ABSTRACT Here, Diaporthe myracrodruonis is introduced as new species from Brazil, isolated as endophyte from Myracrodruon urundeuva. Asterina mandaquiensis is epitypified and ilustrated for the first time. Serpula similis is reported as new to the Neotropics, while Perenniporia centrali-africana is reported for the first time as endophyte and Preussia africana as endophyte from Spondias tuberosa in Caatinga in Brazil.

Resumo Há poucas informações na literatura científica sobre florescimento e frutificação da mangueira ‘Ubá’. Essas informações permitem conhecer a proporção de flores hermafroditas na inflorescência, a porcentagem de fixação e as fases de desenvolvimento do fruto. Neste trabalho, foram realizadas avaliações do desenvolvimento da inflorescência e do fruto da mangueira ‘Ubá’ (Mangifera indica L.), além da determinação do número de unidades térmicas necessário para o completo desenvolvimento do fruto. Foram selecionados 30 ramos de cinco mangueiras, em estádio de intumescimento da gema terminal. Com o auxílio de câmara fotográfica e paquímetro, avaliou-se semanalmente o desenvolvimento da panícula e do fruto até o completo desenvolvimento do mesmo. Com o auxílio de um termômetro digital, registraram-se as temperaturas ambientes durante o desenvolvimento dos frutos, com o objetivo de estimar o número de unidades térmicas necessárias para o completo desenvolvimento dos mesmos. Foram realizadas ainda a contagem e a identificação do número de flores masculinas e hermafroditas das panículas. O ciclo de desenvolvimento da manga ‘Ubá’, desde o início do intumescimento da gema apical até à colheita comercial do fruto, teve a duração de 168 dias em 2011 e 154 dias em 2012. O número de flores hermafroditas e a percentagem de fixação dos frutos na inflorescência no ano de 2011 foram de 32,3 e 0,066%, respectivamente; e em 2012, de 122,1 e 0,099%, respectivamente. Houve acúmulo de 3.173 unidades térmicas a partir do intumescimento da gema floral até ao completo desenvolvimento da manga ‘Ubá’.

Abstract There are little information in the scientific literature on flowering and fruiting of ‘Ubá’ mango trees. These information enables to know the proportion of hermaphrodite flowers in inflorescence, fruit set percentage and developmental stages of the fruit. In this study evaluations on inflorescence and fruit development of the ‘Ubá’ mango tree (Mangifera indica L.) were carried out, as well as the determination of the required number of heat units for full fruit development. Thirty branches whose terminal buds were swollen were selected from five mango trees. With the aid of a camera and a caliper, the panicle and fruit development were evaluated weekly until full fruit development. A digital thermometer was used to record ambient temperatures during fruit development in order to estimate the number of heat units required for complete development of the fruits. Male and hermaphrodite flowers of the panicles were also identified and counted. The developmental cycle of ‘Ubá’ mango from the beginning of apical bud swelling to commercial harvest of the fruit lasted 168 days in 2011 and 154 days in 2012. The number of hermaphrodite flowers and the percentage of fruit set in the inflorescence in 2011 were 32.3 and 0.066%, respectively; and 122.1 and 0.099% in 2012, respectively. There was accumulation of 3,173 heat units from flower bud swelling to full development of the ‘Ubá’ mangoes.

Resumo: Informações sobre danos causados pela brusone (Pyricularia oryzae) na produtividade de sementes de trigo ainda são escassas, sobretudo estudos sobre o efeito desta na germinação e no vigor. Objetivou-se avaliar os danos da brusone na produtividade e na qualidade de sementes de trigo em função do inóculo inicial no campo. Os tratamentos foram arranjados em fatorial 4x5: inoculações em quatro genótipos de trigo (BRS 264, CD 116, CD 104 e VI 98053) com cinco doses de inóculo inicial de P. oryzae (0, 5, 10, 20 e 30% de plantas inoculadas). A inoculação ocorreu na fase de espigas completamente emergidas. Foram realizadas as seguintes determinações: incidência de brusone nas plantas, massa da matéria seca de 100 plantas, massa de sementes de 100 plantas, produtividade, germinação, primeira contagem, IVG, massa seca de plântulas, peso hectolítrico e incidência de P. oryzae nas sementes. Há redução da produtividade e da qualidade fisiológica das sementes dos genótipos em função do inóculo inicial no campo. Ocorre a transmissão de P. oryzae da planta-mãe para sementes de trigo. Nesses genótipos, recomenda-se não utilizar como sementes, aquelas provenientes de campos de produção com incidência de brusone a partir de 20% nas plantas, próximo à maturação das sementes.

Abstract: Information on damages caused by blast (Pyricularia oryzae) on wheat seed productivity is still scarce, especially studies on the effect of this on germination and vigor. This study aimed at evaluating blast damages on the productivity and quality of wheat seeds as a function of the initial inoculum in the field. Treatments were arranged in factorial 4x5: inoculations in four wheat genotypes (BRS 264, CD 116, CD 104 and VI 98053) with five doses of initial inoculum of P. oryzae (0, 5, 10, 20 and 30% of inoculated plants). The inoculation occurred in the stage of completely emerged spikes. The following determinations were made: incidence of blast in plants, dry matter mass of 100 plants, seed mass of 100 plants, productivity, germination, first count, germination speed index, dry mass of seedlings, hectolitric weight and incidence of P. oryzae in the seeds. There is a reduction in the productivity and physiological quality of the seeds of the genotypes due to the initial inoculum in the field. The transmission of P. oryzae occurs from the mother plant to the wheat seeds. In these genotypes, it is recommended not to use as seeds the ones coming from fields with blast incidence from 20% on in the plants, close to seed maturation.

RESUMO A atividade fungiostática pode, principalmente durante o armazenamento, levar à rápida deterioração na qualidade nutricional dos grãos e reduzir seu aproveitamento e inutilização em processo industrial pela contaminação com toxinas (aflatoxinas entre outras). Dentre as tecnologias apontadas como promissoras no controle desses microrganismos se destaca a ozonização. Objetivou-se, com este estudo, determinar a concentração e o tempo de saturação do gás ozônio em grãos de arroz e definir o tempo de ozonização eficaz na desinfecção de fungos e leveduras. Grãos de arroz (14,3% b.u.) foram inoculados com Penicillium spp. e Aspergillus spp. e posteriormente sua ozonização foi realizada na concentração de 10,13 mg L-1, em fluxo contínuo de 1,0 L min -1, em cinco períodos de exposição (12, 24, 36, 48 e 60 h). A concentração e o tempo de saturação do gás ozônio nos grãos de arroz foram de 5 mg L-1 e 13,97 min, respectivamente. Observou-se redução em 3,8 ciclos log (100%) na contagem de leveduras e completa inibição para os fungos dos gêneros Aspergillus e Penicillium nos grãos ozonizados.

ABSTRACT The fungistatic activity, especially during storage, can lead to rapid deterioration in the nutritional quality of grains, and reduce their use and disposal in industrial process due to contamination with toxins (aflatoxins and others). Among the technologies identified as promising in controlling these microorganisms, there is ozonation. The objective of this study was to determine the concentration and the saturation time of ozone gas in rice grains and set the effective ozonation disinfection time in filamentous fungi and yeast. Rice grains (14.3% w.b.) were inoculated with Penicillium spp. and Aspergillus spp. and, subsequently, ozonized at the concentration of 10.13 mg L-1, under continuous flow of 1.0 L min-1, in five periods of exposure (12, 24, 36, 48 and 60 h). Ozone gas concentration and saturation time in rice grains were 5.00 mg L-1 and 13.97 min, respectively. There was a reduction of 3.8 log cycles (100%) in the count of yeasts and complete inhibition of fungal from the genera Aspergillus and Penicillium in ozonized grains.

RESUMO O espalhamento e o tempo de evaporação de gotas depositadas sobre o alvo afetam a eficiência de aplicações de produtos fitossanitários. Objetivou-se avaliar o tempo de evaporação de gotas de diferentes tamanhos, sob diferentes condições de umidade relativa do ar, contendo tiametoxam e adjuvantes, em folhas de cana-de-açúcar. A coleta de dados foi efetuada em câmara climática de condições controladas, utilizando-se microscópio digital para análise de imagens. O tempo de evaporação foi avaliado em três umidades relativas (45 %, 60 % e 75 %). Para cada umidade, conduziu-se um experimento em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com cinco repetições, em esquema fatorial 5 x 6, sendo cinco caldas (água, tiametoxam, tiametoxam + óleo mineral, tiametoxam + óleo vegetal e tiametoxam + espalhante) e seis diâmetros de gotas (337 µm, 424 µm, 486 µm, 576 µm, 831 µm e 985 µm). O tempo de evaporação está direta e linearmente relacionado com o diâmetro da gota, sendo que gotas de maiores diâmetros necessitam de mais tempo para evaporarem. A umidade relativa do ar e a composição da calda influenciam na evaporação das gotas, na superfície vegetal avaliada. Dentre os adjuvantes testados, o óleo mineral é o que proporciona menor tempo de evaporação para todos os tamanhos de gota.

ABSTRACT The spread and evaporation time of droplets deposited on the target affect the application efficiency of pesticides. This study aimed at evaluating the evaporation time of droplets with different sizes, under different levels of relative air humidity, containing thiamethoxam and adjuvants sprayed on sugarcane leaves. Data were collected in a climate chamber with controlled conditions, where a digital microscope was set up to record the droplet images. The evaporation time was evaluated considering three relative air humidity rates (45 %, 60 % and 75 %). For each condition, a completely randomized experiment was installed with five replications, in a 5 x 6 factorial design consisting of five sprays (water, thiamethoxam, thiamethoxam + mineral oil, thiamethoxam + vegetable oil and thiamethoxam + spreader) and six droplet diameters (337 µm, 424 µm, 486 µm, 576 µm, 831 µm and 985 µm). The evaporation time is directly and linearly related to the droplet diameter, with larger diameters requiring a longer time to evaporate. The evaporation time of droplets is also influenced by relative air humidity and spray composition. Among the adjuvants tested, the mineral oil provides the lower evaporation time for all droplet sizes.

Despite the occurrence of several diseases of cassava, the cassava black root rot (CBR) represents one of the main limiting factor for crop rentability in the world. However, the etiology of CBR is complex and it needs to be revised based on current molecular analysis. On this work, molecular and morphological studies allowed for the identification of three species of Botryosphaeriaceae causing black root rot disease of cassava in the states of Maranhão and Paraíba, Brazil, namely: Lasiodiplodia euphorbicola, Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae and Neoscytalidium hyalinum. This is the first report of these three fungal species as causal agents of CBR in the world.

Eucalyptus plantations cover approximately 5.1 million hectares of Brazil, an area that will likely increase given the demand for natural products from planted forests. In recent years, anthracnose diseases have been frequently found on eucalyptus in Brazilian nurseries. In 2012, rooted mini-cuttings of clones of E. urophylla x E. grandis ("urograndis") exhibiting leaf spot and stem girdling symptoms were collected from nurseries in the Brazilian states of Pará and Minas Gerais, and cultures of Colletotrichum were obtained from the lesions. The isolates were initially identified to species of the C. gloeosporioides species complex, according to searches of the Q-bank Fungi database with the DNA sequences of their internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions. Subsequent phylogenetic analysis of the β-tubulin (TUB2) and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) regions, combined with morphological characterization, allowed us to conclude that the fungus belongs to C. theobromicola. Conidial suspension sprayed on "urograndis" clone plants induced similar symptoms as those found under natural conditions. Re-isolation of the fungus from symptomatic plants fulfilled the Koch´s postulate. To our knowledge, this is the first report of C. theobromicola in Brazil.

In addition to the rots that are commonly found on strawberries, a new disease was found in 7% of stored fruits during a survey of strawberry diseases at the postharvest stage. Koch's postulates were satisfied, and the fungi were identified as Neofusicoccum kwambonambiense and N. parvum based on morphology and phylogenetic analysis of the internal transcribed spacers, β-tubulin, RNA polymerase subunit II and transcription elongation factor 1-α regions. This is the first report of Neofusicoccum kwambonambiense in Brazil and the first report of Neofusicoccum spp. causing mummification and postharvest rot of strawberry.

The rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis) is host to several fungal species, including Irenopsis heveae as described by Hansford in 1961, which causes black mildew on leaves. One specimen of Irenopsis heveae from the state of Espírito Santo and two from the state of Pará were analyzed and showed some morphological differences. Some structures are similar to morphological characteristics as described and illustrated by Vincens in 1915 for Meliola heveae. Morphological comparisons with the type specimen of I. heveae and the alignment of the nucleotide sequences of the 28S rDNA region, however, indicate that the three samples belong to the same species. According to these data M. heveae and I. heveae are heterotypic synonyms with M. heveae being the older name. As the name I. heveae is already occupied by Hansford, Irenopsis vincensii is proposed as new name for the black mildew on H. brasiliensis. This is the first contribution of molecular sequence data for this species.

Several species of Calonectria cause diseases on a wide range of forest tree species that are propagated either via seedlings or rooted cuttings. In nurseries these fungi cause damping-off, cutting and root rots, stem lesions, and leaf blights. Recently a Calonectria sp. was isolated from rooted cuttings of Anadenanthera peregrina (Fabaceae), Piptadenia gonoacantha (Fabaceae), and Azadirachta indica (Meliaceae) exhibiting leaf blight and cutting rot in a forest nursery at the Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Brazil. Morphological comparisons and DNA sequences of three loci containing partial gene sequences of β-tubulin (TUB2), calmodulin (CAL), and elongation factor (TEF-1α) indicated that these isolates represent an unnamed species of Calonectria, described here as C. hodgesii sp. nov. Sprayinoculated plants of all three hosts with a suspension at 1x10(4) conidia mL-1 induced leaf lesions, cutting rot, and intense defoliation as observed under natural conditions. Calonectria hodgesii was re-isolated from infected tissue, which fulfilled Koch's postulates and confirmed its status as a pathogen with a wide host range.

Calonectria pteridis is one of the most important causal agents of Calonectria leaf blight (CLB) of Eucalyptus spp. in Brazil, which is a limiting factor for growth of Eucalyptus plantations. In this study we developed standard procedures for in vitro mass spore production and inoculation of C. pteridis for screening plant species and clones for resistance to CLB. The isolates used in this study were identified using similarity in DNA sequence to reference strains. Among six media tested, glucose asparagine agar induced the highest sporulation production and a significantly enhanced sporulation was found by scraping the aerial mycelium and temporarily submersing the cultures in tap water, followed by drying and additional incubation of the culture. We also demonstrated that the severity of CLB on excised leaves of two Eucalyptus spp. clones increased significantly when the inoculated leaves were incubated in the dark. The optimal temperature for infection was 26ºC when plants were incubated for 48 hours post-inoculation in a mist chamber and then maintained in a greenhouse (25ºC±5ºC) for 50 days. This study identifies environmental conditions to improve spore production and inoculation procedures of C. pteridis for selection of resistant Eucalyptus spp.

The objective of this study was to identify fungi and bacteria associated with the post-harvest rot of ginger rhizomes (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) in the Serrana region of Espírito Santo, Brazil. Rhizomes with symptoms of rot were sampled in the packing-house and in the field soon after harvest. In the packing-house, we report positive pathogenicity tests for Acremonium murorum, Acrostalagmus luteo-albus, Fusarium sp., Fusarium oxysporum, Lasiodiplodia theobromae and Sclerotium rolfsii. For the rhizomes sampled during harvest, the mean incidence of pathogens was as follows: F. oxysporum, 74%; Fusarium sp., 31%; Fusarium solani, 21%; Nigrospora oryzae, 5%; Fusarium semitectum and Nigrospora sphaerica, 6%; Alternaria tenuissima, 4%; Penicillium commune, Verticillium sp.(1) and Verticillium sp.(2), 3%; A. luteo-albus, Aspergillus niger, Chaetomium sp. and Epicoccum sp., 2%; and Curvularia geniculata and Mucor hiemalis, 1%. The mean incidence of bacteria that cause soft rot was as follows: Enterobacter cloacae subsp. cloacae, 4%; and Pseudomonas fluorescens, 1%. The presence of Enterobacter cloacae subsp. cloacae indicated probable fecal contamination. This is the first record of ginger rhizome rot caused by P. fluorescens in the world and the first from A. murorum, A. luteo-albus, L. theobromae and E. cloacae subsp. cloacae causing ginger rhizome rot in Brazil.

Currently there is a large and increasing demand for immature coconuts for fresh consumption of their liquid endosperm (coconut water). The occurrence of post-harvest diseases prevent its sale and change the taste, making it inappropriate for consumption. In 2011, coconut fruits showing internal post-harvest rot symptoms were found in a market in Belo Horizonte and after incubation for 5 days in a humid chamber at room temperature, fungal structures were observed. Fruiting structures show morphology typical of Ceratocystis paradoxa. For molecular identification, DNA sequences were generated for the Internal Transcribed Spacer regions 1 and 2 including the 5.8S rRNA gene, part of the β-tubulin and the Transcription Elongation Factor 1-α gene regions. These data were compared with those of other C. paradoxa using phylogenetic analysis. Koch's postulates was confirmed by inoculation of 6-mm-diameter PDA plugs with the isolate on fruits of coconut. Morphology of the isolates in culture as well as phylogenetic inference showed that the causal agent of internal post-harvest rot disease on coconut is C. paradoxa.