ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to identify resistance of tolerance type in Citrus and Poncirus genotypes towards the citrus leafminer (CLM), Phyllocnistis citrella. The quantitative variables leaf and shoot lengths, leaf width, number of larvae and new shoots, and fresh and dry shoots weights, and qualitative variables associated with foliar damage were evaluated in six Citrus-related genotypes infested with CLM. In preliminary trials with lime Rough lemon (C. jambhiri), the variables that best discriminated the infestation effect of CLM were established as the numbers of larvae and new shoots per plant together with the percentages of partially rolled leaves (PRL), rolled leaves (RL) and total damage (TD = RL + PRL). In subsequent tests with all six genotypes, the variables new shoots per plant, percentage of attacked but not rolled leaves (ANRL), RL and TD were found to be significant. Trifoliata Limeira (P. trifoliata) and hybrid C × R4 (C. sunki × P. trifoliata) presented the lowest percentages of RL and TD and the highest values of ANRL. A cluster analysis was performed considering all the variables analyzed and the most tolerant genotypes for CLM, namely hybridsC × R4, C × R315 (C. sunki × P. trifoliata), M × P222 [C. sinensis × Tangor Murcott (C. reticulata × C. sinensis)] and Trifoliata Limeira (P. trifoliata) were grouped apart from the less tolerant genotypes Sunki mandarin (C. sunki) and lime Rough lemon. In conclusion, genotypes Trifoliata Limeira and its hybrid C × R4 are the most tolerant to CLM.

Resumo Este estudo apresenta uma metodologia simplificada e ajustada a partir de algoritmos existentes a dados de sensores orbitais disponíveis para a região Nordeste do Brasil (NEB) com o intuito de operacionalizar a determinação espacial da evapotranspiração (ET) apenas com dados de sensoriamento remoto, utilizando dados MODIS/Terra do período de 2002 a 2011. Os resultados obtidos para diversos alvos espalhados pelo NEB foram comparados a dados CLM (Common Land Model) e MOD16. Obteve-se erro médio percentual (EMP) e erro médio absoluto (EMA) da ordem de 23,6% e 181 mm.ano−1, respectivamente, nos valores de ET quando comparados a dados CLM. Avaliou-se a ET obtida pelo algoritmo proposto, com dados de ET do produto MOD16, o que resultou em valores de EMP e EMA de 38,6% e 288 mm.ano−1, respectivamente. Os dados médios anuais da ET variaram de 482 a 1105 mm.ano−1 relativos a áreas de Caatinga e floresta tropical pluvial, respectivamente. Os resultados apresentaram-se condizentes com a literatura e evidenciaram que a metodologia proposta possibilita operacionalizar o cômputo da ET em toda a região Nordeste, não obstante a grande heterogeneidade topográfica e climática da região.

Abstract This study presents a simplified methodology and adjusted from existing algorithms of orbital sensor data available for the Northeast region of Brazil (NEB) in order to operationalize the spatial determination of evapotranspiration (ET) only with remote sensing data, using Terra/MODIS data from 2002 to 2011. The results for various targets around the NEB were compared with CLM (Common Land Model) and MOD16 data. Was obtained average percentage error (MPE) and mean absolute error (MAE) of 23,6% and 181 mm.year−1, respectively, when compared to CLM data. It was evaluated the ET obtained by the proposed algorithm with MOD16 ET data, resulting in EMP and EMA of 38,6% and 288 mm.year−1, respectively. The average annual data from ET ranged 482-1105 mm.year−1 relating to areas of Caatinga and tropical rainforest, respectively. The results presented are consistent with the literature and showed that the proposed methodology enables operationalize the computation of ET throughout the Northeast, despite the large topographic heterogeneity and climate of the region.

Os anti-helmínticos empregados no tratamento das helmintoses intestinais, de modo geral, são eficazes, porém nas parasitoses teciduais, como é o caso da toxocaríase visceral, a eficácia é moderada. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar in vitro a atividade do lapachol, β-lapachona e fenazinas derivadas da β-lapachona sobre a viabilidade de larvas de Toxocara canis. Os compostos foram testados na concentração de 2 mg/mL (em duplicata) em placas de microcultivo, contendo larvas de T. canis em meio RPMI-1640, sendo incubados, a 37 °C, em tensão de CO2 de 5%, por 48 horas. Na concentração de 2 mg/mL, quatro fenazinas, o lapachol e três derivados, apresentaram atividade larvicida/larvostática de 100%. A seguir, foi realizado o teste de concentração larvicida/larvostártica mínima (CLM). Os compostos que apresentaram os melhores resultados foram o nor-lapachol (CLM, 1 mg/mL), lapachol (CLM, 0,5 mg/mL), a β-lapachona e a β-C-alil-lausona (CLM, 0,25 mg/mL). As larvas expostas aos compostos, na melhor CLM 100% in vitro foram inoculadas em camundongos BALB/c saudáveis não sendo capazes de causar infecção, confirmando o potencial larvicida in vitro desses compostos.

Anthelmintics used for intestinal helminthiasis treatment are generally effective; however, their effectiveness in tissue parasitosis (i.e. visceral toxocariasis) is moderate. The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitroactivity of lapachol, β-lapachone and phenazines in relation to the viability of Toxocara canis larvae. A concentration of 2 mg/mL (in duplicate) of the compounds was tested using microculture plates containing Toxocara canis larvae in an RPMI-1640 environment, incubated at 37 °C in 5% CO2 tension for 48 hours. In the 2 mg/mL concentration, four phenazines, lapachol and three of its derivatives presented a larvicide/larvistatic activity of 100%. Then, the minimum larvicide/larvistatic concentration (MLC) test was conducted. The compounds that presented the best results were nor-lapachol (MLC, 1 mg/mL), lapachol (MLC 0.5 mg/mL), β-lapachone, and β-C-allyl-lawsone (MLC, 0.25 mg/mL). The larvae exposed to the compounds, at best MLC with 100% in vitro activity larvicide, were inoculated into healthy BALB/c mice and were not capable of causing infection, confirming the larvicide potential in vitro of these compounds.

OBJETIVOS: Descrever os efeitos da imobilização, da remobilização livre e por meio de exercício físico sobre as propriedades mecânicas do músculo esquelético de ratos de duas faixas etárias. MÉTODOS: 56 ratos Wistar divididos em dois grupos etários, um grupo adulto (cinco meses) e um idoso (15 meses). Estes foram subdivididos em: controle, imobilizado, remobilizado livre e remobilizado por meio de exercício físico. Os membros posteriores dos ratos foram imobilizados por período de sete dias. O protocolo de exercícios foi composto por cinco sessões de natação, uma vez por dia e 25 minutos por sessão. O músculo gastrocnêmio foi submetido a ensaios de tração, sendo avaliadas as propriedades: carga (CLM), alongamento no limite máximo (ALM) e rigidez. RESULTADOS: A imobilização reduziu os valores de CLM e os protocolos de remobilização não foram suficientes para restabelecer aos níveis controle tanto nos animais adultos como nos idosos. O ALM apresentou diferença somente no grupo idoso. CONCLUSÕES: A imobilização reduz a capacidade do músculo de suportar cargas e protocolo de exercício físico apresenta uma tendência a restabelecer os valores ao padrão controle, tanto nos animais adultos como nos idosos. O fator idade interferiu somente no ALM gerando redução desta propriedade no período pós-imobilização. Nível de Evidência II, Investigação dos Resultados do Tratamento.

OBJECTIVES: To describe the effects of immobilization, free remobilization and remobilization by physical exercise about mechanical properties of skeletal muscle rats of two age groups. METHODS: 56 Wistar rats divided into two groups according to age, an adult group (five months) and an older group (15 months). These groups were subdivided in: control, immobilized, free remobilized and remobilized by physical exercise. The pelvic limb of rats was immobilized for seven days. The exercise protocol consisted by five swimming sessions, once per day and 25 minutes per session. The gastrocnemius muscle was subjected to tensile tests, and evaluated the properties: load at the maximum limit, stretching at the maximum limit and stiffness. RESULTS: The immobilization reduced the values of load at the maximum limit and the remobilization protocols were not sufficient to restore control levels in adult group and older rats. The stretching at the maximum limit differs only in the older group. CONCLUSIONS: The immobilization reduces the muscle's ability to bear loads and exercise protocol tends to restore the default at control values in adult and older rats. The age factor only interfered in the stretching at the maximum limit, inducing a reduction this property in the post-immobilization. Level of Evidence II, Investigating the Results of Treatment.

Calcium signalling is fundamental for muscular contractility of Schistosoma mansoni. We have previously described the presence of transport ATPases (Na+,K+-ATPase and (Ca2+-Mg2+)-ATPase) and calcium channels (ryanodine receptors - RyR) involved in control of calcium homeostasis in this worm. Here we briefly review the main technics (ATPase activity, binding with specific radioligands, fluxes of 45Ca2+ and whole worm contractions) and results obtained in order to compare the distribution patterns of these proteins: thapsigargin-sensitive (Ca2+-Mg2+)-ATPase activity and RyR co-purified in P1 and P4 fractions mainly, which is compatible with a sarcoplasmic reticulum localization, while basal ATPase (along with Na+,K+-ATPase) and thapsigargin-resistant (Ca2+-Mg2+)-ATPase have a distinct distribution, indicative of their plasma membrane localization. Finally we attempt to integrate these contributions with data from other groups in order to propose the first synoptic model for control of calcium homeostasis in S. mansoni.

Essa pesquisa teve por objetivo avaliar o efeito da adição de levedura seca de álcool (LSA) à dieta de poedeiras. Foram utilizadas 120 poedeiras Isabrown com 33 semanas de idade, distribuídas em um delineamento estatístico de blocos ao acaso, com cinco tratamentos (0, 7, 14, 21 e 28% de levedura), quatro repetições e seis aves por unidade experimental. Rações isoprotéicas (18% PB), isoenergéticas (2.800 kcal EM/kg), isocálcicas (3,8% Ca) e isofosfóricas (0,38% Pd) foram formuladas à base de milho e farelo de soja. Os níveis de LSA não afetaram a produção galinha dia (PGD=94,71± 0,96%), peso dos ovos (PO=64,35± 0,85g), peso médio final das aves (PMF=1.872,07± 50,36g), ganho de peso das aves (GP=-52± 25,84g) e umidade das excretas (UE=75,85± 3,81%). Observou-se efeito quadrático para as variáveis: consumo de ração (CR=117,03-0,34LSA+0,02LSA²) e conversão alimentar por dúzia de ovos (CADO=1,48-0,0025LSA+0,00023LSA²). Efeito linear foi observado para a variável conversão alimentar por massa de ovo (CAMO=1,867+0,0072LSA). A utilização de até 14% de levedura proporcionou desempenho semelhante ao obtido com a dieta à base de milho e farelo de soja. A análise econômica mostrou ser viável a utilização de níveis até 28% de levedura.

This research had the objective of evaluating the effect of growing levels of dry yeast of alcohol (LSA) to the laying hen diet. One hundred and twenty Isabrown laying hens were used with 33 weeks of age, in a randomized complete block design, with five treatments, four replicates and six birds per pen. The diets (18% CP, 2800 kcal ME/kg, 3,8% Ca and 0,38% AP), were formulated based on corn and soybean meal, with five levels of LSA inclusion: 0; 7; 14; 21 and 28,0%. The levels of LSA did not affect the production of hen per day (PGD=94,71± 0,96%), egg weight (PO=64,35± 0,85g), chicken weight (PMF=1.872,07± 50,36g), weight gain (GP=-52± 25,84g), and moisture of faeces (UE=75,85± 3,81%). Quadratic effect was observed for the variables feed intake (CR=117,03-0,34LSA+0,02LSA²) and feed conversion for dozen of eggs (CADO=1,48-0,0025LSA+0,00023LSA²). Linear effect was observed for the variable feed egg mass ratio (CAMO=1,867+0,0072LSA). The use of up to 14% of LSA provided similar performance as compared to that obtained with the diet based on corn and soybean meal. The economic analysis shows that LSA can be used up to 28%.

Experimentos foram realizados a fim de determinar a digestibilidade (Experimento 1) e o efeito da inclusão de farinha de folhas de mandioca (FFM) com e sem a adição de complexos multienzimáticos (CME) em dietas de frangos de corte machos (Experimento 2), de linhagem Hubbard. Os CME utilizados foram compostos de Energex (beta-glucanase, pectinase, hemicelulase) e Bio-Feed Alpha (beta-glucanase, amilase). No Experimento 1, utilizaram-se aves com 21 dias de idade, com o nível de inclusão 0-41,67% de FFM, para medir o coeficiente de digestibilidade da energia bruta e fibra bruta (CDEB/CDFB) e determinar os valores de energia metabolizável aparente e corrigida (EMA/EMAn). No Experimento 2, utilizaram-se aves de 1-21 dias de idade, com níveis de inclusão de 0-10,34% de FFM, para avaliar o consumo médio de ração (CMR), o ganho de peso médio (GPM) e a conversão alimentar média (CAM). No Experimento 1, houve diferença para os valores do CDEB, CDFB, EMA e EMAn, ocorrendo diminuição na digestibilidade, à medida que se elevaram os níveis de inclusão de FFM na dieta basal. Com a adição dos CME, evidenciou-se melhora nas características analisadas. A determinação dos valores de EMA e EMAn foram de 1697 e 1694 kcal/kg/MS FFM, respectivamente. No Experimento 2, o nível de maior inclusão de FFM foi o que apresentou o pior resultado para as características CMR, GPM e CAM, enquanto o nível 5,17% de FFM não prejudicou o desempenho dos animais. A adição do CME não melhorou o valor nutritivo da FFM.

Experiments were carried out to determine the digestibility (Experiment 1) and the effect of the inclusion of cassava leaf meal (CLM) with and without the addition of multi-enzyme complexes (MEC) in male broiler diets (Experiment 2) of the Hubbard strain. The MECs used were made up of Energex (beta-glucanase, pectinase, hemicellulose) and Bio-Feed Alpha (beta-glucanase, amylase). In Experiment 1, birds with 21 days of age were used, with the level of inclusion of 0 - 41.67% of CLM to determine the digestibility coefficient of the gross energy and crude fiber (DCGE/DCCF) and to determine the values of apparent and corrected metabolizable energy (AME/nAME). In Experiment 2, birds from 1 to 21 days of age, fed diets with levels of inclusion of 0 - 10.34% of CLM were used to evaluate the average feed intake (DAI), average weight gain (AWG) and average feed: gain (AF: G). In Experiment 1, there was difference for the values of DCGE, DCCF, AME and nAME, occurring a decrease on the digestibility as the CLM inclusion levels increased on the basal diet. With the addition of the MECs, an improvement in the analyzed traits was evidenced. The determination of the values of AME and nAME were of 1.697 and 1.694 kcal/Kg/DM CLM, respectively. In Experiment 2, the level of highest inclusion of CLM was the one which presented the poorest result for the traits RAI, AWG and AFC while the level of 5.17% of CLM did not impair the animals performance. The addition of the MEC did not improve the nutritive value of CLM.

In chronic severe infection with Schistosoma mansoni, portal hypertension and related vascular alterations usually develop as a consequence of granulomatous response to eggs. In order to investigate a putative direct effect of worms on the reactivity of their host portal vein, mice infected only with male worms were used in the present study. An higher reactivity to 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) characterized by an increase in the maximal contraction and sensitivity was observed in portal vein from infected mice compared to healthy mice. Blockade of NO-synthase with l-NAME induced a small increase in 5-HT potency in portal vein from non-infected mice without changing the amplitude of the contractions, whereas it did not alter the reactivity of veins from infected mice. The present results show that unisexual infection of mice with male S. mansoni increased the reactivity of the portal vein to 5-HT which seems to be partially related to an alteration in the nitric oxide release by endothelium.