Abstract Introduction Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) surgery is associated with a decline in ventilatory muscle strength and lung function. Inspiratory muscle training (IMT) based on anaerobic threshold (AT) has been used to minimize the impact of CABG on these parameters, but the long-term impact is unknown. Objective To test the hypothesis that AT-based IMT improves inspiratory muscle strength and lung function even six months after CABG. Methods This is a randomized controlled clinical trial. In the preoperative period, maximum inspiratory pressure (MIP), maximum expiratory pressure (MEP), vital capacity (VC) and peak expiratory flow (PEF) rate were assessed. On the first postoperative day, patients were randomized into two groups: AT-based IMT (IMT-AT) (n=21) where the load was prescribed based on glycemic threshold and conventional IMT (IMT-C) (n=21), with load of 40% of MIP. Patients were trained during hospitalization until the day of discharge and were assessed at discharge and six months later. For within-group comparison, paired Student's t-test or Wilcoxon test was used, and independent Student's t-test or the Mann-Whitney test was used to analyze the different time points. A p<0.05 was considered significant. Results At six months after CABG surgery, statistical difference was found between the IMT-AT and the IMT-C groups in MIP (difference between the means of -5cmH2; 95% CI=- 8.21to-1.79) and VC (difference between the means of -2ml/kg;95%CI=-3.87to-0.13). No difference was found between groups in the other variables analyzed. Conclusion IMT-AT promoted greater recovery of inspiratory muscle strength and VC after six months of CABG when compared to conventional training.

RESUMO Pacientes oncológicos desenvolvem problemas cardíacos frequentes devido à toxidade dos quimioterápicos, com consequente impacto na capacidade funcional (CF) e na qualidade de vida (QV). O treinamento muscular inspiratório (TMI) pode ser um recurso terapêutico viável, já que estudos de causa-efeito demonstraram melhora da CF e da QV em outras populações. Contudo, seu efeito ainda não foi avaliado em pacientes cardio-oncológicos. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi descrever o efeito de um programa de TMI sobre a CF e a QV de uma paciente com cardiotoxicidade: LDM, com 41 anos, mulher e sedentária, que desenvolveu insuficiência cardíaca após tratamento quimioterápico. A QV foi avaliada pelo teste de Minnesota. Foram avaliados também a força muscular inspiratória dinâmica (S-Index) e o limiar glicêmico (LG) dos músculos inspiratórios. O LG foi determinado pela glicemia capilar por meio do glicosímetro digital (Accu-Chek - Roche) no menor valor da glicemia da carga correspondente ao teste muscular inspiratório incremental (TMII). A progressão da carga foi realizada a cada duas semanas. Ao final de dois meses, todos os testes foram reaplicados. No teste de Minnesota, os valores relacionados à CF, antes e após o TMI, foram de 36 vs. 8 (melhora de 78%); aos aspectos clínicos e psicológicos foram de 32 vs. 7 (melhora de 78%), a S-Index foram de 41 vs. 51cmH2O (melhora de 24%). O TMI melhorou a CF e a QV de uma paciente cardio-oncológica, configurando-se como um recurso terapêutico viável para essa população.

ABSTRACT Cancer patients develop frequent cardiac problems due to chemotherapy toxicity, which impacts functional capacity (FC) and quality of life (QoL). Inspiratory Muscle Training (IMT) may be a viable therapeutic resource since cause-effect studies have shown improvement in FC and QoL in other populations. However, its effect was not evaluated in cardio-oncology patients. The study aimed to describe the effect of an IMT program on the FC and QoL of a patient with cardiotoxicity, LDM, aged 41 years, female and, sedentary that developed heart failure after chemotherapy. The QoL was evaluated by the Minnesota test. Dynamic Inspiratory Muscle Strength (S-Index) and Glycemic Threshold (GT) of the inspiratory muscles were also evaluated. The GT was determined by capillary glycemia with a digital glucometer (Accu-Chek - Roche), at the lowest value of glycemia of the load corresponding to the Incremental Inspiratory Muscle Test (IIMT). The load progression was performed every two weeks. After two months, all tests were reapplied. In the Minnesota test, the values related to FC, pre and post IMT, were 36 v. 8 (78% improvement); the clinical and psychological aspects 32 v. 7 (78% improvement); S-Index was 41 v. 51cmH2O (24% improvement). IMT improved the FC and QoL of a cardio-oncology patient, configuring itself as a possible and viable therapeutic resource for this population.

RESUMEN Los pacientes con cáncer desarrollan problemas cardíacos frecuentes debido a la cardiotoxicidad de la quimioterapia, con el consiguiente impacto en la capacidad funcional (FC) y la calidad de vida (CV). El entrenamiento muscular inspiratorio (IMT) puede ser un recurso terapéutico viable, ya que los estudios de causa-efecto han demostrado una mejora en la FC y la CV en otras poblaciones. Sin embargo, su efecto aún no se ha evaluado en pacientes cardio-oncológicos. Por lo tanto, el objetivo de este estudio fue describir el efecto de un programa de IMT sobre la FC y la CV de un paciente con cardiotoxicidad: LDM, 41 años, mujer y sedentaria, que desarrolló insuficiencia cardíaca después del tratamiento de quimioterapia. La CV se evaluó mediante la prueba de Minnesota. También se evaluaron la fuerza muscular inspiratoria dinámica (índice S) y el umbral glucémico (LG) de los músculos inspiratorios. El LG se determinó por glucemia capilar mediante el glucómetro digital (Accu-Chek - Roche) al valor más bajo de la carga glucélica correspondiente a la prueba muscular inspiratoria incremental (IMI). La progresión de la carga se realizó cada dos semanas. Después de dos meses, todas las pruebas se volvieron a aplicar. En la prueba de Minnesota, los valores relacionados con la FC, antes y después de THE, fueron 36 vs. 8 (78% de mejora); los aspectos clínicos y psicológicos fueron 32 vs. 7 (mejora del 78%), el índice S fue de 41 vs. 51cmH2O (mejora del 24%). El IMT mejoró la FC y la CV de un paciente cardio-oncológico, constituyendo un recurso terapéutico viable para esta población.

Abstract Background: The use of combined oral contraceptives (COC) is a risk factor for atherosclerotic disease, and physical exercise can minimize this condition. Objective: To verify if high intensity interval training (HIIT) promotes changes in the lipid and inflammatory profile of women using COC. Methods: Sequential crossover study with women aged 20-30 years, classified as irregularly active by the international physical activity questionnaire (IPAQ), when using COC. A physical-clinical assessment was performed with anthropometric measurements, VO2max, and analysis of lipid and inflammatory profile. Participants were divided into 2 groups: the initial intervention group (GII), which began practicing HIIT for 2 months, and the posterior intervention group (GIP), which remained inactive for the same period. The GII and GIP would then alternate their conditions. The collected data was divided into: Initial moment (IM), post-exercise moment (PEM) and post-inactivity (PIM). The statistical analyses were performed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, adopting a significance level of p <0.05 . Results: Twelve women were evaluated. After crossing the GII and GIP data, there was a difference in the C-reactive protein values between the IM of 4 (1.6-6.3 mg/dL) vs. PEM 2 (1.5-5 mg/dL); as well as between the PEM vs. the PIM= 4 (1.5-5.8 mg/dL), with a p -value = 0.04 in the comparisons. There was no change between the “moments” of the lipid profile, although it was possible to notice a reduction in resting HR and an increase in indirect VO2max. Conclusion: The HIIT program was able to reduce the inflammatory profile, but it did not alter the lipid profile of irregularly active women using COC.

Resumo Objetivo Descrever os efeitos do contraceptivo oral combinado (COC) no sistema renina-angiotensina-aldosterona (SRAA). Fontes dos dadosTrata-se de uma revisão sistemática de acordo com os critérios do Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA), registrada no PROSPERO sob ID: CRD42020200019. As buscas foram realizadas entre agosto de 2020 e dezembro de 2021 nas bases de dados: Medline via Pubmed, Biblioteca Cochrane Central, Scientific Electronic Library Online, e Literatura Latino-americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde via Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde. Consultado os artigos sobre os efeitos do contraceptivo oral combinado nos valores da atividade da renina plasmática, valores plasmáticos da renina, valores do angiotensinogênio – também conhecido como substrato da renina plasmática –, valores da angiotensina e/ou aldosterona. Seleção dos estudosForam selecionados 877 estudos e, destes, 10 artigos preencheram os critérios de elegibilidade e foram incluídos nesta revisão. Coleta de dadosOs dados foram combinados por meio de síntese qualitativa e inclusos em uma planilha elaborada previamente pelos autores. Síntese dos dadosAs amostras coletadas variavam entre 18 e 137 participantes, totalizando 501 mulheres com idade entre 18 e 49 anos em todos os estudos. Os estudos apresentaram aumento da atividade da renina plasmática, do substrato da renina plasmática, da angiotensina II e da aldosterona nessa população. Conclusão Os achados deste estudo sugerem que o COC promove maior ativação do SRAA. Apoiando a ideia de que o seu uso esteja relacionado ao aumento do risco de eventos cardiovasculares, incluindo a hipertensão arterial sistêmica.

Abstract Objective To describe the effects of combined oral contraceptives (COC) on the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). Data sourcesThis is a systematic review according to the criteria of Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA), registered in PROSPERO under the ID: CRD42020200019. Searches were performed between August 2020 and December 2021, in the following databases: Medline via Pubmed, Cochrane Central Library, Scientific Electronic Library Online, and Latin American and Caribbean Literature in Health Sciences via Virtual Health Library. The effects of the combined oral contraceptive on plasma renin activity values, plasma renin values, angiotensinogen values— also known as plasma renin substrate— angiotensin, and/or aldosterone values. Study selectionA total of 877 studies were selected and, of these, 10 articles met the eligibility criteria and were included in this review. Data collectionData were combined through qualitative synthesis and included in a spreadsheet previously prepared by the authors. Data synthesisThe collected samples ranged from 18 to 137 participants, totaling 501 women aged between 18 and 49 years throughout all studies. The studies showed increased activity of plasma renin, plasma renin substrate, angiotensin II, and aldosterone in this population. Conclusion The findings of this study suggest that the COC promotes greater activation of the RAAS. Supporting the idea that its use is related to an increased risk of cardiovascular events, including systemic arterial hypertension.

Introduction and objective: Sickle cell anemia (SCA) is a genetic condition that alters the conformation of deoxygenated red blood cells, which results in their stiffening and the occurrence of vaso-occlusive crises, endothelium damage, organ dysfunction and systemic complications. Additionally, SCA limits the participation of individuals in physical and social activities. As we consider that physical exercise promotes the recovery of functional capacity and cardiorespiratory conditioning, we aim to verify the patterns of prescription, the effects and safety of exercise for individuals with SCA. Methodology: We systematically reviewed the published literature focusing on clinical trials that correlated physical exercise with SCA patients and cross-sectional studies that applied the stress test. The data research was based on the PRISMA recommendations and the following databases were used: Medline by PubMed, Cochrane, PEDro, Scielo. Results: Six studies which were based on the evaluation of 212 patients aged between 13 and 40 years, were selected from 122 identified studies. Those studies associated the individual effort tolerance improvement, its inflammatory profile adjustment and the absence of alteration in the autonomic nervous system activity to physical exercise or stress test. Conclusion: Low-to-moderate intensity physical exercise increased the SCA individual tolerance without causing vaso-occlusive crises, nor changes in the hemorheological and inflammatory profiles.

Abstract Introduction: Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) is associated with reduced ventilatory muscle strength and consequent worsening of functional capacity (FC). Inspiratory Muscle Training (IMT) can be indicated, but there is still a lack of knowledge about the use of the anaerobic threshold (AT) as a basis for prescription. The objective of this study is to evaluate if IMT based on AT modifies FC and inspiratory muscle strength of patients submitted to CABG. Methods: This is a clinical trial. On the first postoperative day, the patients were divided into two groups: the conventional group (IMT-C), which performed IMT based on 40% of maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP), and the IMT-AT group, which performed IMT based on AT. All patients underwent preoperative and postoperative assessment of MIP and performed a six-minute walk test (6MWT). Results: Forty-two patients were evaluated, 21 in each group. Their mean age was 61.4±10 years and 27 (64%) of them were male. There was a reduction of inspiratory muscle strength with a delta of 23±13 cmH2O in the IMT-C group vs. 11±10 cmH2O in the IMT-AT group (P<0.01) and of the walking distance with a delta of 94±34 meters in the IMT-C group vs. 57±30 meters in the IMT-AT group (P=0.04). Conclusion: IMT based on AT minimized the loss of FC and inspiratory muscle strength of patients submitted to CABG.

Abstract Backgroud: Recent studies show that women on combined oral contraceptives (COC) present abnormal fasting lipid profile, increased postprandial lipemia, plasma C-reactive protein (CRP) and blood pressure (BP) compared to women not on combined oral contraceptives. Plasma renin is one of the factors responsible for abnormal BP. Objectives: To assess plasma renin levels in women using or not using COC, the correlation between renin and CRP, as well as divergences in lipid profile. Methods: A cross-sectional study with apparently healthy women aged 20 to 30, eutrophic, irregularly active, and with fasting triglycerides < 150 mg/dL. The sample was stratified into two groups: the No Combined Oral Contraceptive Group (NCOCG), comprised of women who did not use any type of hormone contraceptive, and the Combined Oral Contraceptive Group (COCG) comprised of women on low-dose COC for at least one year. After a 12-hour fast, 5 ml of blood was collected for renin dosing and PCR. Data were analyzed by the t-Test and bidirectional Mann-Whitney Test, both with significance < 0.05. Results: We evaluated 44 women equally distributed between the groups, age 23 ± 1.2 years, BMI 21.0 ± 3.2 kg/m2. Median and interquartile deviation of renin in the NCOCG and the COCG were, respectively, 0.5 (0.1-1.0) and 3.0 (2-6) (p < 0.01). A positive correlation between PCR and renin (p < 0.01 and r = 0.68) was found. Conclusion: The plasma renin levels of women using COC were higher, with a strong correlation with CRP.

Abstract Background: Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) is a type of surgery where there is a compromise in one or more coronary arteries, with the objective of restoring function to the areas that have been compromised in the heart, possibly leading to respiratory compromise and postoperative complications. The return time of the pulmonary function to the preoperative condition is still indeterminate in the literature. Objective: To describe the behavior of pulmonary function after hospital discharge in patients submitted to CABG. Methods: This is a prospective cohort study. Only patients undergoing MRI, whose lung function was evaluated preoperatively, at hospital discharge and 30 days after surgery, were evaluated. This evaluation consisted of maximum inspiratory pressure (MIP) and expiratory (MEP), vital capacity (VC) and expiratory flow peak (EFP). Results: A total of 30 patients were evaluated, of which 18 (60%) were males, mean age 62 ± 9 years. A reduction in lung function from preoperative time to hospital discharge was observed in all variables. There was improvement in MIP (88 ± 9 vs 109 ± 5, p < 0.001), MEP (67 ± 10 for 90 ± 8, p < 0.001) and EFP (310 ± 59 for 390 ± 32, p < 0.001), high for review. At the time of the review, no variables returned to their preoperative value: MIP (116 ± 5 for 109 ± 5, p = 0.43), MEP (111 ± 8 for 90 ± 8, p < 0.001), VC (45 ± 12 for 39 ± 7, p = 0.33) and EFP (430 ± 40 for 390 ± 32, p < 0.001). Conclusion: It is concluded that MRI surgery reduces lung function and is not reestablished after 30 days of the procedure. Being the expiratory muscular force and the peak of expiratory flow the most affected.

Abstract Objective: to test the hypothesis that acute physical exercise would change the fatty acids in the serum of individuals with increased body weight. Method: sixty-six sedentary women with excess weight were included in the sample (BMI = 29.6 ± 4.2). They were aged 24.4 ± 3.6 years and were randomly divided into control and exercise groups. After 12 hours fasting, basal blood collection was performed. Twelve hours after the first collection, the exercise group was submitted to a physical exercise session with energy expenditure of 250 kcal. The volunteers underwent a second blood collection 24 hours after the first one and dosed the fatty acids: pelargonic, azelaic, elaidic and oleic. Results: physical exercise did not change the fatty acid profile response for both the intragroup analysis and intergroup analysis. Exercise group: pelargonic (before = 0.12 ± 0.06% vs after = 0.15 ± 0.14%, p = 0.507); azelaic (before = 20.3 ± 10.5% vs after = 27.7 ± 25.4%, p = 0.295); elaidic (before = 0.03 ± 0.01% vs after = 0.04 ± 0.01%, p = 0.328); oleic (before = 16.1 ± 7.4% vs after = 20.3 ± 14.6%, p = 0.236). Control group: pelargonic (before = 0.70 ± 0.45% vs after = 0.71 ± 0.51%, p = 0.776); azelaic (before = 62.1 ± 26% vs after = 57.1 ± 27%, p = 0.197); elaidic (before = 0.05 ± 0.02% mg/dl vs after = 0.05 ± 0.03%, p = 0.530); oleic (before = 26.8 ± 22.7% mg/dl vs after = 29.0 ± 22.4%, p = 0.525). Conclusion: in women with overweight, low intensity physical exercise is not capable of changing the medium-chain fatty acids in the first 12 hours.

Resumen Objetivo: probar la hipótesis de que ejercicio físico agudo cambiaría los ácidos grasos en el suero de las personas con mayor peso corporal. Método: se incluyeron en la muestra sesenta y seis mujeres sedentarias con exceso de peso (IMC = 29.6 ± 4.2). Tenían una edad de 24,4 ± 3,6 años y se dividieron aleatoriamente en grupos de control y ejercicio. Después de 12 horas de ayuno, se realizó la extracción de sangre basal. Doce horas después de la primera extracción, el grupo de ejercicio se sometió a una sesión de ejercicio físico con un gasto de energía de 250 kcal. Los voluntarios se sometieron a una segunda extracción de sangre 24 horas después de la primera con dosificación de los ácidos grasos: pelargónico, azelaico, elaídico y oleico. Resultados: el ejercicio físico no modificó la respuesta del perfil de ácidos grasos para el análisis intragrupo y el análisis intergrupo. Ejercicio grupo: pelargónico (antes = 0,12 ± 0,06% vs después = 0,15 ± 0,14%, p = 0,507); azelaico (antes = 20,3 ± 10,5% vs después = 27,7 ± 25,4%, p = 0,295); elaídico (antes = 0,03 ± 0,01% vs después = 0,04 ± 0,01%, p = 0,328); oleico (antes = 16,1 ± 7,4% vs después = 20,3 ± 14,6%, p = 0,236). Grupo de control: pelargónico (antes = 0,70 ± 0,45% vs después = 0,71 ± 0,51%, p = 0,776); azelaico (antes = 62,1 ± 26% vs después = 57,1 ± 27%, p = 0,197); elaídico (antes = 0,05 ± 0,02% mg/dl vs después = 0,05 ± 0,03%, p = 0,530); oleico (antes = 26.8 ± 22,7% mg/dl vs después = 29,0 ± 22,4%, p = 0,525). Conclusión: en mujeres con sobrepeso, el ejercicio físico de baja intensidad no produce ningún cambio en los ácidos grasos de cadena media en las primeras 12 horas.

Resumo Fundamento: O uso de contraceptivo oral combinado (COC) tem sido relacionado com alterações no metabolismo glicêmico, lipídico, maior estresse oxidativo e pressão arterial sistêmica, o que poderia sugerir maior oxidação da lipoproteína de baixa densidade colesterol (LDL-colesterol) em mulheres que utilizam COC. Objetivo: Testar a hipótese de que existe diferença nos valores plasmáticos da LDL-oxidada entre mulheres que utilizam e não utilizam COC, bem como avaliar a correlação entre ela e o perfil lipídico e proteína C reativa de alta sensibilidade (PCR-as). Métodos: Foram selecionadas 42 mulheres com idade entre 18 e 35 anos, eutróficas, irregularmente ativas, com triglicerídeos < 150 mg/dL, glicemia < 100 mg/dL e que utilizavam ou não COC. Essas foram alocadas no grupo COC, formado por 21 mulheres em uso COC há pelo menos 1 ano; e grupo controle (GC), composto por 21 mulheres que não utilizavam nenhum tipo de contraceptivo hormonal há pelo menos 1 ano. Adotado um nível de significância de 5% para as análises estatísticas. Resultados: Foi observado que o GCOC apresenta valores mais elevados da LDL-oxidada que o GC, respectivamente 384 mU/mL versus 283 mU/mL (p < 0,01). Também foi observado correlação positiva entre a LDL-oxidada e a LDL-colesterol (r = 0,3, p < 0,05), com o colesterol total (r = 0,47, p < 0,01) e com os triglicerídeos (r = 0,32, p < 0,03), não havendo correlação com a PCR-as. Na análise categorizada da LDL-oxidada, 71,4% das mulheres do GCOC e 28,6% do GC mantiveram-se acima do ponto de corte estabelecido. Conclusão: Mulheres que utilizam COC apresentam valores plasmáticos mais elevados da LDL-oxidada, existindo, correlação positiva entre a LDL-oxidada e outras variáveis lipídicas.

Abstract Background: The use of combined oral contraceptive (COC) has been related to changes in glycemic, lipid metabolism, increased oxidative stress, and systemic blood pressure, which could suggest a higher oxidation of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-cholesterol) in women on use of COC. Objective: To test the hypothesis that there is a difference in the plasma values of oxidized LDL among women who use and do not use COC, as well as to evaluate the correlation between it and the lipid profile and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP). Methods: Forty-two women with ages between 18 and 35 years old, who were eutrophic, irregularly active, with triglycerides < 150 mg/dL, blood glucose < 100 mg/dL, and who used or did not use COC were selected. These women were allocated in the COC group, formed by 21 women on COC use for at least 1 year; and a control group (CG), consisting of 21 women who had not used any type of hormonal contraceptive for at least 1 year. A significance level of 5% was adopted for statistical analyses. Results: It was observed that GCOC showed higher values of oxidized LDL than the CG, respectively 384 mU/mL versus 283 mU/mL (p < 0.01). A positive correlation between oxidized LDL and LDL-cholesterol (r = 0.3, p < 0.05), with total cholesterol (r = 0.47, p < 0.01) and with triglycerides (r = 0.32, p < 0.03) was observed, and there was no correlation with the hs-CRP. In the categorized analysis of oxidized LDL, 71.4% of GCOC women, and 28.6% of the CG remained above the established cutoff point. Conclusion: Women who use COC have higher plasma levels of oxidized LDL, and there is a positive correlation between oxidized LDL and other lipid variables.

Abstract Introduction: Cardiac surgery is a highly complex procedure which generates worsening of lung function and decreased inspiratory muscle strength. The inspiratory muscle training becomes effective for muscle strengthening and can improve functional capacity. Objective: To investigate the effect of inspiratory muscle training on functional capacity submaximal and inspiratory muscle strength in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Methods: This is a clinical randomized controlled trial with patients undergoing cardiac surgery at Instituto Nobre de Cardiologia. Patients were divided into two groups: control group and training. Preoperatively, were assessed the maximum inspiratory pressure and the distance covered in a 6-minute walk test. From the third postoperative day, the control group was managed according to the routine of the unit while the training group underwent daily protocol of respiratory muscle training until the day of discharge. Results: 50 patients, 27 (54%) males were included, with a mean age of 56.7±13.9 years. After the analysis, the training group had significant increase in maximum inspiratory pressure (69.5±14.9 vs. 83.1±19.1 cmH2O, P=0.0073) and 6-minute walk test (422.4±102.8 vs. 502.4±112.8 m, P=0.0031). Conclusion: We conclude that inspiratory muscle training was effective in improving functional capacity submaximal and inspiratory muscle strength in this sample of patients undergoing cardiac surgery.

Fundamento: Lipemia pós-prandial (LPP) é um processo fisiológico que reflete a capacidade do organismo de metabolizar lipídeos. Embora não seja conhecida a influência dos contraceptivos orais (CO) na LPP, sabe-se que o seu uso eleva os valores lipídicos de jejum. Objetivo: Comparar LPP entre mulheres que utilizam e não utilizam CO. Métodos: Estudo analítico prospectivo, no qual foram avaliadas mulheres eutróficas, com idade entre 18 e 28 anos, irregularmente ativas e com triglicerídeos de jejum ≤150 mg/dL divididas em dois grupos: grupo contraceptivo (GCO) e grupo sem contraceptivo (GSCO). As voluntárias foram submetidas ao teste de LPP, no qual amostras sanguíneas foram coletadas no tempo 0 (jejum de 12 h) e após ingestão de lipídios nos tempos 180 e 240 minutos. Para comparação dos deltas dos triglicerídeos, que refletem a LPP, entre as coletas de jejum e 180 min (Δ1) e jejum e 240 min (Δ2), foi utilizado o teste de Mann-Whitney bidirecional para amostras independentes. Resultados: Foram avaliadas 40 mulheres divididas igualmente entre os grupos. No perfil lipídico de jejum, observou-se que a HDL não apresentou diferença significativa e que os triglicerídeos do GCO foram o dobro do GSCO. As medianas de Δ1 e Δ2 apresentaram diferença significativa nas duas comparações (p ≤0,05). Conclusão: Os resultados apontam que mulheres irregularmente ativas que utilizam CO apresentam LPP maior que aquelas que não utilizam CO, sugerindo que nessa população seu uso crônico aumenta o risco de doenças cardiovasculares.

Background: Postprandial Lipemia (PPL) is a physiological process that reflects the ability of the body to metabolize lipids. Even though the influence of oral contraceptives (OC) on PPL is not known, it is a known fact that their use increases fasting lipid values. Objective: To compare the PPL between women who are on OC and those who are not. Methods: A prospective analytical study which assessed eutrophic women, aged between 18 and 28 years old, who were irregularly active and with fasting triglycerides ≤150 mg/dL. They were divided into two groups: oral contraceptive group (COG) and non-oral contraceptive group (NCOG). Volunteers were submitted to the PPL test, in which blood samples were collected in time 0 (12-hour fasting) and after the intake of lipids in times 180 and 240 minutes. In order to compare the triglyceride deltas, which reflect PPL, the two-tailed Mann-Whitney test was used for independent samples between fasting collections and 180 minutes (Δ1) and between fasting and 240 minutes (Δ2). Results: Forty women were assessed and equally divided between groups. In the fasting lipid profile, it was observed that HDL did not present significant differences and that triglycerides in COG were twice as high in comparison to NCOG. Medians of Δ1 and Δ2 presented significant differences in both comparisons (p ≤0.05). Conclusion: The results point out that women who are irregularly active and use OC present more PPL in relation to those who do not use OC, which suggests that in this population, its chronic use increases the risk of heart conditions.

BACKGROUND: The most common hereditary hemoglobin disorder, affecting 20 million individuals worldwide, is sickle cell disease. The vascular obstruction resulting from the sickling of cells in this disease can produce local hypoxemia, pain crises and infarction in several tissues, including the bones, spleen, kidneys and lungs. METHODS: The present study is characterized as a case control study, with the aim of identifying the baseline blood lactate concentration in individuals with hemoglobin SS and SC diseases. One-way ANOVA with the Tukey post-test was used to analyze the results and a p-value < 0.05 was considered significant. Calculations were made using the INSTAT statistical program. The graphs were generated using the ORING program. The study sample was composed of 31 men and women residing in the city of Santo Antônio de Jesus, Bahia, Brazil. The individuals were divided into two groups: Group GC of 16 subjects who did not present with any type of structural hemoglobinopathy; and Group GE composed of 15 individuals with ages between 2 and 35 years old, who had the SS and SC genotypes. Sample analyses were performed with 3 mL of blood during fasting. RESULTS: The baseline blood lactate concentration of the SS and SC individuals was higher than that of the control group (p<0.001) with means of 4.86 ± 0.95; 3.30 ± 0.33; 1.31 ± 0.08 IU/L for SS, SC and controls, respectively. This corroborates the initial research hypothesis. CONCLUSION: The baseline blood lactate of SS and SC individuals is 3 to 4 times higher than that of healthy subjects, probably due to the fact that these patients have a metabolic deviation to the anaerobic pathway.