RESUMO A geração de efluentes e o custo com a alimentação do camarão são os principais desafios enfrentados pela carcinicultura. Uma solução conjunta para ambos os problemas é a produção de bioflocos em um sistema de lodo ativado para tratamento de efluentes. Neste trabalho, o afluente ao sistema estudado era composto pelas águas residuais do cultivo de camarão suplementadas com ureia e melaço de cana-de-açúcar. Os resultados mostraram que a remoção média de demanda química de oxigênio foi de 71% e a produção média de bioflocos no reator foi de aproximadamente 1,5 g.L-1. A adição de melaço ao afluente contribuiu para o aumento da quantidade e da diversidade de microrganismos benéficos para a produção de camarão. Houve remoção de amônia e nitrificação confirmada pelo balanço de massa. Portanto, a utilização do sistema de lodos ativados é uma alternativa viável e ambientalmente adequada para produzir bioflocos e tratar efluentes de cultivo de camarão.

ABSTRACT The release of wastewater and the shrimp feed cost are the main challenges faced by the shrimp farming industry. An alternative solution to both problems is biofloc production in a unit external to the farm, in an activated sludge system for effluent treatment. The treatment system’s influent was composed of the shrimp farm wastewater supplemented with urea and sugarcane molasses. The results show that the average removal of chemical oxygen demand was 71% and the average biofloc production in the reactor was approximately 1.5g.L-1. Adding molasses to the influent contributed to the increase in the quantity and diversity of existing microorganisms that are beneficial to cultured shrimp. The mass balance of nitrogen compounds confirmed that nitrification occurred in the system. Therefore, the use of the activated sludge system is a viable and environmentally suitable alternative to produce bioflocs and shrimp farming effluent treatment.

The present study compared the bioavailability of crude protein and lipid from biofloc meals generated with an activated sludge system using two water sources: wastewater from shrimp experimental culture (BFL-W) and, artificially, using clean seawater (BFL-C). The sludge system operated by chemical and organic fertilization three times per week. Sampling of bioflocs occurred every two days during 81 days. To evaluate digestibility, each type of biofloc meal was incorporated into a reference diet (REF) at 300 g/kg. Another diet acted as a negative control (NEG) by using fish waste meal. The apparent digestibility of bioflocs was estimated by the indirect method using chromic oxide (Cr2O3) as the inert marker at 10 g/kg of the diet. Juvenile L. vannamei of 5.09±0.79 g (n = 440) were stocked at 10 shrimp/tank in 44 tanks of 61 L each that operated under a water recirculating regime. Biofloc meals contained a high ash content (591.0-649.2 g/kg) combined with a low crude protein content (95.9-137.3 g/kg). After 26 days, shrimp achieved a final survival of 93.2±0.8% and a biomass gain of 37.1±1.8 g/tank. Final shrimp body weight ranged from 9.01±0.15 to 9.45±0.13 g. The apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) of crude protein in the biofloc produced from BFL-W, BFL-C and fish waste meal (NEG) reached 26.0, 25.7, and 64.1%, respectively. Similarly, the lipid ADC was 78.9, 67.9, and 85.8%, respectively. This study indicated that biofloc meals had a low protein availability for L. vannamei. However, although low levels of lipid were present, it proved to be available for the species. The dietary inclusion of biofloc meal appears to have a growth-promoting effect on shrimp, which may be associated with trace minerals, or other nutrients not identified in this study.

Processos convencionais de tratamento de efluentes utilizam microrganismos vivos, o que sugere limitações relativas À toxicidade de metais para os microrganismos. O experimento consistiu em adicionar soluções monoelementares de Cr (VI) e Zn(II) em diferentes concentrações (0, 20, 50, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500 mg.L-1) ao meio de crescimento e observar a influência dos metais no crescimento micelial e germinativo do fungo Aspergillus Níger por verificação visual da expansão radial do micélio e da germinação de esporos, seguida de registro fotográfico. Os resultados mostraram que o metabolismo do fungo foi completamente inibido em concentrações acima de 500 mg Zn (II).L-1 e 150 mg Cr (VI).L-1. O ED50 (concentração de ingrediente ativo capaz de inibir 50% do crescimento micelial do fungo) para os dois íons metálicos, nas condições estudadas, está na faixa entre 100 e 150 mg.L-1. Palavras-chave: metais pesados; inibição; crescimento micelial; Aspergillus niger; ED50.

Many standard processes of wastewater treatment use live microorganisms, which suggests limitations on a metal toxicity to the microorganism. The experiment consisted in adding mono elementary solutions of Cr (VI) and Zn (II) at different concentrations (0, 20, 50, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500 mg.L-1) to the growth mean, and to observe the influence of metals on mycelial and germinative growth of the Aspergillus niger fungus, by means of visual observation of the radial expansion of the mycelius and the germination of spores, followed by photograph registration. The results showed that the metabolism of the fungus was completely inhibited at concentrations above 500 mg Zn (II).L-1 and 150 mg Cr (VI).L-1. The ED50 (concentration of active ingredient capable of inhibiting 50% of mycelial growth of the fungus) for both metal ions, under the studied conditions, is in the range between 100 and 150 mg.L-1.

Neste trabalho, avaliou-se o efeito do tempo de detenção hidráulica (TDH) no desempenho de três reatores aeróbios inoculados com Aspergillus niger AN400, usados para tratamento de efluentes de refinarias de petróleo. Cada reator foi operado com um tempo de detenção hidráulica diferente: 4, 8 e 12 horas, durante 152 dias. Eles possuíam leito fixo de espuma de poliuretano e o escoamento era ascendente e contínuo. Determinaram-se: pH, fenóis, demanda química de oxigênio (DQO), amônia, nitrito e nitrato, no afluente e efluentes dos reatores. O TDH de oito horas foi o melhor para remoção de DQOsolúvel e não houve diferença entre os TDHs para remoção de fenóis totais. No período estável não houve remoção de nitrato; no entanto ocorreu remoção de nitrito de aproximadamente 99%. Além disto, houve produção de amônia devido à amonificação a partir do nitrito presente no meio.

This paper evaluated the effect of hydraulic retention time (HRT) on the performance of three upflow aerobic reactors, with polyurethane foam as support material, inoculated with Aspergillus niger AN400, used for the treatment of petroleum refinery wastewater. Each reactor was operated with a different HRT: 4, 8 and 12 hours, during 152 days. The performance was evaluated based on pH; phenols; COD, nitrate and nitrite. The results show that for the COD removal, it is more reasonable to operate the reactor with HRT of eight hours. However, there was no difference among results of phenol removal efficiency of the different HRTs. During steady state condition, nitrite was removed in approximately 99%, but there was no reduction on the nitrate concentration. Ammonia was produced in all reactors, probably due to ammonification of nitrite.

Aspergillus niger AN 400 foi inoculado em reatores em batelada para remoção de fenol de meio sintético, na presença e ausência de glicose. O experimento possuía: 5 reatores de controle (grupo 1) com meio contento apenas fenol; 5 reatores (grupo 2) inoculados com fungos e com meio com fenol e sem glicose; e 5 reatores (grupo 3) inoculados com fungos e com meio com fenol e glicose (5 g/L). Os reatores foram agitados a 200 rpm, a 30°C, durante 5 dias. A concentração média inicial de fenol foi de 323 mg/L e a de matéria orgânica, de 696 mg DQO/L, meio sem glicose, e 6058 mg DQO/L, meio com glicose. Os reatores do grupo 2 removeram 48% de fenol e 21% de DQO, enquanto que os reatores do grupo 3, 100% de fenol e 93% de matéria orgânica. Não houve redução significativa de fenol e de DQO nos reatores de controle. A assimilação foi a via principal de remoção de fenol.

Batch reactors were inoculated with Aspergillus niger AN 400 to remove phenol from synthetic media with and without glucose. The experiment was set by: five blank reactors (group 1) with media containing only phenol; five reactors (group 2) inoculated with fungi and with media containing only phenol; and five reactors (group 3) inoculated with fungi and with media containing phenol and glucose (5 g/L). These reactors were kept at 30°C under stirring of 200 rpm during 5 days. The mean initial concentrations of phenol and COD were 323 mg/L and 696 mg COD/L for the media without glucose, and 6058 mg COD/L for the media containing glucose. The reactors of group 2 removed 48% of phenol and 21% of COD, while the reactors of group 3 removed 100% of phenol and 93% of COD. There was no significant reduction of phenol and COD in the blank reactors. The assimilation was the main pathway of phenol removal.

Nesta pesquisa, estudou-se a influência do tempo de detenção hidráulica (TDH) em um sistema constituído de um reator anaeróbio tipo UASB seguido de um reator biológico com fungos (RBF) para tratar efluente de uma indústria de beneficiamento de castanha de caju. O presente trabalho foi dividido em uma fase de fluxo descontínuo (batelada) e uma fase de fluxo contínuo (UASB - RBF), que constituiu-se de sete etapas ( 8h e 2h, 8h e 1h, 4h e 8h, 4h e 6h, 4h e 4h, 4h e 2h e 4h e 1h), onde foi avaliada a influência do TDH na remoção de: DQO (Demanda Química de Oxigênio), amônia, nitrato e ortofosfato. Uma combinação que apresentou melhores resultados, foi a etapa de 4h (TDH do reator UASB) e 2h (TDH do RBF), apresentando remoções de: 93,8% de DQO, 86,7% de nitrato, 38,3% de amônia e 16% de ortofosfato.

In this research, it was studied the effect of hydraulic retention time (HRT) in a system comprised of an Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) reactor and a Biological Reactor with Fungi (BRF) for treatment of the efluent of the industry of cashew nut improvement. The work was divided in two phases: batch reactors using shaking flasks and continuous-feed reactors (UASB-BRF). The UASB reactor was operated at HRT of 4 and 8 h, whereas the BRF was operated at HRT varying from 1 to 8 h. The performance of both reactors was evaluated based on the removal efficiency of chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammonium, nitrate, and orthophosfate. The results show that the best results were achieved when the UASB was operated at HRT of 4 h and the BRF was operated at HRT of 2 h, when the system removed 93,8% of the COD, 86,7% of the nitrate, 38,3% of the ammonium and 16% of the orthophosfate.