Over the last decade a considerable increase in the number of studies addressing the use of antioxidants from natural sources has led to the identification and understanding of the potential mechanisms of biologically active components. This results from the fact that they can be used to replace synthetic antioxidants commonly used in food. Murtilla (Ugni molinae Turcz) is a native berry grown in Chile, and in the present study, the phenolic composition and antioxidant activity of its fruits were studied. Hydroalcoholic extracts of dehydrated fruits from two genotypes of murtilla (Ugni molinae Turcz.) were produced. Extracts of wild murtilla and 14-4 genotype fruits had 19.35 and 40.28mg GAE/g for Total Phenolic Compounds, 76.48, and 134.35μmol TEAC/g for DPPH, and 157.04 and 293.99 μmol TEAC/g for ABTS, respectively. Components such as quercetin, epicatechin, and gallic, benzoic and hydrocaffeic acids were identified by CG/MS analysis. All of them showed antioxidant activity. Therefore, it is possible to say that the hydroalcoholic extracts of murtilla have antioxidant potential to be used in lipidic food.

Antecedentes: Las propiedades de las plantas con potencial de conservación de los alimentos se conocen desde la antigüedad. El uso de hierbas y especias para mejorar las características sensoriales y prolongar la vida de los alimentos ha tenido un incremento considerable en años recientes. Objetivos: Comparar las propiedades antioxidantes del orégano (Origanum vulgare L.) y de la salvia (Salvia officinalis L.) en carne de pollo precocinada con 0,50% de sal. Métodos: Las muestras fueron separadas en tres grupos: control (sólo sal), 0,10% de orégano (planta seca) y 0,10% salvia (planta seca), almacenadas a -20°C durante 144 horas. Las muestras de pollo fueron envasadas en bolsas de polietileno con tres capas, específicas para la cocción al vacío y a altas temperaturas. Las muestras fueron pre-cocidas durante 8 minutos a 80°C. Se utilizó el hexanal como indicador de la oxidación lipídica. Los análisis para evaluar la formación de hexanal se realizaron en los tiempos de 0, 48, 96 y 144 horas de almacenamiento refrigerado. El hexanal se determinó por cromatografía de gases con detector de espectrometría de masas (GC-MS), después de una micro-extracción en fase sólida en espacio de cabeza (HS-SPME) a 70°C, utilizando una fibra (DVD/CAR/PDMS) expuesta durante 20 minutos, y después de 5 minutos de equilibrio entre la muestra y el espacio de cabeza. El método ha sido validado de acuerdo a los parámetros más comunes, tales como límite de detección, linealidad, y repetibilidad. Resultados: Ambas plantas secas (orégano y salvia) son eficaces en la prevención de la oxidación lipídica de la carne de pollo durante 114 horas. El desarrollo de hexanal fue significativamente mayor en las muestras control, 34 μg/100g al inicio y 280 μg/100g de muestra al final del almacenamiento refrigerado. Conclusiones: La adición de 0,10% de orégano o salvia a las muestras en estudio resultó eficaz en la protección contra el desarrollo de hexanal. Además, el orégano demostró, en el largo plazo, ser más eficiente que la salvia. El nivel de hexanal para las 144 horas de almacenamiento fue de 5 μg/100g para el orégano y de 23 μg/100g para la salvia.

Background: The properties of plants with food preservation potential are well known since the antiquity. In recent years, the use of herbs and spices to improve the sensory characteristics and to extend the shelf-life of foods has been growing. Objectives: To compare oregano (Origanum vulgare L.) and sage (Salvia officinalis L.) as a natural antioxidant in balls of chicken breast and added 0.50% salt. Methods: Samples of chicken meatballs were pre-cooked for 8 minutes in a water bath at 80° C, and packaged in polyethylene bags with three layers, specific for vacuum cooking and high temperatures. The samples were separated into three groups: control (just salt), 0.10% oregano (dry plant) and sage 0.10% (dry plant), stored at -20° C for 144 hours. The tests to verify the formation of hexanal in samples were performed in the period of 0, 48, 96 and 144 hours of refrigerated storage. The determination of hexanal, extracted by micro-extraction (headspace solid phase micro-extraction - HS-SPME), was used as an indicator of the lipid oxidation of the samples. The analysis was conducted by a gas chromatograph coupled with a mass detector (GC-MS). The method was evaluated according to the validation parameters such as linearity, repeatability and detection limit. The extraction was conducted at 70° C using a fiber (DVD / CAR / PDMS) exposed for 20 minutes in the headspace after 5 minutes of equilibrium between the sample and the headspace. Results: Samples added 0.10% oregano or sage had effective protection in the development of hexanal, compared to control samples. The development of hexanal was significantly higher in the control samples, 34 μg of hexanal/100 g of sample at the beginning and 280 µg/100 g sample at the end of refrigerated storage. Conclusion: Herbs were effective in controlling the development of hexanal. However, the oregano was more effective than sage in preventing the formation of hexanal in chicken meatballs pre-cooked. The level of hexanal in herbs at the end of the storage period was 5 μg hexanal/100 g sample for oregano and 23 µg hexanal/100 g sample for sage.

Os grãos de cereais são suscetíveis ao ataque de insetos e micro-organismos durante o armazenamento. Pesquisas demonstram a viabilidade da utilização da tecnologia de irradiação gama para a conservação de grãos de cereais e seus produtos. O objetivo do trabalho foi verificar o efeito de diferentes doses da radiação gama (3; 4,5; 6 kGy) em farinha de trigo e fubá e nos seus atributos sensoriais e físico-químicos. As amostras foram irradiadas em irradiador comercial modelo PR1 da CBN, com atividade de 1.200.000 Ci e a taxa de dose de 7 kGy/hora. A irradiação não afetou a qualidade oxidativa das farinhas durante o seu tempo de armazenamento definido dentro do período de validade usual de mercado, no entanto a qualidade sensorial foi afetada negativamente em todos os tratamentos, assim como as suas propriedades viscoelásticas. Sob as condições do experimento, se pode concluir que a irradiação pode ser uma alternativa para conservação de farinhas.

Cereals are susceptible to the attack of insects and microorganisms during storage. Research has demonstrated the viability of the use of gamma irradiation technology for the preservation of cereal grains and their products. The objective of this study was to verify the effect of different doses of gamma radiation (3; 4.5; and 6 kGy) on wheat and corn meal by evaluating the physicochemical and sensorial attributes of these flours. The samples were radiated in a commercial irradiator, model PR1 of the CBN, at 7 kGy/hour dose tax and activity of 1.200.000Ci. Irradiation did not affect the oxidative quality of the flours in any of the treatments administered prior to the expiration date. On the other hand, the organoleptical properties were negatively affected, as well as the viscoelastic properties of these flours. Under the conditions of our experiment, it can be concluded that irradiation may be an alternative means of flour preservation.

Os óleos de peixes de clima frio têm atraído a atenção do consumidor graças à presença de ácidos graxos ômega três de cadeia longa. São uma rica fonte de ácidos graxos poli-insaturados, EPA e DHA, de ação hipocolesterolêmica reconhecida, que reduz sua estabilidade oxidativa, podendo comprometer a qualidade e funcionalidade. Essa pesquisa teve como objetivo estudar a estabilidade de óleo de peixe em cápsulas de gelatina moles acondicionadas em diferentes tipos de embalagens: metade das cápsulas em blísters e metade em frascos. A emblistagem foi realizada com os filmes de policlorotrifluoroetileno (PCTFE), comercializado sob o nome Aclar Rx 160 (15 μm), cloreto de polivinilideno (PVDC-60 gsm²) e policloreto de vinila (PVC-250 μm), perfazendo três tratamentos. A outra metade das cápsulas foi acondicionada em frascos de polietileno de alta densidade (PEAD) com e sem sachês de sílica e de vidro de cor âmbar. Cada embalagem continha 60 cápsulas que foram armazenadas em triplicata à temperatura ambiente por 12 meses. O óleo foi analisado a cada 28 dias quanto ao índice de acidez, de peróxido e absortividade em 232 e 270 nm. A composição em ácidos graxos, especialmente quanto aos teores de EPA e DHA, foi determinada. A embalagem que apresentou as maiores alterações na qualidade do óleo foi o filme de PVC. Os melhores resultados foram obtidos com os frascos de PEAD com dessecante de sílica. Os teores de DHA e EPA mantiveram-se estáveis em todas as amostras.

Due to the presence of long chained omega three fatty acids, fish oils have gathered much interest recently. Fish oils such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are a rich source of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) like eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), which reduce blood triacylglycerol and cholesterol levels. However, the higher the unsaturation level, the less stable is the oil which may haveits functionality reduced due to oxidation. This research main interest was the stability of encapsulated fish oil stored in different types of packagings. The fish oil used in this experiment was supplied by Cardinal Pharmaceutical Industry in soft gel capsules. After encapsulation, half of the samples were sent to SERPAC Industry LTDA for blistering, where polychlortrifluoroethylene (PCTFE), commercially known as Aclar Rx 160 (15 μ), polyvinyldichloride (PVDC-60 gsm²), and polyvinylchoride (PVC-250 μ) films were used as treatments. The blisters were packed in carton boxes. The other half of the capsules was packed in amber glass or high density polyethylene (PEAD) rigid flasks with and without silica bags. Each treatment contained 60 capsules in triplicate and all packs were stored under ambient conditions for 12 months. Analytical determinations were performed on the oil every 28 days and included acid and peroxide values and absortivities in the ultraviolet region at 232 and 270 nm. The fatty acid composition determinations, specifically EPA and DHA content, were performed during the experiment. The package which presented the largest changes in quality of the oil was the PVC film "blister". The best results were found in the encapsulated oil stored in PEAD flasks with silica bags. EPA and DHA contents were kept constant for all samples.

Foi conduzido um experimento utilizando-se 200 pintos de corte da linhagem Ross de 10 a 40 dias de idade alimentados com ração à base de milho e farelo de soja e suplementada com 4% de óleo de vísceras de aves fresco ou oxidado, com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos da qualidade do óleo utilizado nas rações sobre o desempenho de frangos de corte e a estabilidade oxidativa da carne de sobrecoxa congelada. Óleo de vísceras recém produzido com absorbâncias específicas de 5,80 a 232 nm e 0,690 a 532 nm, indicando a presença de quantidades mínimas de compostos de oxidação, foi congelado (-18ºC) até o momento da produção das rações. O óleo oxidado foi produzido a partir deste mesmo lote, que foi aquecido em uma fritadeira elétrica com temperatura em torno de 110 a 120ºC até atingir absorbâncias específicas de 11,33 (232 nm) e 2,31 (532 nm), caracterizando o acúmulo de compostos de ranço. Aos 41 dias de idade, 136 animais foram abatidos para avaliação das características de rendimento da carcaça e das partes e as sobrecoxas desossadas e sem pele foram embaladas e mantidas sob congelamento (-20ºC). O acompanhamento do processo de oxidação lipídica da carne congelada foi avaliado mensalmente pela determinação dos compostos secundários da oxidação (TBARS). O uso do óleo de vísceras oxidado não afetou o desempenho das aves, nem as características principais da carcaça. A partir do sexto mês de armazenamento, a estabilidade oxidativa da carne de sobrecoxa congelada foi comprometida pelo consumo de rações contendo o óleo oxidado, evidenciado pelo maior valor de TBARS.

Two hundred male Ross broiler chicks were raised from 10 to 40 days of age and fed a corn-soy diet with 4% of fresh or oxidized poultry offal fat to evaluate the effects of dietary fat quality on broiler performance and on oxidative stability of frozen thigh meat during storage. Fresh poultry fat, characterized by low concentration of oxidation products determined by specific absorbances of 5.80 and 0.69 at 232 and 270 nm, respectively, was supplied by a local renderer and stored frozen (-18ºC) until diets were produced. Oxidized poultry fat was obtained by heating the fresh poultry fat in a fryer at 110-120 ºC until specific absorbances reached 11.33 (at 232 nm) and 2.31 (at 270 nm), which show increased concentration of oxidation compounds. At 41 days of age, 136 birds were slaughtered and carcass characteristics were evaluated. Skinless and deboned raw thigh meat was packed and stored for 9 months in a non-illuminated freezer at -20ºC. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) were assessed monthly in the frozen samples to evaluate the oxidative status of stored meat. Birds performance and carcass characteristics were not affected by the presence of oxidized poultry fat in the diet. After six months of storage, the oxidative stability of frozen thigh meat from broilers fed oxidized poultry fat was reduced, indicated by higher TBARS values.

Com a finalidade de determinar os teores de energia metabolizável aparente (EMA) e de energia metabolizável aparente corrigida para o nitrogênio (EMAn) do óleo de vísceras de aves fresco e oxidado, foi conduzido um ensaio metabólico utilizando-se 48 machos AgRoss com 31 dias de idade. As aves foram alojadas em gaiolas metabólicas e o método utilizado foi o de coleta total de excretas. Foi fornecida uma dieta-referência com ou sem substituição de 10% pelo óleo de vísceras de aves fresco ou oxidado, sendo que cada dieta foi oferecida a quatro repetições de quatro aves. O período de coleta foi de quatro dias após três dias de adaptação às dietas e às gaiolas. O óleo de vísceras de aves foi adquirido de um produtor local e armazenado sob congelamento a -18ºC (óleo fresco). O óleo oxidado foi obtido por aquecimento em banho-maria com temperatura entre 80 e 90ºC. Durante o período de aquecimento, a qualidade deste óleo foi controlada por avaliações periódicas da absorbância específica, que indica o acúmulo de compostos de ranço. Os valores de absorbância específica, medidos a 232 e 270 nm, foram, respectivamente, de 4,64 e 0,47 para o óleo fresco e de 18,54 e 3,76 para o óleo oxidado. Os resultados obtidos, expressos na matéria original, para EMA e EMAn foram de 9.240 e 9.150 kcal/kg para o óleo de vísceras fresco e 7.700 e 7.595 kcal/kg para o óleo oxidado, comprovando estatisticamente grande redução no conteúdo de energia metabolizável do óleo decorrente do processo oxidativo.

In order to determine the apparent metabolizable energy (AME) and N-corrected apparent metabolizable energy (AMEn) of fresh and oxidized poultry fat a metabolism assay with 48 AgRoss male broilers from 31 to 34 days of age was conducted. The birds were fed a basal diet or this diet replaced by 10% of fresh or oxidized fat and the total excreta collection method was applied. The birds were housed in metabolic cages and each diet was supplied for four replicates of four birds. Fresh poultry fat was supplied by a local rendering and then stored frozen (-18ºC). The oxidized poultry fat was obtained by heating (80 - 90ºC) and specific absorbances were measured frequently to control fat quality. Specific absorbances at 232 and 270 nm were, respectively, 4.64 and 0.47 for fresh fat and 18.54 and 3.76 for oxidized fat, which suggest higher levels of conjugated dienes in the oxidized poultry fat. The results of AME and AMEn were 9,240 and 9,150 kcal/kg (as fed-basis) for the fresh poultry fat and 7,770 and 7,595 kcal/kg (as fed-basis) for the oxidized poultry fat. AME and AMEn values were statistically different, indicating a decrease in the energy from the fresh poultry fat to the oxidized fat due to oxidation.