ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to describe the growth curve of Brazilian Creole chickens of the Canela-Preta breed raised in two different rearing systems using non-linear growth models. A total of 400 birds were divided into two groups of 200 animals (of both genders), which were kept in confined or semi-confined systems. The confined birds were housed in an experimental masonry shed and the semi-confined animals were housed in another shed with access to pasture from 29 days of age. Birds were individually weighed every seven days during six months for determination of the growth curves of body weight using 10 non-linear models. The parameters of the models were estimated using the Gauss Newton method. The performance of the models was assessed using mean squared error (MSE), coefficient of determination (R2), percentage of convergence, and residual mean absolute deviation (MAD). With the exception of the Inverse Polynomial, all the other models had R2 values close to one. Therefore, the best models were chosen based on the lowest MSE and MAD values, with the Richards model ranking first followed by the Von Bertalanffy model. Gender and rearing system effects significantly influenced (p<0.05) some parameters of the Richards model. In conclusion, the Richards model was the most adequate to describe the growth of Canela-Preta chickens. Gender and rearing system significantly influenced the growth of the birds. The growth rates observed indicated that management strategies can be performed to increase the production efficiency of Canela-Preta chickens

Resumo A pandemia vem afetando intensamente a qualidade de vida e condições laborais dos trabalhadores da saúde (TS). Este estudo teve por objetivo compreender as vivências de 16 profissionais da medicina, enfermagem e fisioterapia que atuam na “linha de frente” do novo coronavírus. Empregou-se desenho fenomenológico. Os resultados foram organizados em quatro eixos: (a) o impacto da chegada; (b) desgaste progressivo; (c) medo e enfrentamento e (d) repensando a morte e a vida. Destacam-se vivências de angústia, ansiedade, depressão, agravos à saúde física e psicológica. Foi possível observar que a falta de coordenação nacional somada a posicionamentos políticos anticientíficos foi sentida como agravante das demandas laborais e que a impotência diante da doença implicou repensar o sentido da vida e da morte. Com base no modelo JD-R, fica evidente a necessidade de ampliar recursos e suporte emocional aos TS a fim de administrar adequadamente os Fatores Psicossociais de Risco no Trabalho.

Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic has intensely affected the quality of life and labor conditions of healthcare workers (HCWs). This study sought to understand the experiences of 16 professionals in medicine, nursing and physical therapy who work on the “frontline” of the new Coronavirus. A phenomenological design was used. Results were organized into four axes: (a) the impact of the arrival of the pandemic; (b) participants’ progressive exhaustion; (c) fear and coping; and (d) rethinking life and death. Experiences of anguish, anxiety, depression, and physical and psychological health problems stand out. It was possible to observe that the lack of national coordination, in addition to unscientific political positions, were felt as an aggravating factor for work demands, and that impotence in the face of the disease implicated in rethinking the meaning of life and death. According to the JD-R model, the need to expand resources and emotional support so HCWs can properly manage psychosocial risk factors at work is evident.

Resumen La pandemia ha afectado intensamente la calidad de vida y condiciones laborales de los trabajadores de la salud (TS). Este estudio buscó conocer experiencias de 16 profesionales de medicina, enfermería y fisioterapia que trabajan en la “primera línea” del nuevo coronavirus. Se utilizó diseño fenomenológico. Los resultados se organizaron en: (a) el impacto de la llegada; (b) desgaste progresivo; (c) miedo y confrontación; y (d) repensar la muerte y la vida. Se destacan experiencias de angustia, ansiedad, depresión, problemas de salud física y psicológica. Se observó que la falta de coordinación nacional, sumada a posiciones políticas acientíficas, fue un agravante de demandas laborales y que la impotencia frente a la enfermedad implicaba repensar el sentido de la vida y la muerte. Desde el modelo JD-R, es evidente la necesidad de ampliar recursos y apoyo emocional a los TS para gestionar adecuadamente los Factores de Riesgo Psicosocial en el Trabajo.

RESUMO Introdução Componentes cognitivos são necessários para manter a postura nas perturbações externas. Porém, poucos estudos investigaram o controle postural quando perturbações externas são associadas à tarefa cognitiva concomitante (TD). Objetivo Analisar o comportamento dos ajustes reativos após perturbação com diferentes intensidades e deslocamentos em adultos jovens ativos; e analisar a influência da TD nos ajustes preditivos e reativos em diferentes condições de perturbação. Métodos Permaneceram em pé sobre um equipamento que provocou deslocamento da base de suporte 28 adultos jovens fisicamente ativos. Quatro condições experimentais foram realizadas em tarefa simples (TS) e TD (cognitiva-reportar quantas vezes um número preestabelecido apareceu no áudio): uma (5cm e 10cm/s); duas (5cm e 25cm/s); três (12cm e 10cm/s) e quatro (12cm e 25cm/s). Foram realizadas três tentativas para cada condição (total=24). Os parâmetros do centro de pressão (CoP) foram analisados em janelamentos: preditivo (-250 a +50ms), reativo 1 (+50 a +200ms) e reativo 2 (+200 a +700ms), em relação ao início da atividade do CoP. ANOVAs one-way foram realizadas para análise dos ajustes preditivos. Já para os ajustes reativos, foram realizadas ANOVAs two-way com fator para tarefa (TS×TD) e condição (1×2×3×4) com medidas repetidas. Resultados ANOVA one-way (preditivo) apontou que os indivíduos apresentaram maiores parâmetros do CoP na TS em relação à TD. Nos reativos 1 e 2, a ANOVA apontou maiores parâmetros do CoP na segunda e na quarta condição quando comparada à primeira e à terceira, e na TS em relação às TD. Apresentaram maior tempo para recuperar a posição estável na primeira e na terceira condição em comparação à segunda e à quarta. Conclusão A intensidade da perturbação influencia mais nos ajustes posturais para manutenção do equilíbrio do que a magnitude. Ainda, as tarefas cognitivas concomitantes à perturbação externa diminuem a oscilação do CoP. Com isso, recursos cognitivos possuem relevância no controle postural após perturbação. Nível de evidência III; Estudos de pacientes não consecutivos, sem padrão de referência “ouro” aplicado uniformemente.

ABSTRACT Introduction Cognitive components are necessary to maintain posture during external perturbations. However, few studies have investigated postural control when external perturbations are associated with a concomitant cognitive task (DT). Objectives To analyze the behavior of reactive adjustments after perturbation with different intensities and displacements in active young adults; and to analyze the influence of DT on predictive and reactive adjustments in different perturbation conditions. Methods Twenty-eight physically active young adults stood on an item of equipment that produced displacements of the base. Four experimental conditions were introduced in a single task (ST) and DT (cognitive-report how many times a pre-established number appeared in the audio): 1 (5 cm and 10 cm/s); 2 (5 cm and 25 cm/s); 3 (12 cm and 10 cm/s) and 4 (12 cm and 25 cm/s). Three attempts were carried out for each condition (total=24). Center of pressure (CoP) parameters were analyzed considering the following windows: predictive (-250 to +50 ms), reactive 1 (+50 to +200 ms) and reactive 2 (+200 to +700 ms), in comparison to the start of the CoP activity. One-way ANOVAs were performed to analyze predictive adjustments, while two-way ANOVAs with factor for task (STxDT) and condition (1x2x3x4), with repeated measurements, were performed for the reactive adjustments. Results One-way ANOVA (predictive) indicated that the subjects had higher CoP parameters in ST vs DT. In reactive adjustments 1 and 2, ANOVA indicated greater CoP parameters in condition 2 and 4 when compared to 1 and 3, and in the ST vs DT. The subjects took longer to recover stable position in conditions 1 and 3 than in conditions 2 and 4. Conclusion Perturbation intensity has a greater influence on postural adjustments to maintain balance than on magnitude. Moreover, the association of cognitive tasks with external perturbation decreases CoP oscillation. Therefore, cognitive resources play an important role in postural control after perturbation. Level of evidence III; Study of nonconsecutive patients, with no “gold” standard applied uniformly.

RESUMEN Introducción Los componentes cognitivos son necesarios para mantener la postura en perturbaciones externas. Sin embargo, pocos estudios investigaron el control postural cuando son asociadas perturbaciones a la tarea cognitiva concomitante (TD). Objetivo Analizar el comportamiento de los ajustes reactivos después de una perturbación con diferentes intensidades y desplazamientos en adultos jóvenes activos; y analizar la influencia de la TD en ajustes predictivos y reactivos en diferentes condiciones de perturbación. Métodos Veintiocho adultos jóvenes físicamente activos permanecieron en pie sobre un equipo que provocó desplazamiento de la base de soporte. Cuatro condiciones experimentales fueron realizadas en tareas simples (TS) y TD (cognitiva-reportar cuántas veces un número preestablecido apareció en el audio): una (5 cm y 10 cm/s); dos (5 cm y 25 cm/s); tres (12 cm y 10 cm/s) y cuatro (12 cm y 25 cm/s). Fueron realizadas tres tentativas para cada condición (total=24). Los parámetros del centro de presión (CoP) fueron analizados en ventanas: predictiva (-250 a +50 ms), reactiva 1 (+50 a +200 ms) y reactiva 2 (+200 a +700 ms) en relación al inicio de la actividad del CoP. Fueron realizadas ANOVAs one-way para análisis de los ajustes predictivos. Fueron realizadas ANOVAs two-way con factor para tarea (TSxTD) y condición (1x2x3x4) con medidas repetidas para análisis de los ajustes reactivos. Resultados ANOVA one-way (predictivo) mostró que los individuos presentaron parámetros mayores de CoP en TS con relación a TD. En los reactivos 1 y 2, ANOVA mostró parámetros del CoP en la segunda y cuarta condición cuando comparada a la primera y la tercera, y en la TS con relación a las TD. Presentaron tiempo mayor para recuperar la posición estable en la primera y tercera condición en comparación a la segunda y la cuarta. Conclusión La intensidad de perturbación influencia más en los ajustes posturales para mantenimiento del equilibrio que la magnitud. Además, las tareas cognitivas concomitantes a la perturbación externa disminuyen la oscilación del CoP. Con eso, los recursos cognitivos poseen relevancia en el control postural después de la perturbación. Nivel de evidencia III; Estudios de pacientes no consecutivos, sin estándar de referencia “oro” aplicado uniformemente.

Objetivo: analisar a percepção de graduandos sobre o processo de aprendizagem no Estágio Supervisionado Saúde Coletiva 1 (ESSC 1) da Faculdade de Ceilândia-Universidade de Brasília para constituição do Conselho Gestor de Unidade de Saúde (CGUS) com uso de Tecnologia Social (TS). Metodologia: pesquisa- ação e análise de conteúdo em um corpus, extraído do relatório e da avaliação, baseada em princípios da metodologia ativa de ensino-aprendizagem e na Teoria do Agir Comunicativo. Resultado: a TS promoveu interação mediatizada pela rede social (WhatsApp) e face-a-face com diferentes atores no exercício da democracia participativa. No ESSC 1 a construção da rede de relacionamento institucional estado/sociedade resultou na eleição do CGUS em atendimento à solicitação da gestora. Conclusão: a dinâmica pedagógica que subsidiou a interlocução entre atores sociais propiciou aos graduandos vivenciarem a participação deles mesmos e destes grupos na implementação na Atenção Primária em Saúde e experimentarem os efeitos da autonomia, emancipação e ‘empoderamento’.

Aim: to analyze undergraduates’ perception regarding the learning process in the Supervised Stage of Collective Health 1 (ESSC 1) Faculty of Ceilândia- University of Brasília for the constitution of the Health Unit Management Council (CGUS) with Social Technology. Methodology: action research and content analysis in a corpus, extracted from the report and assessment, based on principles of active teaching-learning methodology and Theory of Communicative Action. Result: social technology mediatized interaction through social network (WhatsApp) and face-to-face with different actors in the participatory democracy exercise. In the ESSC 1 the construction of the state/society institutional relationship network resulted in the election of the CGUS in response to manager request. Conclusion: the pedagogical dynamics that subsidized the interaction among social actors, allowed undergraduates to experience their own participation and the groups in the implementation of Primary Health Care and to experience the effects of autonomy, emancipation and empowerment.

Resumo Este ensaio clínico controlado e randomizado avaliou o efeito da associação de procedimentos de clareamento caseiro e de consultório na sensibilidade dental (SD) e efetividade clareadora. Quarenta pacientes receberam uma sessão de clareamento de consultório com peróxido de hidrogênio a 38%. Em seguida, os pacientes foram aleatoriamente alocados para receberem uma segunda sessão de clareamento de consultório ou para usar uma moldeira com peróxido de carbamida a 10% por 7 dias consecutivos. O pior score de SD relatada durante ou após cada procedimento clareador foi mensurado usando uma escala verbal, e o risco a SD (escore diferente de 0) foi calculado. Mudança de cor foi mensurada 7 dias após cada sessão de clareamento de consultório (para paciente submetidos a apenas procedimentos de consultório) ou após o fim do clareamento de caseiro (para o protocolo combinado) e 6 meses após o último procedimento clareador para os dois protocolos de clareamento. A cor foi mensurada através de um espectrofotômetro e pelo uso das escalas Vita Clássica e Bleach guide. As análises estatísticas foram realizadas para verificar possíveis diferenças em relação aos desfechos e para analisar o efeito do momento da mensuração nas mudanças de cor. O protocolo clareador não afetou o risco e o nível máximo de SD relatado, independentemente do tempo de avaliação. Na avaliação de cor, o protocolo clareador também não afetou a cor final dos dentes. Como conclusão, após uma sessão de clareamento de consultório, não há diferença na efetividade clareadora e na SD em realizar uma segunda sessão de consultório ou associá-la com uma semana de clareamento caseiro.

Abstract This controlled randomized clinical trial evaluated the effect of associating at-home and in-office bleaching procedures on tooth sensitivity (TS) and bleaching effectiveness. Forty patients subjected to on session of in-office bleaching with 38% peroxide hydrogen. Subsequently, the patients were randomly allocated to receive a second session of in-office bleaching or to use a tray containing 10% carbamide peroxide delivered during 7 consecutive days. The worst TS score reported during or after each bleaching procedure was recorded using a verbal rating scale and TS risk (score different from 0) was calculated. Color changes were measured 7 days after each in-office session (for patients receiving in-office procedures only) or after the end of at-home bleaching (for the combined protocol), and 6 months after the last procedure for both bleaching protocols. Color was assessed by a spectrophotometer and by color match with the Vita Classical and Bleach guide scales. Statistical analyses were carried out to assess possible differences between the protocols regarding the outcomes and to analyze the effect of time of assessment on color changes. The bleaching protocol did not affect the risk for and the maximum level of TS reported, irrespective of the time of assessment. In the color evaluation, the bleaching protocol also did not affect the ultimate tooth color. In conclusion, after one in-office bleaching session, there was no difference in bleaching effectiveness and TS between performing a second in-office session and associating it with 1-week at-home bleaching.

RESUMO O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o tempo de permanência, o número de bocados nas estações e o deslocamento entre estações alimentares por bezerras de corte em pastagem de azevém (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) e recebendo farelo de arroz integral como suplemento em três níveis (0,0; 0,5 e 1,0% PC). O método de pastejo foi rotacionado, com número variável de animais. O período de descanso foi estabelecido pela soma térmica (ST) de 187,5ºC, equivalente à ST necessária para a emissão de 1,5 folhas de azevém. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente ao acaso, com medidas repetidas no tempo, três níveis de suplemento e seis ciclos de pastejo. O tempo de permanência em cada estação alimentar (9,4s) foi semelhante para bezerras exclusivamente a pasto e as que receberam 1,0% PC de suplemento. As bezerras que receberam 0,5% PC de suplemento permanecem 1,1s a mais na estação alimentar quando comparadas com as bezerras nos demais níveis. O deslocamento entre estações alimentares (1,7 passos) e o número de bocados em cada estação alimentar (sete bocados) foram semelhantes independentemente do nível de farelo de arroz fornecido. As bezerras, ao receberem 0,5% PC de farelo de arroz, são mais dependentes da presença de lâminas foliares no estrato pastejável do dossel.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to evaluate the length of stay and number of bites in the feeding stations and displacement between feeding stations for beef heifers on ryegrass pasture (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) and receiving rice bran as a supplement in three levels (0.0; 0.5 and 1.0% BW). The grazing method was rotational with variable number of animals. The interval between grazing was set by the thermal sum (TS) of 187.5ºC equivalent to TS necessary for externalization of 1.5 leaf lamina of ryegrass. The experimental design was completely randomized with repeated measures on time, three levels of supplement and six grazing periods. The stay time at each feeding station (9.4 sec.) was similar for heifers exclusively on pasture and receiving 1.0% supplement BW. Heifers that received 0.5% supplement BW remained 1.1 sec. longer at the feeding station than heifers on other supplement levels. Displacement between feeding stations (1.7 steps) and the number of bites in each feeding station (7 bites) were similar regardless of the supplied rice bran level. Heifers receiving 0.5% rice bran BW are more dependent on the presence of leaf blades in grazeable stratum of canopy.

Abstract: The lion-paw scallop Nodipecten subnodosus is a commercially important resource in the northwest of Mexico; however few studies evaluate its growth. Length of shell was used to estimate individual growth parameters of the lion-paw scallop from a wild population. Monthly samplings were performed from January to December 2006 in Bahia de Los Angeles on the western coast of the Gulf of California, Mexico. Morphometric relationships between total length, height, total weight, and mass weight were estimated. The number of cohorts was determined monthly using the multinomial technique based on a likelihood function. The cohort that was best represented over time was used to fit the stationary growth model of von Bertalanffy. The results indicated that this species presents negative allometric growth and showed high correlation among different morphometric measures (R2 > 0.88). Length frequency distributions showed two cohorts in each sample, except from August to November when there were up to three cohorts, with greater variance in those of intermediate sizes. The growth parameters were: L∞ = 19.06 cm, k = 0.47 year-1, t0 = -0.19 years, C = 0.38, ts = 0.37. Due to fluctuations in the growth of the species, assessments should be performed based on age-structured models to support fishery management measures for this species.

Resumen: La almeja mano de león Nodipecten subnodosus es un importante recurso comercial en el noroeste de México; sin embargo, son escasos los estudios que evalúan su crecimiento. Se utilizó la longitud de la concha para estimar los parámetros de crecimiento individual de una población silvestre de la almeja mano de león. Se realizaron muestreos mensuales de enero a diciembre de 2006 en Bahía de Los Ángeles en la costa oeste del Golfo de California, México. Se estimaron diferentes relaciones morfométricas entre ellas la longitud total, altura, peso total y peso sin concha. Se determinó el número de cohortes utilizando la técnica estadística multinomial basada en una función de verosimilitud. Se usó la cohorte que estuvo mejor representada en el tiempo para realizar las estimaciones de los parámetros de crecimiento a través del modelo estacionalizado de von Bertalanffy. Los resultados señalan que esta especie presenta un crecimiento de tipo alométrico negativo y mostró una alta relación entre las diferentes medidas morfométricas (R2 > 0.88). Las longitudes mostraron dos cohortes en cada muestra, excepto desde agosto hasta noviembre donde se obtuvieron tres cohortes con una elevada varianza en las cohortes de longitudes intermedias. Los parámetros de crecimiento fueron: L∞ = 19.06 cm, k = 0.47 año-1, t0 = -0.19 años, C = 0.38, ts = 0.37. Debido a las oscilaciones en el crecimiento de la especie, se recomienda realizar evaluaciones basadas en modelos estructurados por edades para sustentar las medidas de manejo pesquero de esta especie.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos de diferentes fontes de fósforo sobre o desempenho, peso de órgãos e parâmetros sanguíneos de suínos. Foram utilizados 112 suínos com peso inicial de 28,65±2,82kg distribuídos em blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 8 x 2 (oito fontes de fósforo x dois sexos), com quatro repetições para machos e três para fêmeas com dois animais por baia. Os suínos foram alimentados com dietas contendo:fosfato bicalcico (FBC); fosfato monobicalcico (FMB); superfosfato triplo (ST); superfosfato simples (SS), fosfato de rocha Catalão (ROCHA), mistura de fontes (MIS), ácido fosfórico (AF) ou dieta sem suplementação com fonte de fósforo (CONT). Aos 60 e 90 kg todos os suínos foram pesados e amostras de sangue fora coletadas para determinação da atividade de fosfatase alcalina (AFA), cálcio (Ca) e fósforo (P) e um animal por baia foi sacrificado para pesagem de fígado e rins e avaliação de rendimento de carcaça. A dieta CONT reduziu ganho de peso e consumo, piorou a conversão alimentar e aumentou peso relativo de rins, AFA e Ca, e diminuiu fósforo sanguíneo. As fontes FBC, FMB, ST e AF reduziram AFA e mantiveram constante P e Ca no sangue. Concluiu-se que fontes de fósforo ST, SS, ROCHA e MIS geraram níveis similares de AFA em suínos de 30 a 90kg que a dieta sem fonte inorgânica de P sem afetar seu desempenho.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different sources of phosphorus on performance, organ weight and blood parameters of pigs. One hundred and twelve pigs with body weight 28.65±2.82kg were distributed into randomized blocks, in a 8 × 2 factorial scheme (eight sources of phosphorus × two sexes), with four repetitions for males and three for females, with two animals per pen. The pigs were fed diets containing: dicalcium phosphate (DCP); monodicalcium phosphate (MCP); triple superphosphate (TS); single superphosphate (SS), Catalão-rock phosphate (ROCK), mix of sources (MIX), phosphoric acid (PAc) or a diet without any supplemental source of phosphorus (CONT). At 60 and 90kg, all pigs were weighed and blood samples were collected to determine alkaline phosphatase activity (APA), calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) and one animal per pen was killed to weigh the liver and kidneys and evaluate carcass yield. The use of diet CONT reduced the weight gain and feed intake, worsened feed:gain ratio and increased the relative weight of the kidneys, APA and Ca, and decreased blood P. The sources DCP, MCP, TS and PAc reduced the APA and maintained the P and Ca in the blood constant. Phosphorus sources TS, SS, ROCK and MIX generate similar levels of APA in pigs from 30 to 90kg to the diet without inorganic source of phosphorus without affecting their performance.

The ecology of the active forager lizard Cnemidophorus ocellifer (Spix, 1825) was studied to analyze food habits, thermal ecology and habitat use, in the Morro do Chapéu municipality (11º29'S, 41º07'W), state of Bahia, Brazil. Lizards (N = 34) were collected with rubber bands or with an air rifle and, for each individual, we recorded cloacal temperature (Tc), air temperature (Ta) (1 cm above the substrate) and substrate temperature (Ts) (to nearest 0.2ºC). We registered the microhabitat used by each animal at the moment of first sight and measured its morphological variables (nearest 0.1 mm). In the laboratory, we registered the number of items of each prey category to the taxonomic level of Order, its dimensions and frequencies. Data showed that, numerically, the category most consumed was Isoptera (84.4%). Volumetrically, the diet was composed predominantly by Orthoptera (27.5%) and Isoptera (21.5%). Prey items that occur aggregated in the environment (termites) were important in the diet of C. ocellifer, a characteristic of active foragers. Males and females did not differ in the types of prey consumed. Cnemidophorus ocellifer had a mean Tc in activity of 37.6 ± 1.6ºC and the relationship between Tc and ambient temperatures (Ts and Ta) was positive and significant (F2,28 = 4.814; R² = 0.256; p < 0.05). Most lizards were first sighted on leaf litter inside shrubs (45.5%) and on leaf litter at shrub edge (42.4%). Cnemidophorus ocellifer had a relatively high mean Tc during activity, with Ts explaining most of the variation in lizard Tc.

This study aimed at determining the minimum time required for the penetration of Salmonella Heidelberg inside the eggs after contact with contaminated material. Recently-collected brown and white eggs from laying hens between 45-50 weeks of age, reared in a commercial poultry house, were artificially contaminated by contact with wood shavings moistened with liquid inoculum of Salmonella Heidelberg in stationary-growth phase (10³-10(4) CFU g-1). According to type (white or brown), eggs were distributed into three different groups, with four replicates each: negative control group (no artificial contamination), positive control group (analyzed externally immediately after contamination and internally after the maximum storage period of the test group) and test group. Eggs were stored at controlled environmental temperature varying from 25ºC to 30ºC. In the test group, eggs contents (yolk and albumen) were pooled and analyzed after 1:00, 1:30, 2:00, 2:30, 3:00, 3:30, and 4:00 hours after contamination for the presence of Salmonella Heidelberg in 25g of this pool. The experimental unit consisted of five eggs in each test. The analysis protocol included pre-enrichment, selective enrichment, plating on selective agar, and biochemical and serological tests. The results obtained were submitted to logistic regression, which indicated that the presence of Salmonella Heidelberg was verified after 2:16 h and 2:44 h of contact with white and brown eggs, respectively.

The live vaccine Cevac S. Gallinarum, made from a rough strain of Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serotype Gallinarum is used for preventing fowl typhoid, a disease that still causes considerable economic losses in countries with a developing poultry industry. The objective of this paper was to evaluate a possible reversion to virulence of the strain used in a vaccine in commercial brown layers. Only Salmonella-free chicks were utilized. One hundred twenty (120) 12-day-old Dekalb brown layers divided in two trials were used. The first trial had six groups of 15 birds each. Birds of group 1 were vaccinated with 10 doses of Cevac S. Gallinarum subcutaneously and 10 doses orally, in a total of 20 doses of vaccine. Then the birds of groups 2, 3, 4, and 5 received inocula that contained feces and a pool of organs with fragments of liver, heart, spleen, and cecal tonsils obtained from the immediately previous group. The second trial had three groups with 10 birds each. Birds in group 7 received inocula containing a pool of organs from birds of group 5 from trial 1, whilst the birds in group 8 were vaccinated subcutaneously with one dose of vaccine. Both trials included negative control groups (6 and 9). Throughout the experimental period, birds were monitored for reactions to the vaccination on the site of administration, clinical signs, and post-mortem lesions. In each passage, in addition to the birds euthanized to provide the inocula material, two birds from each group were euthanized for assessment of possible lesions, and their organs (liver, heart, spleen and cecal tonsils) were cultured in an attempt to isolate the vaccine strain. Except for one bird from group 1, that had a local reaction on the site of vaccination - a small vesicle with less that 0.5 mm that persisted until the third day post vaccination -, no other bird had any local reaction to the vaccine or any visible clinical alteration. Birds in group 8 did not present any reaction or clinical alteration because of the vaccine. We only managed to re-isolate the vaccine strain in the inocula made from organs of birds in group 1. We confirmed the isolation by means of biochemical tests, serology, and acriflavine agglutination test. All other cultures made from organs or feces, from all the other experimental groups did not show any growth of the vaccine strain or any other Salmonella serovar, suggesting that the vaccinated birds did not shed the SG9R vaccine strain. No bird presented any clinical symptoms or died during the trials, and no gross lesions were observed in the post-mortem examinations. Under the controlled conditions and time-frame of the present experiment, it was possible to conclude that the rough 9R strain of Salmonella Gallinarum present in the vaccine Cevac S. Gallinarum (Ceva Campinas Ltda. - Campinas, SP - Brazil) did not revert to virulence.

The expansion of global poultry production has increased the need to reduce or control the agents responsible for economic losses, including Salmonella spp. These bacteria are also of public health concern due to their potential to cause food poisoning, and, more recently, due to the antimicrobial resistance presented by these bacteria. Molecular biology is an important tool currently used in the diagnosis and research studies of main poultry diseases. The present studied analyzed 100 samples of Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) isolated from avian material aiming at detecting the class 1 integron gene, Integroninvolved in antimicrobial resistance, by means of polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and comparing it with plate inhibition test. Subsequently, SE samples were evaluated for their capacity to horizontally transfer this gene. There was no direct relationship between the presence of the class 1 integron gene and SE resistance to the 14 antimicrobials tested, as 80% of the studied samples were resistant to up to three antimicrobials, and did not present the aforementioned gene. However, horizontal transfer of this gene was accomplished in vitro (from Escherichia coli to Salmonella Enteritidis), demonstrating that capacity class 1 integron gene can be disseminated among enterobacteria.

A sudorese é o principal mecanismo autonômico termorregulatório na espécie humana. A taxa de sudorese (TS) durante o exercício pode ser influenciada por diversos fatores, entre eles doenças, como o diabetes mellitus tipo 1, cujos pacientes são vítimas potenciais de distúrbios termorregulatórios. Os exercícios regulares são recomendados para diabéticos e, inclusive, alguns deles tornam-se atletas. No entanto, ainda não foi medida a TS de diabéticos durante exercício progressivo até a exaustão (GXT) e comparada com a de indivíduos sadios com características antropométricas semelhantes. O presente estudo comparou a TS de sete voluntários diabéticos (DM) e sete controles (GC), semelhantes quanto à idade, gênero, composição corporal e capacidade aeróbica. Antes e após o GXT, foram medidos a gravidade específica da urina (GEU), o peso e a glicemia capilar. A TS global foi calculada dividindo-se a variação do peso pelo tempo de coleta e área de superfície corporal. A TS local do antebraço foi calculada utilizando-se a variação do peso de um filtro absorvente corrigido pela sua área e tempo de coleta. As TS locais do antebraço e da perna foram induzidas por iontoforese com pilocarpina (0,5%) no grupo DM. A freqüência cardíaca (FC) foi registrada antes, durante e após GXT. A temperatura média da pele (TMP) e as condições térmicas ambientais foram medidas durante o experimento. A glicemia capilar foi maior no DM, como o esperado. As TS global e local foram semelhantes entre os grupos, enquanto que a FC no repouso e a TMP no repouso e no exercício foram maiores no DM. Não houve diferença entre as TS do antebraço e da perna no DM com a pilocarpina. Concluiu-se que a resposta sudorípara foi semelhante entre diabéticos jovens e grupo controle durante exercício progressivo em ambiente temperado.

Sudoresis is the main autonomic human thermoregulatory mechanism. It can be influenced by several factors, including diseases, among them diabetes mellitus Type 1 (DM1), whose patients are potential victims of thermoregulatory disturbances. Regular physical exercises are recommended to diabetic people and some of them even become athletes. However, up to now, the sweat rate (SR) of diabetic patients during graded exercise until exhaustion (GXT) has not been compared to the SR of healthy individuals with similar physical characteristics. The present study measured global (SRglobal) and local (SRlocal) sweat rates during GXT in 14 diabetic (DM) and control subjects (CG), similar in age, gender, body composition and aerobic capacity. Urine specific gravity (Gu), body mass and blood glucose (Gblood) were measured before and after GXT. Besides that, Srlocal (forearm and leg) was measured by iontophoresis with pilocarpine (0.5%) in the DM group. Heart rate (HR), skin temperature (Tsk) and environmental thermal conditions were measured during the experiment. Both initial and final Gblood were higher in the DM, as expected. The Gu were similar between groups. Exercise induced similar SRglobal and SRlocal in both groups, whereas the rest HR and rest and exercise Tsk were higher in the DM. Forearm and leg SR were not different in the DM. It was concluded that the sweating response was not different between young diabetic patients and control group during GXT in a temperate environment.

This study aimed at the antibody production by intestinal mucosa of broilers chicks were orally inoculated with Lactobacillus spp. at one and/or 21 days of age, and subsequently challenged with Salmonella enterica, subspecies enterica, serotype Enteritidis (S. Enteritidis). A total number of 288 drug-free broiler chicks was divided into 6 groups (groups A, B, C, D, E, and F), according to age at Lactobacillus spp. inoculation and SE challenge. The intestinal mucosa immune response was determined as the production of immunoglobulin A against S. Enteritidis, and evaluated by the Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) technique in intestinal washing fluid. Groups treated with Lactobacillus spp. presented higher IgA production only when the chicks were challenged with S. Enteritidis at 21 days of age. Nevertheless, the expected stimulus for intestinal mucosa antibody production induced by Lactobacillus spp was observed in only some of the treated groups, demonstrating that the protocol utilized in the present experiment resulted in few beneficial effects for chicks, particularly during the first days of life.

Lizards may benefit from gain of heat from contact with the substrate via conduction. In this study, evidence that the lizards Mabuya agilis (Raddi, 1823) and Mabuya macrorhynclui Hoge, 1946 (Scincidae) inhabiting two restinga habitats in southeastern Brazil (Grussaf, Rio de Janeiro and Praia das Neves, Espfrito Santo), may shift microhabitat preferences along the day, and that such shifts may be related to the use of cacti surfaces as direct sources of heat is presented. For both species, body temperature (Tb) was always significantly correlated (p < 0,05) with air temperature (Ta). Tb was significantly correlated (p < 0,0.5) with substrate temperature (Ts) for M. agilis collected on cacti, but not for specimens collected on the ground. For M. macrorhyncha collected on cacti, both Ta and Ts were more important in conjunction than separately, in explaining lizard Tb. Use of cacti as perches by M. agilis was more frequent during late afternoon when environmental temperatures are declining, but such a trend was not evident for M. macrorhynclui. We suggest that the use of cacti as direct heat sources may be more evident in the ground-dwelling M. agilis than in the scansorial M. macrorhynclui.