Abstract: One of the most serious problems in areas indicated for irrigation projects in the Brazilian Northeast region is the occurrence of sandy soils, known to have low moisture retention, but occurring in strategic locations in terms of water supply and geographical situation, and which can be used for agricultural purposes. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of particle size distribution and porosity on the water retention capacity of sandy soils in the semiarid area of the Northeast region. Soil bulk and particle densities, total porosity (macro, meso and microporosity), field capacity, permanent wilting point and soil-water retention curve were determined in samples of surface (A) and subsurface (C or Bw) horizons of ten sandy soil profiles. Particle size was determined subdividing the sand fraction into five classes. Higher amounts of the medium and fine sand fractions of the studied soils oriented their physical and hydric characteristics, being responsible for their great water retention. The arrangement of the fine silt, clay, fine sand and very fine sand particles may have provided a diversity of pore sizes and a good pore distribution, being responsible for the large proportion of micropores in the soils, allowing great water retention capacities.

ABSTRACT Organic fertilizers are a viable alternative to increase oilseed productivity in family agriculture systems. The study aimed to evaluate the effects of timing and placement of cattle manure and/or gliricidia (Gliricidia sepium Jacq. Walp) prunings on cotton (Gossipium hirsutum L.) and sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) nutrient accumulation and biomass productivity. Experiments were carried out in 2010 and 2011 in Taperoá, Paraíba, Brazil. The organic fertilization treatments were: GI - gliricidia incorporated before planting; GS - gliricidia applied on surface 45 days after planting (DAP); MI + GI - manure and gliricidia incorporated before planting; MI + GS - manure incorporated before planting and gliricídia applied on the surface 45 DAP; MI - manure incorporated before planting; and T - with no organic fertilization. In 2010, treatment MI + GS increased N, P, and K accumulation in cotton (12 and 7 kg ha-1) as well as in sunflower (20 and 29 kg ha-1). In 2011, GI and GS treatments resulted in higher N, P, K accumulations in both crops. The highest cotton productivity in 2010 was obtained with MI + GS treatment (198 kg ha-1) and in 2011 with GS treatment (594 kg ha-1). For sunflower, MI + GS treatment yielded the highest productivity in 2010 (466 kg ha-1) and GI treatment in 2011 (3542 kg ha-1). GI and MI + GS treatments increased total biomass productivity for cotton and sunflower. The treatment that combined both cattle manure incorporated into the soil before planting and gliricidia applied on the surface 45 days after planting was the most viable management strategy.

Equações alométricas foram desenvolvidas para estimar a biomassa aérea viva (B) e a área de projeção da copa (C) de dez espécies da caatinga, com base na altura da planta (H) e/ou do diâmetro do caule ao nível do solo (DNS) ou à altura do peito (DAP). Trinta plantas de cada espécie, cobrindo a faixa usual de diâmetros (3 a 50 cm), foram medidas (C, H, DNS, DAP), cortadas na base, separadas em partes, pesadas e subamostradas para determinação da biomassa seca. A densidade (p) da madeira dos caules e galhos maiores foi determinada. B, C, H e p variaram de 1 a 500 kg, 0,2 a 112 m², 1,3 a 11,8 m e 0,45 a 1,03 g cm-3. A biomassa das 10 espécies, separadamente ou em conjunto (exceto pela espécie de Cactaceae), foi estimada com alto coeficiente de determinação (R²), usando a equação de potência (B = aDNSb) e DNS, DAP ou combinações de diâmetro, altura e densidade. A melhora com a multiplicação de DNS ou DAP por H e/ou p foi pequena. A equação de DAP (válida até 30 cm) para o conjunto das nove espécies teve a = 0,173 e b = 2,295, semelhantes aos valores das médias das equações encontradas na literatura, mas um pouco abaixo dos referidos para vegetação tropical úmida. A projeção das copas foi significativamente relacionada com diâmetros do caule, alturas e biomassas.

Allometric equations to estimate total aboveground alive biomass (B) or crown projection area (C) of ten caatinga species based on plant height (H) and/or stem diameter at ground level (DGL) or at breast height (DBH) were developed. Thirty plants of each species, covering the common range of stem diameters (3 to 50 cm), were measured (C, H, DGL, DBH), cut at the base, separated into parts, weighted and subsampled to determine dry biomass. Wood density (p) of the stem and the largest branches was determined. B, C, H and p ranged from 1 to 500 kg, 0.2 to 112 m², 1.3 to 11.8 m, and 0.45 to 1.03 g cm-3. Biomass of all 10 species, separately or together (excluding one cactus species), could be estimated with high coefficients of determination (R²) using the power equation (B = aDGLb) and DGL, DBH, H or combinations of diameter, height and density. Improvement by multiplying H and/or p to DGL or DBH was small. The mixed-species equation based only on DBH (valid up to 30 cm) had a = 0.173 and b = 2.295, similar to averages of these parameters found in the literature but slightly lower than most of those for humid tropical vegetation. Crown area was significantly related to diameter, height and biomass.

Para testar a hipótese de que a vegetação do Seridó é aberta e de baixo porte, mesmo em local preservado, foi feito o levantamento fitossociológico de uma área na Estação Ecológica do Seridó, Serra Negra do Norte, RN, Brasil. Todas as plantas lenhosas com perímetro do caule a 1,30 m de altura do solo > 3 cm, em 100 parcelas de 10×10 m, foram contadas e tiveram alturas, perímetros do caule e diâmetros das copas medidos e biomassas aéreas estimadas. Foram encontradas 15 espécies, pertencendo a 15 gêneros e 10 famílias, com índice de diversidade de Shannon de 1,94. São números mais baixos que os da maioria de outras áreas de caatinga. Mimosoideae teve o maior número de espécies (três). Todas as variáveis da estrutura da comunidade, exceto densidade (3.250 planta ha-1) também tiveram valores menores (área basal 6,1 m² ha-1, altura máxima 9,5 m, diâmetro máximo 37 cm, área de copas 8.723 m² ha-1 e biomassa 25 mg ha-1) que os de outras áreas de caatinga. O pereiro, Aspidosperma pyrifolium Mart., foi a espécie dominante, com cerca de metade dos totais de densidade, áreas basais e de copas e biomassa. Confirma-se que a vegetação lenhosa do Seridó é aberta e de baixo porte, constituindo um tipo de fisionomia de caatinga distinto dos demais.

A phytosociological survey was conducted at one area belonging to the Seridó Ecological Station to test the hypothesis that the vegetation at the Seridó region is open and low. All woody plants with stem perimeter at breast height > 3 cm were counted, within 100 plots, 10×10 m, and each one had its height, stem perimeter, and crown projection diameters measured, and its aboveground biomass estimated. Fifteen species were found, belonging to 15 genera and 10 families, with a Shannon diversity index of 1,94 . These values are below those of most of caatinga places elsewhere. Mimosoideae was the family with most species (three). All structural variables, except density, (3,250 plant ha-1, basal area 6.1 m² ha-1, maximum height 9.5 m, maximum stem diameter 37 cm, total crown area 8,723 m² ha-1, biomass 25 mg ha-1) had lower values than caatinga elsewhere. Aspidosperma pyrifolium Mart. was the dominant species comprising about half of total density, basal and crown areas and biomass. The small size of plants and the openness of the vegetation is confirmed, indicating that Seridó has a physiognomic type distinct from other caatinga ones.