RESUMO Este trabalho objetivou estudar os efeitos de quatro soluções eletrolíticas orais (SEO) comerciais, de uma SEO não comercial (SEO UEL) e da solução de ringer com lactato (SRL), sobre a glicemia e os equilíbrios hídrico, eletrolítico e ácido-base de bezerros neonatos sadios. Utilizaram-se seis bezerros, os quais receberam todas as seis SEO, uma por vez, e cada tratamento foi realizado no período de um dia. Amostras de sangue venoso foram coletadas, em diferentes momentos do dia de tratamento, para a determinação da proteína plasmática total, glicemia e hemogasometria. Valores de SID3 e variação do volume plasmático foram calculados. A análise de variância de medidas repetidas foi empregada para comparação entre os momentos e as soluções. As SEO não provocaram alterações de magnitude alta ou prolongadas nos equilíbrios hídrico, eletrolítico e ácido-base dos bezerros. Pode-se concluir que todas as SEO, à exceção da SEO A, originaram expansão da volemia. As SEO B e C originaram efeito alcalinizante, enquanto a D afetou a glicemia, e a SRL aumentou a cloremia. A SEO UEL não produziu nenhum efeito marcante além da expansão do volume plasmático.

ABSTRACT This work aimed to study the effects of four commercially available oral electrolyte solutions (OES), of a non-commercial OES (OES UEL), and of the lactated Ringer’s solution (LRS) administered orally, on the glycemia and water, electrolyte, and acid base balance of healthy neonatal calves. Six calves were used, all of them received the six OES, one at a time, and each treatment was performed within one day. Venous blood samples were taken, in different moments in the treatment day, for determination of total plasma protein, glycemia and blood gas analysis. Values of SID3 and plasma volume variation were calculated. Repeated measures ANOVA was used for comparison between moments and solutions. The OES studied did not induced changes of high or prolonged magnitude in the water, electrolyte, and acid base balances of the calvesIn conclusion, all OES, with the exception to OES A, led to expansion of the plasma volume. The OES B and C had an alkalizing effect while D affected glycemia and LRS increased chloremia. The OES UEL did not produce any marked effect, besides the expansion of plasma volume.

ABSTRACT The purpose of this investigation was to determine the influence of colored shade nets on the growth, anatomy and essential oil content, yield and chemical composition of Pogostemon cablin. The plants were cultivated under full sunlight, black, blue and red nets. The harvesting was performed 5 months after planting and it was followed by the analysis of plant growth parameters, leaf anatomy, essential oil content, yield and chemical composition. The plants grown under red net have produced more leaf, shoot, total dry weight and leaf area. Plants cultivated under colored nets showed differences in morphological features. Plants maintained under red net had a higher leaf blade thickness and polar and equatorial diameter of the stomata ratio. Additionally, higher yield of essential oil in the leaves was observed under red and blue colored shade net. The essential oil of the plants grown under red net showed the highest relative percentage of patchoulol (66.84%). Therefore, it is possible using colored shade nets to manipulate P. cablin growth, as well as its essential oil production with several chemical compositions. The analyses of principal components allowed observing that pogostol has negative correlation with α-guaiene and α-bulnesene. There was difference in total dry weight and patchoulol content when the patchouli is cultured under the red colored shade nets.

O principal objetivo da pesquisa foi a avaliação de aspectos da anatomia foliar, da morfologia dos órgãos vegetativos, bem como a produção de biomassa em plantas jovens de Copaifera langsdorffii desenvolvidas sob diferentes temperaturas. Foram coletadas sementes e colocadas para germinar em câmara BOD a 30ºC. Após trinta dias as plântulas, com o primeiro par de folhas completamente expandidas, foram transplantadas para copos contendo plantimax®, e aclimatizadas durante quinze dias em casa de vegetação, quando foram transferidas para BODs com temperaturas T1-15ºC, T2-25ºC, T3-35ºC, e a testemunha (T) que permaneceu em casa de vegetação (29ºC). O experimento foi conduzido por um período de 120 dias. Foram observadas diferenças significativas no tamanho e frequência dos estômatos, nas dimensões das cavidades secretoras de óleo, na espessura do mesofilo, nos aspectos morfológicos externos, e na produção de biomassa. A produção de mudas sob temperatura de 25ºC foi apropriada, sendo a condição onde as plantas tornaram-se mais vigorosas, com morfologia mais uniforme nos órgãos vegetativos e houve maior produção de biomassa seca.

The main purpose of this study was to evaluate aspects of leaf anatomy, morphology of vegetative organs and biomass production in Copaifera langsdorffii saplings developed under heat shock treatment. Seeds were collected and germinated in BOD chamber at 30 ºC. After thirty days, the seedlings with the first pair of fully expanded leaves were transplanted into cups containing Plantimax®, acclimatized for two weeks in a greenhouse and transferred to growth chamber with the temperatures T1-15 ºC, T2-25 ºC, T3- 35 ºC, and the control (T) remained in a greenhouse (29 ºC). The experiment was conducted over a period of 120 days. Significant differences were observed in size and frequency of stomata, size of the oil secretory cavities, thickness of the mesophyll in the external morphology and biomass production. The production of seedlings at 25 ºC is suitable, a condition in which the plants become more vigorous with a more uniform morphology in the vegetative organs and higher production of biomass.

Dentre os tumores que afetam o plexo coroide em cães, o papiloma figura como o segundo tipo de maior incidência, antecedido apenas pelo carcinoma. O diagnóstico presuntivo pode ser elaborado por meio de métodos de imagem, como a tomografia computadorizada e a ressonância magnética. O diagnóstico definitivo de tumor do plexo coroide é estabelecido com base nos achados histopatológicos. Relatamos os aspectos tomográficos do crânio em uma fêmea de 6 anos, inteira, da raça Rottweiler, com papiloma do plexo coroide. A tomografia computadorizada revelou dilatação do ventrículo lateral direito, desvio da linha média e a presença de uma massa, que sofreu realce na fase pós-contraste. À necropsia, foi observada uma massa sobre o assoalho do ventrículo lateral direito, associada à importante dilatação ventricular. A análise histopatológica demonstrou a presença de células poligonais neoplásicas, arranjadas em papilas longas. A tomografia computadorizada apresentou-se como uma ferramenta eficaz no diagnóstico presuntivo desse tipo de alteração cerebral.

Among the tumors affecting the choroid plexus in dogs, the papilloma ranks second place in incidence after cell carcinoma tumors. Presumptive diagnosis can be made through imaging methods, such as computed tomography and magnetic resonance images. Definitive diagnosis of plexus choroid tumor is based on histopathological findings. This report presented the tomographic features of the brain in a 6-year-old intact female Rottweiler with choroid plexus papilloma. The computed tomography showed right lateral ventricle enlargement, midline deviation and an enhanced mass into the postcontrast phase. At necropsy, a mass on the floor of the right lateral ventricle was observed, associated with important ventricle dilatation. The histopathological analysis demonstrated the presence of neoplastic cell forms with papillary projections. The computed tomography proved to be an effective tool in the presumptive diagnosis of this kind of cerebral disorder.

Maytenus ilicifolia é uma espécie medicinal nativa do Brasil que vem sendo cultivada para atender a crescente demanda do mercado. Os fatores que interferem na produção, tal como a incidência de pragas e doenças, devem ser estudados para garantir o incremento na produtividade. O objetivo deste trabalho foi registrar a ocorrência e a identificação de cochonilhas associadas a 15 acessos de espinheira-santa (Maytenus ilicifolia) do Banco Ativo de Germoplasma da Embrapa Clima Temperado e do Instituto Federal Sul-rio-grandense. Foi registrada a quantidade de plantas infestadas em cada acesso e identificado, em laboratório, as espécies de cochonilhas infestantes. O número de plantas infestadas variou entre os acessos. Foram identificadas as cochonilhas Ceroplastes sp. e Saissetia oleae, família Coccidae. Dos 10 acessos infestados, 23 (11,3%) plantas apresentaram infestação com Ceroplastes sp. e, apenas uma (0,5%), com Saissetia oleae. O acesso 133 mostrou a maior incidência de Ceroplastes sp. (33,3%), seguido do acesso 130 (25,0%). O acesso 123 foi o que apresentou menor quantidade de plantas infestadas (4,8%). Saissetia oleae ocorreu em apenas uma planta, pertencente ao acesso 136 (5,6%).

Maytenus ilicifolia is a medicinal species native to Brazil which has been cultivated to meet the growing market demand. Factors that interfere with the production, such as the incidence of pests and diseases, should be studied to ensure increased productivity. The aim of this study was to record the occurrence and the identification of mealybugs associated with 15 "espinheira-santa" (Maytenus ilicifolia) accessions from the Active Germplasm Bank of "Embrapa Clima Temperado" and "Instituto Federal Sul-rio-grandense". The quantity of infested plants in each accession was recorded and the species of infested mealybugs were identified in the laboratory. The number of infested plants varied among accessions. The identified mealybugs were Ceroplastes sp. and Saissetia oleae, family Coccidae. Of 10 infested accessions, 23 plants (11.3%) showed infestation with Ceroplastes sp., and only one (0.5%) with Saissetia oleae. Accession 133 showed the highest incidence of Ceroplastes sp. (33.3%), followed by accession 130 (25.0%). Accession 123 had the least amount of infested plants (4.8%). Saissetia oleae occurred in only one plant, belonging to accession 136 (5.6%).

CONTEXTO: Evidências clínicas e experimentais sugerem que a doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica (DPOC) se associa a sintomas neurocomportamentais que variam da lentidão cognitiva à confusão mental e à demência. PROPÓSITO: Testar a hipótese de que a DPOC pode comprometer a cognição na ausência de estado confusional agudo ou de demência. MÉTODO: O estado cognitivo global de 30 pacientes com DPOC sem demência e sem confusão mental aguda e o de 34 controles foi examinado com a versão brasileira do Mini-Exame do Estado Mental (MEEM). RESULTADOS: As pontuações no meem mostraram-se significativamente mais baixas nos pacientes, e inversamente relacionadas à gravidade da DPOC. Este achado não pôde ser atribuído a diferenças de idade, escolaridade, sonolência diurna, hypoxemia, tabagismo crônico, ou a doenças associadas como diabetes, depressão, hipertensão arterial ou alcoolismo. CONCLUSÃO: Estes resultados sugerem a existência de uma encefalopatia subclínica da DPOC caracterizada por comprometimento sutil da capacidade cognitiva global.

BACKGROUND: Clinical and experimental evidence suggests that chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is associated with a variety of mental symptoms that range from cognitive slowing to mental confusion and dementia. PURPOSE: To test the hypothesis that COPD leads to cognitive impairment in the absence of acute confusion or dementia. METHOD: The global cognitive status of 30 patients with COPD without dementia or acute confusion and 34 controls was assessed with a Brazilian version of the Mini-Mental State Exam (MMSE). RESULTS: The MMSE scores were significantly lower in the patient group and inversely related to the severity of COPD. This finding could not be attributed to age, education, gender, daytime sleepiness, hypoxemia, chronic tobacco use, or associated diseases such as diabetes, depression, high blood pressure or alcoholism. CONCLUSION: These results suggest the existence of a subclinical encephalopathy of COPD characterized by a subtle impairment of global cognitive ability.

Purpose: Effectivety for endoscopic treatment for primary reflux has been under discussion as a single procedure. In the last 3 years our unit have been used Deflux, (dextranomer copolymer in hialuronic acid) for this pathology. The aim of this study is to analyze the results of our experience. Material and methods: Since 2002, a prospective protocol for VUR has been applied. We reviewed the last 25 cases treated with Deflux‰ injection who had ultrasound and cistography. Results: 86% (n=21) were females and with a mean age of 6.1 years (range 2-14) the success rate with a single injection was 73.6% (n=28). The amount of deflux injected was irrelevant in the result . The results in the low grades reflux (I-II) reaching the 100% (n=15). The worse result was in the double system cases with just one successful case out of 6 injected. The procedure was in outpatient bases. There were no periprocedures complications. Conclusions: The endoscopic treatment for VUR with Deflux, is a good alternative to medical treatment especially in single ureter with low grade. Therefore the authors recommend this technique at the time of counseling parents.

Propósito: El tratamiento endoscópico en el reflujo vésicoureteral primario es una alternativa disponible desde hace ya un tiempo. En nuestro hospital estamos usando el Deflux (copolímero de dextranomero en acido hialurónico) desde 2002. En éste trabajo revisamos la efectividad de éste procedimiento en pacientes con distintos tipos y grados de reflujo. Método: Analizamos en forma prospectiva 25 pacientes, con 38 uréteres refluyentes, inyectados desde Enero 2002 hasta Diciembre 2005 que contaran con ecografía y uretrocistografía post operatoria. Resultados: El 86% (21) eran de sexo femenino, y su edad promedio fue de 6,1 años (2 a 14 a). El resultado fue exitoso en un 73,6% (n= 28) de los casos con una inyección, la cantidad de sustancia inyectada no fue relevante en el resultado. Se obtuvo mucho mejor resultado en los grados bajos, alcanzando un 100% de resolución en los grados 1 y 2 (n=15) al igual que en los casos de uréter simple y unilateral (n=10). El peor resultado fue obtenido en los casos de uréter doble, resolviéndose solo en 1 de 6 uréteres. El procedimiento fue siempre ambulatorio y no tuvimos complicaciones perioperatorias. Conclusiones: Nos parece que el tratamiento endoscópico con Deflux es un muy buen tratamiento para el reflujo vésicoureteral primario como alternativa tanto al tratamiento médico, como al quirúrgico, especialmente en los casos unilaterales y en sistemas únicos. Los autores recomiendan esta técnica en el momento de aconsejar a los padres.

There is a great incentive for developing systematic approaches that effectively identify strategies for planning oilfield complexes. This paper proposes an MILP that relies on a reformulation of the model developed by Tsarbopoulou (UCL M.S. Dissertation, London, 2000). Moreover, a bilevel decomposition technique is applied to the MILP. A master problem determines the assignment of platforms to wells and a planning subproblem calculates the timing for fixed assignments. Furthermore, a heuristic search procedure that relies on the distance between platforms and wells is applied in order to reduce the search region. Results show that the decomposition approach using heuristic generates optimal solutions for instances of up to 500 wells and 25 platforms in 10 discrete time periods that otherwise could not be solved with a full-scale approach. One important feature regarding these instances is that they correspond to problems of real-world dimension.

Patients and methods. We perform a retrospective analysis of clinical results in 53 consecutive patients surgically treated for cervical myelopathy or myelo-radiculopathy with anterior cervical discectomy and interbody fusion by means of the Cloward procedure. Results. 64.2% of the patients had good outcome as measured by the improvement in one or more grades in the Nurick´s scale. No mortality related to the surgical procedure was noted, although 9.4% of the cases suffered neurological deterioration. Correct fusion was achieved in 92.5% of the patients, with a rate of post-surgical kyphosis of 9.4%. Multivariate analysis identified as factors related to the clinical outcome: age (p=0.008), vascular risk factors (p=0.031), duration of symptoms (p=0.002), pre-surgical neurological status (p<0.001), neuroradiological diagnosis (p=0.014), intra-medullary high signal intensity changes in T2-weighted images (p=0.008), prolongation of the central somato-sensory or motor conduction times (p=0.004) and neurologic complications (p=0.012) Conclusions. Treatment optimisation of the patient suffering cervical spondylotic myelopathy requires individualised evaluation. Prospective randomised studies are needed to answer the questions when and how to operate.

Pacientes y métodos. Se analiza de forma retrospectiva el resultado clínico de una serie consecutiva de 53 pacientes afectos de mielopatía o mielorradiculopatía cervical que fueron intervenidos mediante discectomía cervical y artrodesis por vía anterior utilizando la técnica de Cloward, con un seguimiento medio de 3 años. Resultados. El 64.2% de los pacientes se benefició del tratamiento quirúrgico, mejorando en uno o más grados en la escala de Nurick. No se produjo mortalidad, aunque apareció deterioro neurológico en el 9.4% de los casos. Se objetivó una correcta fusión de los segmentos intervenidos en el 92.5% de las cirugías, desarrollando un 9.4% de los enfermos cifosis postquirúrgica. En el análisis multivariante se identificaron como factores relacionados con el resultado clínico: edad (p=0.008), presencia de factores de riesgo vascular (p=0.031), duración de la clínica (p=0.002), estado neurológico prequirúrgico (p<0.001), diagnóstico neurorradiológico (p=0.014), presencia de hiperseñal intramedular en las secuencias de resonancia magnética potenciadas en T2 (p=0.008), alteración de la conducción medular en el estudio neurofisiológico (p=0.004) y desarrollo de complicaciones quirúrgicas (p=0.012). Conclusiones. Dadas las discrepancias existentes en la actualidad, la optimización del tratamiento de estos pacientes pasa por una valoración individualizada, y por la realización de estudios prospectivos y randomizados que respondan a las preguntas cuándo y cómo operar.

A case of EH of the penis in a sixtyfour-year-old patient is described. This is a rare -in this location- vascular tumor of borderline malignant potential between hemangioma and angiosarcoma. Local excision of the tumor with a cut-off of normal tissue and careful follow-up of the patient is the accepted procedure. Immunohistochemistry is essential for the diagnosis.

Describimos un HE de pene en un varón de 64 años. Se trata de un tumor vascular de potencial maligno intermedio entre un hemangioma y un angiosarcoma de muy escasa aparición en esta localización. Su tratamiento comprende la extirpación amplia y la vigilancia una vez descartada la presencia de metástasis o multifocalidad. La histopatología es esencial en el diagnóstico.

The objective of the present study was to assess esophageal motor function in 21 children (7.5 ± 2.9 years) with caustic strictures. Esophageal manometry was performed using a water-infusion system interfaced with a polygraph and displayed on a computer screen. The data were compared with those obtained from 9 healthy children. Radionuclide transit was determined by studying deglutition of a single bolus of 99mTc pertechnetate in 10 ml of water. Non-peristaltic low-amplitude and long-duration waves were the most common findings detected in patients with strictures longer than 20% of esophageal length (N = 11). Compared with the control group, these patients presented lower mean amplitude and longer mean duration of waves (24.4 ± 11.2 vs 97.9 ± 23.7 mmHg, P < 0.05, and 6.7 ± 2.4 vs 1.6 ± 0.1 s, P < 0.05, respectively). Six patients presented low-amplitude waves just below the constricted site. Ten children presented delayed esophageal transit. There was an association between dysphagia and abnormalities on manometry (P = 0.02) and between symptoms and scintigraphy data (P = 0.01). Dysphagia in caustic strictures is due to esophageal motility abnormalities, which are closely related to the scarred segment.

An optimization method for determining the best configuration(s) of gasketed plate heat exchangers is presented. The objective is to select the configuration(s) with the minimum heat transfer area that still satisfies constraints on the number of channels, the pressure drop of both fluids, the channel flow velocities and the exchanger thermal effectiveness. The configuration of the exchanger is defined by six parameters, which are as follows: the number of channels, the numbers of passes on each side, the fluid locations, the feed positions and the type of flow in the channels. The resulting configuration optimization problem is formulated as the minimization of the exchanger heat transfer area and a screening procedure is proposed for its solution. In this procedure, subsets of constraints are successively applied to eliminate infeasible and nonoptimal solutions. Examples show that the optimization method is able to successfully determine a set of optimal configurations with a minimum number of exchanger evaluations. Approximately 5 % of the pressure drop and channel velocity calculations and 1 % of the thermal simulations are required for the solution.

It is known that the optimal control may introduce significant economical benefits into production processes, thus being an important and challenging research area with practical relevance. The modeling and optimization of biotechnological processes has been object of research and their related results have generated improvements in operating conditions and strategies, however, the inherent features of dynamical bioprocesses prevent the application of conventional optimization algorithms, hence making necessary the development of tailored methods and strategies. The objective of this work is to develop mathematical programming strategies for simultaneous optimization of dynamic systems and evaluate their computational performance. Simultaneous optimization with orthogonal collocation is applied to a simplified model for biosynthesis of penicillin from glucose, which was studied by Cuthrell and Biegler (1989). The results show that discretization of differential equations systems (DAE) by orthogonal collocation in finite elements efficiently transforms dynamic optimization problems into nonlinear programming (NLP) problems, enabling to solve complex problems with several control variables and minimizing the approximation error.

Pipelines provide an economic mode of fluid transportation for petroleum systems, specially when large amounts of these products have to be pumped for large distances. The system discussed in this paper is composed of a petroleum refinery, a multiproduct pipeline connected to several depots and the corresponding consumer markets that receive large amounts of gasoline, diesel, LPG and aviation fuel. An MILP optimization model that is based on a convex-hull formulation is proposed for the scheduling system. The model must satisfy all the operational constraints, such as mass balances, distribution constraints and product demands. Results generated include the inventory levels at all locations, the distribution of products between the depots and the best ordering of products in the pipeline.

This paper addresses the problem of integrating in a single model operational optimization and cyclic scheduling of continuous plants. Considered are multiproduct, multistage plants with finite intermediate storage capacity (FIS). A combined optimization approach introduces synergic effects for more effective scheduling and plant operation (Alle and Pinto, 2001a,b). The representation proposed for this problem results in an MINLP model with a nonconvex feasible region and nonconvex objective function. In order to deal with nonconvexity, a spatial branch-and-bound global optimization algorithm is applied. Results show that the global approach is effectively able to yield more profitable solutions than those obtained by local optimization methods.