ABSTRACT The present research aimed to compare the HRV of people living with HIV (PLWH) with non-infected individuals in aquatic and dryland environments. Twenty participants were divided into two groups. PLWH composed the experimental group (EG), and seronegative participants composed the control group (CG). In dryland, HRV was measured in time and frequency domains, as follows: 10 minutes in rest (RES), 20 minutes of moderate and intense aerobic exercise (EXE), and 30 minutes post-exercise recovery (REC). After 72 hours, the same procedures were repeated in the aquatic environment. HRV analysis demonstrated significant differences in Mean r-r (Δ%= 3.5%, p< 0.01) and rMSSD (Δ%= −19.4%, p< 0.05) when compared dryland vs aquatic environment in RES. We observed similar results in rMSSD (Δ%= 49.2%, p< 0.01), pNN50(%) (Δ%= 79.1%, p< 0.01), and SD1 (Δ%= 49.3%, p< 0.01), during REC. Significant differences (p< 0.01) were also demonstrated for the HF during RES (Δ%= −43.4%) and REC (Δ%= −28.8%). However, the EG intra-group analysis showed no significant differences. The inter-group analysis at RES in dryland demonstrated significant differences in rMSSD (Δ%= −36.5%, p< 0.05), pNN50(%) (Δ%= −54.8%, p< 0.05), and SD1 (Δ%= 46.5%, p< 0.05). We also observed significant differences in mean R-R intervals (Δ%= −17.8%, p< 0.01), SDNN (Δ%= −41.2%, p< 0.01), rMSSD (Δ%= −50.5%, p< 0.01), pNN50 (Δ%= −73.6%, p< 0.001), and SD1 (Δ%= −50.4%, p< 0.001) during water immersion as well as the HF (Δ%= −67.6%, p< 0.01). The mean R-R interval (Δ%= −16.3%, p< 0.01), SDNN (Δ%= −46.4%, p< 0.001), rMSSD (Δ%= −57.0%, p< 0.001), pNN50 (Δ%= −73.1, p< 0.001), and SD1 (Δ%= −57.1, p< 0.001) also showed significant differences during REC. Water immersion increases the CG vagal modulation as expected. However, without any influence in EG. The results indicate a decreased vagal modulation in PLHIV in ART, indicating a possible autonomic dysfunction over the heart for this group.

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze the Social Representations of pregnant women about high-risk pregnancy and its repercussions for prenatal care. Method: Qualitative study, based on the procedural aspect of the Theory of Social Representations, carried out with 62 high-risk prenatal pregnant women at a High Complexity Maternity, in Belém, PA, Brazil. Data from semi-structured interviews were processed by the software Interface de R pour les Analyzes Multidimensionnelles de Textes et de Questionnaires. Results: Four categories emerged, in which three dimensions of the Theory composing the genesis of Social Representations are considered: the affective dimension, the biological dimension and the sociocultural dimension. Conclusion: Affects, negative feelings, and adaptations were revealed, with high-risk pregnancy being represented as an unusual and uncomfortable event, influenced by common sense and science, communication means, and dialogues with health professionals, with family support being considered of paramount importance. and prenatal care a propitious moment for establishing bonds with the health professional, seen as essential for their adherence to the care offered.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Analizar las Representaciones Sociales de gestantes sobre el embarazo de alto riesgo y sus repercusiones para el prenatal. Método: Estudio cualitativo, basado en el aspecto procedimental de la Teoría de las Representaciones Sociales, realizado con 62 gestantes en la atención prenatal de alto riesgo en una Maternidad de Alta Complejidad, en Belém, PA, Brasil. Los datos de las entrevistas semiestructuradas fueron procesados por el software Interface de R pour les Analyses Multidimensionnelles de Textes et de Questionnaires. Resultados: Surgieron cuatro categorías, en las que se consideraron tres dimensiones de la Teoría que compusieran la génesis de las Representaciones Sociales, a saber: la dimensión afectiva, la dimensión biológica y la dimensión sociocultural. Conclusión: Se revelaron afectos, sentimientos negativos y adaptaciones, representando el embarazo de alto riesgo como un evento insólito e incómodo, influenciado por el sentido común y la ciencia, los medios de comunicación y diálogos con profesionales de la salud, considerándose de suma importancia el apoyo familiar y el control prenatal, un momento propicio para establecer vínculos con el profesional de la salud, visto como fundamental para su adhesión a los cuidados ofrecidos.

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar as Representações Sociais de mulheres grávidas sobre a gestação de alto risco e suas repercussões para assistência pré-natal. Método: Estudo qualitativo, pautado na vertente processual da Teoria das Representações Sociais, realizado com 62 gestantes do pré-natal de alto risco de uma Maternidade de Alta Complexidade, em Belém, PA, Brasil. Os dados das entrevistas semiestruturadas foram processados pelo software Interface de R pour les Analyses Multidimensionnelles de Textes et de Questionnaires. Resultados: Emergiram quatro categorias, nas quais consideram-se três dimensões da Teoria que compuseram a gênese das Representações Sociais, quais sejam: a dimensão afetiva, a dimensão biológica e a dimensão sociocultural. Conclusão: Desvelaram-se afetos, sentimentos negativos e adaptações, representando-se a gestação de alto risco como evento inusitado e desconfortável, influenciado pelo senso comum e ciência, meios de comunicação e diálogos com os profissionais de saúde, sendo o suporte familiar considerado de suma importância e o pré-natal um momento propício para estabelecimento de vínculos com o profissional de saúde, visto como fundamental para sua adesão aos cuidados ofertados.

Resumen La selva amazónica presenta diferentes estratos forestales, debido a su estructura heterogénea. En el que estos estratos pueden variar en altos, medios y bajos. El conocimiento de los diferentes patrones de estructuras verticales que se encuentran en el bosque es extremadamente importante para comprender la dinámica de la vegetación, lo que influye en las estrategias de conservación del bosque. Con el fin de optimizar el proceso de clasificación de los diferentes tipos de estratos, el objetivo del presente trabajo fue utilizar redes neuronales artificiales (RNA) para clasificar estos estratos. Se utilizaron dos algoritmos de resilient propagation (Rprop+ y Rprop-), en cuatro configuraciones diferentes de variables de entrada. El entrenamiento y la prueba de los ocho modelos de RNAs se realizaron utilizando el software R. Los modelos se evaluaron mediante una matriz de confusión. En qué modelos con entradas: HT, DAP y QF; HT, DAP y solo HT del algoritmo Rprop + obtuvieron 100% de aciertos en la clasificación de estrato, presentando una alta tasa de aprendizaje, confiabilidad y generalización de datos.

Abstract The Amazon forest presents different forest strata, due to its heterogeneous structure. In which these strata can vary in upper, middle and lower. Knowledge about the different patterns of vertical structures found in the forest is extremely important for understanding the vegetation dynamics, influencing forest conservation strategies. In order to optimize the process of classifying the different types of strata, the objective of the present work was to use artificial neural networks (ANNs) to classify these strata. Two resilient propagation algorithms (Rprop + and Rprop-) were used, in four different configurations of input variables. The training and testing of the eight RNA models were performed using the R software. The models were evaluated using a confusion matrix. In which models with inputs: HT, DAP and QF; HT, DAP and only HT from the Rprop + algorithm obtained 100% correct answers in the classification of strata. Demonstrating a high rate of learning, reliability and generalization of data.

Leatherback turtles (Dermochelys coriacea) have declined dramatically in the eastern Pacific Ocean (EP) in recent decades. Traditionally, population assessments have relied on the numbers of turtles on the beaches with the highest abundance of turtles (index beaches) and often disregarded the importance of nesting beaches with smaller, but still regular, numbers of nesting turtles (secondary beaches). We characterize leatherback nesting on secondary beaches throughout Pacific Costa Rica. Nesting distribution was significantly reduced since the 1990s and it currently appears to be constricted to the Santa Elena and Nicoya peninsulas. Over the past five years, nesting abundance on secondary beaches was low, ranging between 0.4 ± 0.5 and 5.3 ± 1.5 females and 3.8 ± 5.2 and 22.8 ± 10.8 nests per beach and per year. There was some exchange of turtles between beaches. The exchange rate (percentage of females that nested at least once on a different beach) ranged between 7% and 28%. While Caletas still registers multiple clutches that are laid by 1 -2 females in some years, it may no longer qualify as a secondary beach due to the infrequent nature of nesting events registered recently and the total absence of nests in some of those years. Although nesting abundance is relatively low at secondary beaches, they host at least ~25% of total leatherback nesting abundance in Costa Rica. As the EP leatherback turtle declines, not only do the numbers of nesting turtles decrease but local extirpations are occurring on, previously categorized, secondary beaches. The critically low number of turtles at present may prevent recolonization of sites where they have been extirpated.

Objetivo: Verificar a existência de correlações entre variáveis de função pulmonar e de dimensões cardíacas em obesos mórbidos, buscando testar a hipótese de que o tamanho relativo das pequenas vias aéreas correlaciona-se com hipertrofia cardíaca esquerda de forma independente. Métodos: Estudo retrospectivo de 192 prontuários médicos que continham um protocolo clínico de candidatos à cirurgia bariátrica entre janeiro de 2006 a dezembro de 2010. Resultados: Dos 192 pacientes avaliados, 39 (29 mulheres) preencheram os critérios de inclusão. A média do IMC foi de 49,2 ± 7,6 kg/m2, e a média de idade foi de 35,5 ± 7,7 anos. As correlações da FEF25-75/CVF, % com a espessura da parede posterior do ventrículo esquerdo e a espessura relativa da parede posterior do ventrículo esquerdo se mantiveram estatisticamente significativas após ajuste para peso, sexo e história de hipertensão arterial sistêmica (r = −0,355 e r = −0,349, respectivamente). Após análise de regressão linear multivariada stepwise, a CVF e o VEF1 foram os principais determinantes da massa ventricular esquerda (em gramas ou indexada para área de superfície corporal). Conclusões: Uma redução no tamanho relativo das pequenas vias aéreas parece apresentar uma correlação independente com hipertrofia cardíaca relacionada à obesidade, independente de fatores que afetam a mecânica respiratória (IMC e peso), sexo ou história de hipertensão arterial sistêmica. O VEF1 e a CVF, por outro lado, podem ser importantes determinantes preditivos da massa ventricular esquerda em obesos mórbidos.

Objective: To look for correlations between lung function and cardiac dimension variables in morbidly obese patients, in order to test the hypothesis that the relative size of the small airways is independently correlated with left ventricular hypertrophy. Methods: This was a retrospective study involving 192 medical records containing a clinical protocol employed in candidates for bariatric surgery between January of 2006 and December of 2010. Results: Of the 192 patients evaluated, 39 (10 males and 29 females) met the inclusion criteria. The mean BMI of the patients was 49.2 ± 7.6 kg/m2, and the mean age was 35.5 ± 7.7 years. The FEF25-75/FVC, % correlated significantly with left ventricular posterior wall thickness and relative left ventricular posterior wall thickness, those correlations remaining statistically significant (r = −0.355 and r = −0.349, respectively) after adjustment for weight, gender, and history of systemic arterial hypertension. Stepwise multivariate linear regression analysis showed that FVC and FEV1 were the major determinants of left ventricular mass (in grams or indexed to body surface area). Conclusions: A reduction in the relative size of the small airways appears to be independently correlated with obesity-related cardiac hypertrophy, regardless of factors affecting respiratory mechanics (BMI and weight), gender, or history of systemic arterial hypertension. However, FEV1 and FVC might be important predictors of left ventricular mass in morbidly obese individuals.

Objetivo: Avaliar a influência do tipo de prótese na mortalidade intra-hospitalar no período de pós-operatório imediato nos pacientes que fizeram substituição de válvula. Métodos: Estudo transversal, em que dados, como sexo, origem, idade, etiologia, dados ecocardiográficos, o tipo de cirurgia realizada e da prótese utilizada em casos de substituição de válvula foram analisadas r etrospectivamente. Resultados: Foram revisados 353 prontuários de pacientes que realizaram cirurgia de troca valvar. A idade média foi de 41,87±17,9 anos. Em relação ao gênero, 52,8% eram do sexo feminino. Quanto à origem, 61,1% vieram de cidades do interior do estado. Do total de pacientes, 58,5% eram portadores da doença reumática. Avaliando o tipo de prótese implantada, 70% realizou troca por bioprótese e 30% metálica. A mortalidade hospitalar desse estudo foi de 11%, não havendo diferença significativa entre o tipo de prótese utilizada. Conclusão: O tipo de prótese utilizada não influenciou na mortalidade intra-hospitalar.

Objective: To evaluate the influence of the type of prosthesis in-hospital mortality in the post-operative period in patients who had valve replacement. Methods: A cross-sectional data, such as gender, origin, age, etiology, echocardiograph data, the type of surgery performed and the prosthesis used in cases of valve replacement were analyzed retrospectively. Results: We reviewed 353 charts of patients who underwent valve replacement surgery. The mean age was 41.87±17.9 years. Regarding gender, 52.8% were female. As for the origin, 61.1% came from small cities within the state. Of all patients, 58.5% suffered from rheumatic disease. Assessing the type of prosthesis implanted, 70% held replace by bioprosthesis and 30% metallic. The hospital mortality in this study was 11%, with no significant difference between the types of prosthesis utilized. Conclusion: The type of implant used had no effect on in-hospital mortality.

A inseminação artificial é usada rotineiramente na indústria suinícula para reduzir os custos de produção além de obter maior eficiência reprodutiva durante o processo de resfriamento do sêmen. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da adição de diferentes concentrações de cisteína (CIS) ao diluidor de sêmen Beltsville Thawing Solution (BTS) resfriado sobre a qualidade espermática por até 72 horas. Foram coletados ejaculados de três cachaços e as amostras de sêmen foram diluídas em BTS, conforme os seguintes tratamentos: BTS (grupo controle); CIS0,1 (BTS + 0,1mM de cisteína); CIS0,5 (BTS + 0,5mM de cisteína); CIS1,0 (BTS + 1,0mM de cisteína); CIS2,5 (BTS + 2,5mM de cisteína); CIS5,0 (BTS + 5,0mM de cisteína); CIS10,0 (BTS + 10,0mM de cisteína) e CIS20,0 (BTS + 20,0mM de cisteína). A avaliação da integridade espermática foi determinada através de sondas fluorescentes em uma combinação de 100µg/mL FICT-PSA (isotiocinato de lecitina), 0.5mg/ml PI (iodeto de propidio), e 153µM JC-1 (5,5',6,6'-tetracloro-1,1',3,3'-tetraetillbenzimidazolil iodeto de carbocianina). As avaliações dos tratamentos foram realizadas 0, 24, 48 e 72 horas após a diluição do sêmen. Adicionalmente, foi avaliado o efeito da adição de 5,0 mM de cisteína ao diluidor BTS na manutenção da qualidade espermática e no efeito na fertilidade em suínos. Após a inseminação artificial, as fêmeas foram avaliadas quanto a taxa de retorno e o tamanho da leitegada. Durante todos os períodos analizados, os grupos CIS10,0 e CIS20,0 apresentaram menor número de espermatozóides viáveis em relação aos demais grupos. A viabilidade espermática diminuiu a níveis abaixo de 10% nos tratamentos CIS10,0 e CIS20,0 nas primeiras 24 horas de armazenamento a 17ºC. Ao final do período de armazenamento todos os grupos apresentavam média inferior a 65% de espermatozóides com a membrana plasmática intacta. A viabilidade espermática diminuiu significativamente quando altas concentrações de CIS (hora "0"; CIS10,0 e CIS20,0; p<0.05) foram adicionadas ao sêmen comparadas com as demais concentrações. O grupo BTS (10,20±0,39) apresentou menor taxa de retorno ao estro comparado com BTSCIS (86,05±0,39), além de apresentar maior número de leitões nascidos (12,71±3,38 vs . 9,00±3,38, respectivamente). Portanto, podemos concluir que a adição de CIS ao diluidor BTS não mantém a qualidade espermática e resulta em maior taxa de retorno ao estro e menor número de leitões nascidos.

Artificial insemination is routinely used in the swine industry to reduce the costs of production through to increase the efficiency of the refrigerated boar semen process. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of different levels of cysteine (CYS) added to the Beltsville Thawing Solution (BTS) extender semen during cooling for up to 72 hours. Ejaculated from three boars were collected with the gloved-hand technique and semen aliquots were diluted in BTS as follow: BTS only (BTS), BTS + 0.1mM cysteine (CYS0.1), BTS + 0.5mM cysteine (CYS0.5), BTS + 1.0mM cysteine (CYS1.0), BTS + 2.5mM cysteine (CYS2.5), BTS + 5.0mM cysteine (CYS5.0), BTS + 10.0mM cysteine (CYS10.0), and BTS + 20.0mM cysteine (CYS20.0). Evaluation of sperm integrity were analyzed using 0.5mg/ml propidium iodide (plasma membrane), 100µg/ml isothiocynate-conjugated Pisum sativun agglutinin (acrosomal membrane) and 153µM 5,5',6,6'-tetrachloro-1,1',3,3'-tetraethylbenzimidazolyl carbocyanine iodide (mitochondria potential) after semen dilution at specific times (0, 24, 48 and 72 hours). Additionally, we also evaluated the effects of 5.0 mM CYS addition in the BTS extender on the maintenance of sperm quality and their influence on fertility in the swine production. After artificial insemination, animals were evaluated based on the estrous return and the number of piglet's born. Cysteine at concentrations of 10.0 and 20.0mM resulted in more pronounced reductions even at the time zero. Semen viability decreased to levels below 10% at these high levels of CYS in the first 24 hour of storage at 17ºC. At the end of the storage time, less than 65% of sperm cells had intact plasma membrane in all groups. The sperm viability decreased significantly when the semen was added at high concentrations of CYS (time "0"; CYS10.0 and CYS20.0; p<0.05), when compared to the other CYS concentrations. The BTS (10.20±0.39) treated group showed a lower rate of estrus return when compared to other (BTSCYS; 86.05±039), and it showed also the highest total number of piglets borne per treatment (12.71±3.38 vs. 9.00±3.38, respectively). In conclusion, the addition of CYS in the BTS semen extender did not maintain spermatic viability of boar cooled spermatozoa and it results in a higher percentage of return to estrus and lower number of piglets borne.