches. For the benthos analyses, triplicate sediment samples were performed using a GOMEX-type box corer (0.25 m²) or a large modified Van Veen grab (0.75 m²) at 100 stations ranging from 25 to 2400 m depth. At each station, 25 geochemical and physico-chemical parameters were analyzed in addition to micro-, meio-, and macrofauna and living foraminifera samples. For the pelagic system, 60 stations were selected to investigate the plankton community, ranging in size from pico- to macroplankton, through vertical, horizontal, and oblique net hauls (20, 200, and 500 μm mesh size), as well as 25 biogeochemical parameters collected with an aid of a CTD-rosette sampler. Part of this scientific information also serves the Regional Environmental Characterization Project (PCR-BS) in support of Petrobras’ Santos Basin drilling licensing process led by the Brazilian Environmental Agency – IBAMA. This project contributes to the sustainable development of the SB, in line with the guidelines of the United Nations Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development.

https://doi.org/10.1590/2675-2824071.22072dlm

Insights into Antarctic microbiomes: diversity patterns for terrestrial and marine habitats microbiomes
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BENDIA, AMANDA G.

; MOREIRA, JULIO CEZAR F.

; FERREIRA, JULIANA C.N.

; ROMANO, RENATO G.

; FERREIRA, IVAN G.C.

; FRANCO, DIEGO C.

; EVANGELISTA, HEITOR

; MONTONE, ROSALINDA C.

; PELLIZARI, VIVIAN HELENA

Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências

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2023, Volumen 95 Supl. 3 elocation e20211442

Resumen: En | Texto: En | PDF: En

Abstract Microorganisms in Antarctica are recognized for having crucial roles in ecosystems functioning and biogeochemical cycles. To explore the diversity and composition of microbial communities through different terrestrial and marine Antarctic habitats, we analyze 16S rRNA sequence datasets from fumarole and marine sediments, soil, snow and seawater environments. We obtained measures of alpha- and beta-diversities, as well as we have identified the core microbiome and the indicator microbial taxa of a particular habitat. Our results showed a unique microbial community structure according to each habitat, including specific taxa composing each microbiome. Marine sediments harbored the highest microbial diversity among the analyzed habitats. In the fumarole sediments, the core microbiome was composed mainly of thermophiles and hyperthermophilic Archaea, while in the majority of soil samples Archaea was absent. In the seawater samples, the core microbiome was mainly composed by cultured and uncultured orders usually identified on Antarctic pelagic ecosystems. Snow samples exhibited common taxa previously described for habitats of the Antarctic Peninsula, which suggests long-distance dispersal processes occurring from the Peninsula to the Continent. This study contributes as a baseline for further efforts on evaluating the microbial responses to environmental conditions and future changes. cycles S environments alpha betadiversities, betadiversities beta diversities, diversities beta-diversities habitat absent longdistance long distance Continent changes

https://doi.org/10.1590/0001-3765202320211442

First description of archaeal communities in carbonate-rich seafloor and subseafloor sediments from the Southwestern Atlantic slope
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Bendia, Amanda Gonçalves

; Nakamura, Fernanda Mancini

; Butarelli, Ana Carolina de Araújo

; Kmit, Maria Carolina Pezzo

; Ramos, Raissa Basti

; Signori, Camila Negrão

; Lourenço, Rafael Andre

; Mahiques, Michel Michaelovitch de

; Sumida, Paulo Yukio Gomes

; Pellizari, Vivian Helena

Ocean and Coastal Research

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2022, Volumen 70 Supl. 2 elocation e22047

Resumen: En | Texto: En | PDF: En

Abstract Deep-sea sediments comprise one of the largest habitats on Earth. The archaeal groups contribute to a large fraction of the deep-sea benthic biomass, playing a key role in biogeochemical cycles. However, their diversity in deep-sea benthic ecosystems remains poorly understood, mostly because only recently novel taxa have been proposed, thus remodeling the phylogenetic tree. Despite the dificulty in obtaining cultivated representatives, the metabolic capabilities of archaea have lately been described through metagenomic data, indicating that archaeal taxa are highly versatile. Here, we aimed to reveal the diversity of archaeal communities in surface (0 to 15 cm depth) and subsurface (200 cm depth) sediments from a carbonate-rich region in the Southwestern Atlantic upper slope. We performed 16S rRNA gene sequencing, and found that the archaeal composition in surface sediments was mainly dominated by ammonia-oxidizing archaea within Nitrososphaeria class. The distribution of Nitrososphaeria ASVs (amplicon sequence variants) indicates the presence of several species or ecotypes. Contrastingly, the subsurface sediment was dominated by uncultivated anaerobic and poorly known archaea, including representatives of all supergroups (Asgard, TACK, DPANN and Euryarchaeota). These archaea have been described as having potentially diverse metabolic capabilities, including autotrophic and heterotrophic pathways, such as acetogenesis, methylotrophy, and degradation of labile and recalcitrant organic compounds. This indicates an important role in the remineralization of organic matter in the SW (Southwest) Atlantic slope. They are likely enriched due to the transport and mixing of sediments by the IWBC (Intermediate Western Boundary Current) along the continental slope. However, further studies are needed to reveal the geochemical and oceanographic drivers of the archaeal distribution. This study provides the first description of the archaeal communities in carbonate-rich sediments in the SW Atlantic slope, and adds new biodiversity insights to this geological feature, which is considered a vulnerable marine ecosystem, thus helping for future conservation strategies.

https://doi.org/10.1590/2675-2824070.22134agb

Methane-related community of a carbonate-enriched pockmark, Brazilian Southeastern continental slope
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Nakamura, Fernanda Mancini

; Lourenço, Rafael Andre

; Magalhães, Caio Augusto

; Bendia, Amanda Gonçalves

; Butarelli, Ana Carolina de Araújo

; Passos, Julia Gasparini

; Soares, Luiza Ferreira

; Ramos, Raissa Basti

; Trevizani, Tailisi Hoppe

; Signori, Camila Negrão

; Mahiques, Michel Michaelovitch de

; Sumida, Paulo Yukio Gomes

; Pellizari, Vivian Helena

Ocean and Coastal Research

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2022, Volumen 70 Supl. 2 elocation e22046

Resumen: En | Texto: En | PDF: En

Abstract Pockmarks are geological features that often sustain hydrocarbon-related communities of microorganisms when active, seeping oil or methane. Microbial communities of inactive pockmarks have not been well studied until the present. Plenty of pockmarks in the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean have been discovered. However, no information is available about the organic characteristics in association with the microbial diversity related to methane and non-methane hydrocarbon consumption. This study examined the identity and potential ecology of the methane-related microbial community in an inactive SW Atlantic Carbonate-enriched Pockmark (SWACP). Undisturbed sediment cores were enriched with CH4 99.5% at 5°C, with samples harvested at 16h, 120h, 240h, 720h, and 960h, followed by metataxonomics functional prediction, and the correlation of microbial groups with incubation and enrichment types. The SWACP is depleted in organic compounds, and chemosynthetic production is dominant. Incubated mini-cores of sediment were affected by incubation time and enrichment type, which influenced the microbial composition. Although several taxa were shared among all sediment samples, specific groups per enrichment type and incubation time were observed. These communities comprised taxa previously reported in marine bottom waters, carbonate crusts, active cold-seeps, and inactive pockmarks. The methane-enriched taxa were predominantly related to aerobic methanotrophy, methylotrophy, aerobic and anaerobic non-methane hydrocarbon degradation, and fermentation. This study brings the first survey of the key microbial groups in methane fluxes of a Brazilian deep-sea pockmark, providing data for understanding the ecology surrounding the SW Atlantic gas field areas.

https://doi.org/10.1590/2675-2824070.22071fmn

Contribution of chemoautotrophy and heterotrophy to the microbial carbon cycle in the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean
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Passos, Julia Gasparini

; Soares, Luiza Ferreira

; Sumida, Paulo Yukio Gomes

; Bendia, Amanda Gonçalves

; Nakamura, Fernanda Mancini

; Pellizari, Vivian Helena

; Signori, Camila Negrão

Ocean and Coastal Research

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2022, Volumen 70 Supl. 2 elocation e22044

Resumen: En | Texto: En | PDF: En

ABSTRACT Dark carbon fixation (DCF) is a source of new and labile carbon in the deep ocean, while heterotrophic microbial production (HMP) promotes organic matter transfer through the microbial loop. Despite their ecological relevance, there is a scientific gap regarding the estimates of DCF and HMP in the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the spatial distribution of DCF and HMP; their relevance to the ocean carbon cycle; their relationship with environmental parameters and amongst themselves on the upper slope of Santos Basin. The samples were collected at three different water depths and sediment layers aboard the R/V Alpha Crucis in November 2019. DCF and HMP rates were measured by 14C-bicarbonate and 3H-leucine incorporation, respectively, and incubated in the dark. In the water column, DCF rates varied from 1.51 x 101 to 3.24 x 102 µg C m-3 h-1, which were one to two orders of magnitude lower than the HMP rates, from 1.26 x 102 to 1.48 x 104 µg C m-3 h-1. In the sediments, the DCF ranged from 1.15 x 104 to 1.83 x 105 µg C m-3 h-1, while HMP was one to four orders of magnitude lower, 3.22 x 101 to 1.56 x 103 µ gC m-3 h-1. DCF rates were significantly higher in the sediments, due to a higher availability of energy sources than in the oligotrophic water above. The HMP had higher rates in the water column as it is deeply dependent on organic matter derived from photosynthesis. This is the first study to investigate DCF and HMP considering the water column and sediments of the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean, thus contributing to a better understanding of the microbial role in the marine carbon cycle and ecosystem functioning.

https://doi.org/10.1590/2675-2824070.22137jgp

Rumen microbial diversity under influence of a polyclonal antibody preparation against lactate-producing and proteolytic bacteria in cows fed different energy sources
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Otero, Walter Guimarães

; Marino, Carolina Tobias

; Barreto, Cristine Chaves

; Pellizari, Vivian Helena

; Millen, Danilo Domingues

; Pacheco, Rodrigo Dias Lauritano

; Ferreira, Fernanda Altieri

; Dicostanzo, Alfredo

; Arrigoni, Mário de Beni

; Rodrigues, Paulo Henrique Mazza

Revista Brasileira de Saúde e Produção Animal

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Jun 2012, Volumen 13 Nº 2 Paginas 491 - 502

Resumen: Pt En | Texto: Pt En | PDF: Pt | PDF: En

Nove fêmeas bovinas canuladas no rúmen alimentadas com diferentes fontes energéticas foram utilizadas para avaliar um preparado de anticorpos policlonais aviário contra bactérias ruminais específicas e monensina na diversidade da comunidade microbiana. O design experimental foi três quadrados latinos 3 x 3 distintos pela principal fonte energética na dieta [milho seco e moído, silagem de grão úmido de milho ou polpa cítrica]. Dentro de cada quadrado latino, os animais receberam um dos aditivos alimentares [controle, monensina ou preparado de anticorpos policlonais]. Cada período teve duração de 21 dias onde 20 dias foram utilizados para adaptação aos tratamentos e o último dia para colheita das amostras. A diversidade microbiana foi avaliada pela contagem de protozoários e pela técnica da eletroforese em gel com gradiente desnaturante. Anticorpos policlonais adicionado a polpa cítrica na dieta resultou em um aumento na contagem relativa de Isotricha o que pode indicar um efeito sobre esta população de ciliado ruminal. Em linhas gerais, no presente estudo, não foi possível determinar um padrão nas estruturas de amplificação das comunidades Bacteria e Archaea do conteúdo ruminal. A imunização passiva oral é uma tecnologia que surge como alternativa eficiente para a produção de aditivos alimentares. Novas pesquisas são ainda necessárias para melhor compreender seu mecanismo de ação.

Nine ruminally cannulated cows fed different energy sources were used to evaluate an avianderived polyclonal antibody preparation against specific ruminal bacteria and monensin on microbial community diversity. The experimental design was three Latin squares 3 x 3 distinguished by the main energy source in the diet [dry-ground corn grain, high moisture corn silage or citrus pulp]. Inside each Latin square, animals received one of the feed additives per period [control, monensin or polyclonal antibody preparation]. Each period lasted 21 days where 20 were used for treatments adaptation and the last one for sampling collection. Microbial diversity was evaluated by protozoa counts and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. Polyclonal antibodies plus citrus pulp (CiPu) addition in the diet resulted in an increase of relative counting of Isotricha protozoa that indicates a possible effect on this ruminal ciliate population. In general lines, in the present experiment, it was not possible to assign that there was a pattern in the structures of amplification of Bacteria and Archaea communities of the ruminal content. Oral passive immunization is a technology that arises as an effective alternative for feed additive production. Further research is still necessary to better understand its mechanisms of action.

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Functional diversity of bacterial genes associated with aromatic hydrocarbon degradation in anthropogenic dark earth of Amazonia
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Germano, Mariana Gomes

; Cannavan, Fabiana de Souza

; Mendes, Lucas William

; Lima, Amanda Barbosa

; Teixeira, Wenceslau Geraldes

; Pellizari, Vivian Helena

; Tsai, Siu Mui

Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira

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May 2012, Volumen 47 Nº 5 Paginas 654 - 664

Resumen: Pt En | Texto: Pt En | PDF: Pt | PDF: En

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a diversidade de genes catabólicos quanto à degradação bacteriana de hidrocarbonetos aromáticos, em solos de terra preta de índio (TPI) e seu "biochar" (BC). Análises da diversidade funcional em solos TPI podem fornecer dados sobre como os microrganismos adaptativos podem influenciar a fertilidade dos solos e qual é sua participação nos ciclos biogeoquímicos. Para isso, foram construídas bibliotecas que continham o gene que codifica a subunidade alfa de dioxigenases aromáticas (α-ARHD gene bacteriano), no total de 800 clones. Estas bibliotecas foram preparadas a partir de amostras de um solo TPI localizado na Estação Experimental do Caldeirão, sob dois diferentes usos da terra - floresta secundária (SF) e agricultura (AG) - e de "biochar" (SF_BC e AG_BC, respectivamente). Os estimadores de heterogeneidade apresentaram maior diversidade nas bibliotecas BC, e o diagrama de Venn mostrou mais famílias proteicas operacionais (OPC) únicas na biblioteca SF_BC do que o solo TPI, o que indica que processos metabólicos específicos podem ocorrer no "biochar". A análise filogenética mostrou dioxigenases ainda não identificadas em solos de TPI. Bibliotecas para o gene funcional da subunidade alfa de dioxigenases aromáticas (ARHD) obtidas do "biochar", mostraram maiores índices de diversidade do que as da TPI sob floresta secundária ou agricultura.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the catabolic gene diversity for the bacterial degradation of aromatic hydrocarbons in anthropogenic dark earth of Amazonia (ADE) and their biochar (BC). Functional diversity analyses in ADE soils can provide information on how adaptive microorganisms may influence the fertility of soils and what is their involvement in biogeochemical cycles. For this, clone libraries containing the gene encoding for the alpha subunit of aromatic ring-hydroxylating dioxygenases (α-ARHD bacterial gene) were constructed, totaling 800 clones. These libraries were prepared from samples of an ADE soil under two different land uses, located at the Caldeirão Experimental Station - secondary forest (SF) and agriculture (AG) -, and the biochar (SF_BC and AG_BC, respectively). Heterogeneity estimates indicated greater diversity in BC libraries; and Venn diagrams showed more unique operational protein clusters (OPC) in the SF_BC library than the ADE soil, which indicates that specific metabolic processes may occur in biochar. Phylogenetic analysis showed unidentified dioxygenases in ADE soils. Libraries containing functional gene encoding for the alpha subunit of the aromatic ring-hydroxylating dioxygenases (ARHD) gene from biochar show higher diversity indices than those of ADE under secondary forest and agriculture.

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Sterols and fecal indicator microorganisms in sediments from Admiralty Bay, Antarctica
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Martins, César de Castro

; Montone, Rosalinda Carmela

; Gamba, Rosa Carvalho

; Pellizari, Vivian Helena

Brazilian Journal of Oceanography

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Jun 2005, Volumen 53 Nº 1-2 Paginas 1 - 12

Resumen: Pt En | Texto: Pt En | PDF: Pt | PDF: En

Amostras de sedimento, coletadas nas proximidades da saída de esgoto da Estação Antártica Comandante Ferraz (Brasil), Antártica, foram medidos durante o verão de 1999/2000. As concentrações de esteróis totais e coprostanol variaram entre 0,09 e 19,6 ¼g.g-1 e < 0,01 e 14,0 ¼g.g-1 de sedimento seco. Nossas análises mostraram que apenas os pontos localizados até 400 m desde a saída de esgotos apresentaram contribuições provenientes do esgoto da estação brasileira. Baixos níveis de coprostanol e alta concentração de colesterol em pontos distantes puderam ser atribuídos a fontes naturais, como os mamíferos marinhos e organismos planctônicos. Indicadores microbiológicos (E. coli, streptococci fecais e Clostridium perfringens) não foram detectados até 50 m desde a saída de esgotos. Ambos indicadores de poluição fecal produziram dados consistentes, embora os esteróis fecais tenham sido mais apropriados para avaliar quantidades traço de material fecal. Este estudo concluiu que a contaminação por esgotos está limitada apenas aos pontos mais próximos da saída de esgoto. Em geral, as concentrações de esteróis fecais e indicadores microbiológicos foram menores do que em outras regiões antárticas e centros urbanos.

Sediments from the proximity of Ferraz station outfall, located in Admiralty Bay, Antarctica, were analyzed for fecal indicator microorganisms and sterols during the austral summer of 1999/2000 in order to assess human sewage input. Concentrations of total sterols and coprostanol ranged from 0.09 to 19.6 ¼g.g-1 and < 0.01 and 14.0 ¼g.g-1 dry weight (dw), respectively. Our analyses indicated that only sites within to 400m of the sewage outfall exhibited a sterol signal characteristic of human sewage input. Low levels of coprostanol and high levels of cholesterol in distant sites could be attributed to natural sources such as marine mammals and planktonic organisms. Fecal indicator microorganisms (E. coli, fecal streptococci and Clostridium perfringens) were non-detectable beyond 50m from outfall. Both indicators (sterols and fecal indicator microorganisms) produced consistent data and fecal sterol parameters have sho wn themselves to be efficient in the evaluation of trace amounts of fecal material. This study concluded that sewage contamination is limited to the immediate vicinity of the sewage outfall. In general, the concentration of fecal sterols and microbiological indicators were lower than in other Antarctic areas.

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Detection of Cryptosporidium spp. Oocysts in raw sewage and creek water in the city of São Paulo, Brazil
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Farias, Eveline Wilma Coutinho

; Gamba, Rosa C.

; Pellizari, Vivian Helena

Brazilian Journal of Microbiology

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Ene 2002, Volumen 33 Nº 1 Paginas 41 - 43

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O protozoário Cryptosporidium é um importante patógeno contaminante de água, causador de surtos de gastroenterite em vários países. Na tentativa de compreender e monitorar o significado desse patógeno em amostras ambientais, vários métodos foram desenvolvidos para o isolamento e identificação de oocistos de Cryptosporidium. O objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar a primeira investigação da presença de oocistos de Cryptosporidium em águas de esgoto e de córrego no município de São Paulo. Os oocistos foram concentrados por floculação e por filtração em membrana. Os resultados indicaram a ocorrência de Cryptosporidium em todas as amostras analisadas, indicando um potencial risco de disseminação desse patógeno no ambiente aquático e também na comunidade.

The protozoan parasite Cryptosporidium has emerged as one of the most important contaminants of water, causing waterborne outbreaks of gastroenteritis worldwide. To monitor and understand the public health significance of this pathogen in environmental samples, several methods have been developed to isolate and detect Cryptosporidium oocysts. The purpose of this study was to perform the first investigation on the presence of Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts in raw sewage and creek water in the city of São Paulo, Brazil. The oocysts were concentrated by flocculation and membrane filtration. The results showed the occurrence of Cryptosporidium spp. in all wastewater samples analyzed, indicating a possible risk for dissemination of these pathogens in aquatic environment and in the community.

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