Organisms that survive a volcanic eruption are part of the biological legacies that are fundamental to subsequent succession and ecosystem development. In January 2012, the summer immediately after the eruption of the Puyehue-Cordón Caulle volcanic complex, we evaluated the short-term response of epigaeic beetle abundance to ash deposition. We focused on three mountains (La Mona, Bayo, Challhuaco) in northwestern Patagonia (Argentina) that were differentially affected by ash deposition. We re-established 32, 100 m² sampling plots of nine pitfall traps, every 100 m of altitude from the base to the summit of each peak, which we had previously sampled in January 2005 and 2006. We compared the shape of pre- and post- eruptive abundance-elevation relationship (AER), and assessed whether the relative importance of environmental predictors of AER (ambient energy, vegetation cover, plant species richness and soil attributes) changed after the eruption. La Mona and Bayo were most affected by ash deposition; Challhuaco was considerable less affected. Yearly fluctuations in abundance levels were significant in Bayo; here, the shape of AER changed significantly after the eruption. In La Mona, abundance was similar among sampled years, and the shape of AER departed weakly from the overall trend after the eruption. In Challhuaco, abundance tended to increase weakly with time, and the shape of AER did not change after the eruption. Gravel percentage and tree canopy cover were the two most important predictors of pre-eruptive AER, but only tree canopy cover remained as important after the eruption. We conclude that short-term effects of ash deposition on epigaeic mountain beetles were subtle and suggest that the presence of a gradient of ash deposition may lead to associated patterns in biological legacies. Long-term monitoring is essential to fully understand the structural and functional recovery of these mountain ecosystems.

Patrones de legado en la abundancia de coleópteros montanos epigeos luego de la erupción del complejo volcánico Puyehue-Cordón Caulle (NW Patagonia, Argentina): Los organismos que sobreviven a una erupción volcánica son parte fundamental del legado biológico determinante de la subsecuente sucesión y desarrollo del ecosistema. En enero 2012, en el verano inmediato a la erupción del complejo volcánico Puyehue- Cordón Caulle, evaluamos la respuesta a corto plazo de la abundancia de coleópteros epigeos al depósito de ceniza. Estudiamos tres montañas (La Mona, Bayo, Challhuaco) en el noroeste de la Patagonia (Argentina), afectadas diferencialmente por el depósito de ceniza. Re-establecimos 32 sitios de muestreo con nueve trampas de caída distribuidas en 100 m², ubicados cada 100 m de altitud desde la base a la cima de cada montaña, y muestreados previamente (enero 2005, 2006). Comparamos la forma pre- y post- eruptiva de la relación abundancia-elevación (AER). Determinamos la importancia relativa de predictores ambientales de AER (energía ambiental, cobertura de la vegetación, riqueza de especies de plantas, y atributos de suelo) pre- y post- erupción. La Mona y Bayo fueron más afectados por el depósito de ceniza; Challhuaco fue menos afectado. Los niveles de abundancia fluctuaron significativamente en Bayo, se mantuvieron constantes en La Mona y aumentaron levemente en Challhuaco. Luego de la erupción, la forma de AER cambió significativamente en Bayo, se apartó débilmente de la tendencia promedio en La Mona, y no cambió en Challhuaco. El porcentaje de gravas y la cobertura del dosel arbóreo fueron los predictores más importantes de AER pre-eruptivo; solamente la cobertura del dosel arbóreo permaneció como importante luego de la erupción. Los efectos a corto plazo del depósito de ceniza sobre la abundancia de coleópteros epigeos fueron sutiles y sugieren que la presencia de un gradiente en el depósito de ceniza puede conducir a patrones asociados en los legados biológicos. Un monitoreo a largo plazo será indispensable para comprender la recuperación estructural y funcional de estos ecosistemas montanos.

We analysed the spatial variation in morphological diversity (MDiv) and species richness (SR) for 91 species of Neotropical Triatominae to determine the ecological relationships between SR and MDiv and to explore the roles that climate, productivity, environmental heterogeneity and the presence of biomes and rivers may play in the structuring of species assemblages. For each 110 km x 110 km-cell on a grid map of America, we determined the number of species (SR) and estimated the mean Gower index (MDiv) based on 12 morphological attributes. We performed bootstrapping analyses of species assemblages to identify whether those assemblages were more similar or dissimilar in their morphology than expected by chance. We applied a multi-model selection procedure and spatial explicit analyses to account for the association of diversity-environment relationships. MDiv and SR both showed a latitudinal gradient, although each peaked at different locations and were thus not strictly spatially congruent. SR decreased with temperature variability and MDiv increased with mean temperature, suggesting a predominant role for ambient energy in determining Triatominae diversity. Species that were more similar than expected by chance co-occurred near the limits of the Triatominae distribution in association with changes in environmental variables. Environmental filtering may underlie the structuring of species assemblages near their distributional limits.

Some of the present criteria applied to evaluate the academic performance of individuals in the scientific system in Argentina (particularly, in the CONICET) confront the researchers with the dilemma of being patient to obtain larger academic benefits in the future, or rather being impulsive to get quick short-term rewards. A successful balance between these academic behaviors will determine the access, permanence and promotion of individuals in the scientific career. In this essay, we propose that although the Argentinean scientific system argues stimulating patience, it often rewards impulsivity. On one hand, the completion of doctoral theses is stimulated, but recently post-graduated students are also demanded to publish several papers in indexed journals to enter into the scientific researcher career. On other hand, the academic evaluation of young researchers gives priority to the publication of a high number of papers rather than to the supervision of students. However, then the number of supervised doctoral theses will be a limiting factor to promote to the highest academic positions. We discuss the difficulty to do these activities simultaneously, in a responsible way, and we propose some recommendations to increase the coherence of the evaluation criteria by making more coincident the academic activities that, in theory, are stimulated with those that are finally rewarded.

Algunos de los criterios actuales para evaluar el desempeño académico individual en el sistema científico argentino (específicamente, en el CONICET) confrontan a los investigadores con la disyuntiva de tener paciencia para obtener mayores beneficios académicos a futuro, o ser impulsivos para obtener menores beneficios a corto plazo. Un balance exitoso entre estos dos comportamientos determinará el ingreso, la permanencia y promoción de los individuos en la carrera científica. En este ensayo, proponemos que aunque el sistema científico argentino parece estimular la paciencia, muchas veces premia la impulsividad. Por un lado, se estimula la realización de tesis doctorales, pero también se exige al recién post-graduado varios trabajos publicados en revistas indexadas para ingresar en la carrera de investigador científico. Por otra parte, el sistema prioriza la cantidad de publicaciones por sobre la supervisión de estudiantes al evaluar a investigadores jóvenes. Sin embargo, la cantidad de tesis doctorales supervisadas finalizadas es luego un factor limitante para promover a posiciones académicas más altas. Discutimos la dificultad de realizar estas actividades de forma responsable y simultánea, y proponemos ciertas recomendaciones para mejorar la coherencia de los criterios de evaluación, haciendo coincidir más las actividades que teóricamente se estimulan con aquellas que finalmente se premian.