SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the levels of physical activity (PA) and quality of life (QOL) in adults and elderly individuals with lower limb amputation (LLA). METHODS: This was a cross-sectional observational study. Participants completed three surveys as follows: a demographic survey, the International Physical Activity Questionnaire, and the World Health Organization Quality of Life. Thirty-six individuals with lower limb amputation were separated into two different groups as follows: Adults-lower limb amputation (n=12), composed of individuals with lower limb amputation who aged from 18–59 years, and Elderly-lower limb amputation (n=24), composed of individuals with lower limb amputation who aged 60 years and above. Statistical differences were determined as p<0.05. RESULTS: Age and number of individuals with a low level of functional independency were higher in the Elderly-lower limb amputation group (p<0.05). The International Physical Activity Questionnaire scores were reduced in the Elderly-lower limb amputation group (p<0.05). The Pearson's correlation test between low metabolic equivalent task (MET), time since amputation, and family income presented positive significant results in the Elderly-lower limb amputation (p<0.05). Adults-lower limb amputation just presents a positive significant correlation with the low family income (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Elderly individuals with lower limb amputation are more susceptible to present negative health outcomes than adults with lower limb amputation.

Physical exercise training (PET) has been considered an excellent non-pharmacological strategy to prevent and treat several diseases. There are various benefits offered by PET, especially on the immune system, promoting changes in the morphology and function of cells, inducing changes in the expression pattern of pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines. However, these changes depend on the type, volume and intensity of PET and whether it is being evaluated acutely or chronically. In this context, PET can be a tool to improve the immune system and fight various infections. However, the current COVID-19 pandemic, caused by SARS-CoV-2, which produces cytokine storm, inducing inflammation in several organs, with high infection rates in both sedentary and physically active individuals, the role of PET on immune cells has not yet been elucidated. Thus, this review focused on the role of PET on immune system cells and the possible effects of PET-induced adaptive responses on SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19.

SUMMARY The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) induces coronavirus-19 disease (COVID-19), has affected many people in Brazil and worldwide. This disease predominantly affects the organs of the respiratory system, but it also damages the brain, liver, kidneys and especially the heart. In the heart, scientific evidence shows that this virus can damage the coronary arteries, generating microvascular dysfunction, favoring acute myocardial infarction. Furthermore, with the increased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, it can lead to myocarditis and cardiac fibrosis, inducing changes in the electrical conduction system of the heart, generating cardiac arrhythmias. All these factors mentioned are protagonists in promoting the increase in the mortality outcome. This outcome may be even higher if the individuals are elderly, or if they have other diseases such as type 2 diabetes mellitus or hypertension, because they may already have cardiomyopathy. In this context, this review focused on the impact that COVID-19 can have on the heart and cardiovascular system and the association of this impact with aging, type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiac arrhythmias and arterial hypertension

BACKGROUND Many studies have identified mutations in the hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) as important factors limiting the ability of commercial serological assays to detect this viral antigen. However, an association between mutations in the HBsAg gene and the occurrence of occult HBV infection (OBI) in patients has not been established. OBJECTIVES To detect hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA in patients with anti-HBc as a unique serological marker, a previously published, cost-effective TaqMan-based real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test with minor groove binding probes was adapted for use in this study. The current study also aimed to investigate HBsAg mutations and genotypes of HBV in OBI at the Viral Hepatitis Ambulatory Clinic in Rio de Janeiro to determine any possible association. METHODS Intra-assay and inter-assay reproducibility were determined, and the mean coefficient of variation values obtained were 2.07 and 3.5, respectively. Probit analysis indicated that the 95% detection level was 25 IU/mL. The prevalence of OBI was investigated in 35 serum samples with an ‘anti-HBc alone’ profile from individuals who attended our clinic between 2011 and 2013. FINDINGS HBV DNA was detected in only one sample, resulting in an OBI rate of 2.9%. Nucleotide sequencing of the pre-S/S region was performed to genotype and analyse mutations within the HBsAg gene of this HBV DNA. The HBV in the OBI case was classified as sub-genotype A1, and a sequence analysis of the small S gene revealed 12 mutations in the major hydrophilic region compared to the consensus A1 sequence. Most of these mutations occurred in amino acid residues that have been reported as clinically relevant because they have been implicated in vaccine escape and/or inability to detect HBsAg by commercial serological assays. MAIN CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests the importance of specific HBsAg mutations, different from those in D, B, and C genotypes, in sub-genotype A1 HBV associated with OBI.

A expansão do cajueiro-anão-precoce no Brasil vem promovendo baixa diversidade genética dos genótipos usados como enxerto e porta-enxerto, ensejando vulnerabilidade da cultura às vicissitudes bióticas como a resinose (Lasiodiplodia theobromae), principal doença do cajueiro no semiárido nordestino. Estima-se que cerca de meio milhão de mudas de cajueiro-anão-precoce sejam produzidas anualmente, sendo a grande maioria delas produzida de propágulos enxertados sobre plântulas oriundas de sementes do clone CCP 06. A principal estratégia de manejo da resinose é o plantio de clones resistentes. Entretanto, entre os aspectos que contribuem para sucessivas epidemias da resinose, destaca-se a falta de estudos de interações genotípicas entre enxerto e porta-enxerto. Este estudo objetivou avaliar o efeito de combinações de clones de cajueiro-anão-precoce usados como enxerto e porta-enxerto na incidência da resinose. Sementes de plantas de polinização aberta de seis clones selecionados foram usadas para produção de porta-enxerto. Os clones comerciais CCP 76 (suscetível) e BRS 226 (resistente) foram usados como enxertos. O experimento foi realizado obedecendo ao delineamento de blocos ao acaso, no esquema fatorial 2 x 6, com quatro repetições e nove plantas por parcela do tipo quadrada, sob condições de elevada pressão da doença, em Pio IX-PI. Três anos após o plantio definitivo, a incidência (I) e a severidade (S) (escala de 0 a 4) da resinose foram superiores no clone CCP 76 (I = 97% e S=2,10) em relação ao BRS 226 (I = 33% e S=0,36), independentemente do porta-enxerto. O clone CP 06 como porta-enxerto foi o único que reduziu a incidência e a severidade da resinose, independentemente do genótipo do enxerto. Este clone foi capaz de reduzir a severidade da resinose do clone CCP 76 (S=2,10) como enxerto em quase 30%.

The expansion of early dwarf cashew (EDC) crop in Brazil has promoted a reduced genetic diversity of cashew genotypes used to both as scion and root-stock. This may contribute to enhance crop vulnerability to some biological harm such as the infection by the gummosis fungus agent, Lasiodiplodia theobromae, the most important disease of this plant in semi-arid north-eastern Brazil. It has been estimated that half a million graft plants of EDC are yearly produced in Brazil, most of them obtained by grafting over seedling from CCP 06 clone as root-stock. The only means of managing gummosis is by the use of genetically resistant clones. However, the lack of studies on the scion and stock genotypic interactions has contributed to outbreak of successive gummosis epidemics. This study was developed in order to evaluate the effect of different combinations of EDC clones used as scion and stock on gummosis incidence. Root-stocks, prepared from seeds of six open pollinated plants, were grafted with two commercial clones: CCP 75 (susceptible) and BRS 226 (resistant). The field trial was laid out under high disease pressure, in a 2 by 6 factorial scheme in a completely randomized block design with four replications and nine plants per plot. Disease incidence (I) and severity (S) (scale 0 to 4) was monitored for three years. On the third year, gummosis incidence and severity were higher in CCP 76 (I =97% and I = 2.10) than in BRS 226 (I =33% and I = 0.36), independently of root-stock. CCP 06 clone was the only one root-stock which reduced both incidence and severity of gummosis independently of scion. This clone was able to reduce susceptibility of CCP 76 as canopy.

A idade dos pacientes é fator controverso na internação em UTIs. Foi objetivo deste estudo comparar a gravidade e a demanda de trabalho de enfermagem entre idosos, de diferentes faixas etárias, na UTI, e identificar os preditores da alta carga de trabalho de enfermagem para essa população. Realizou-se estudo transversal em três UTIs de hospitais do município de São Paulo, com amostra de 71 idosos, admitidos entre outubro e novembro de 2004. Os dados foram coletados prospectivamente utilizando-se o Nursing Activities Score (NAS) e o Simplified Acute Physiology Score II (SAPS II). Não houve diferença na demanda de trabalho de enfermagem para idosos de diferentes faixas etárias e os fatores associados à alta carga de trabalho foram a gravidade, a idade e o tipo de internação. A idade, como fator isolado, não deve ser discriminante para a admissão de idosos em UTI.

The age of patients is a controversial issue in admission to intensive care unit (ICU). The aim of this study was to compare severity and nursing workload of elderly patients with 60-69, 70-79, and e"80 years of age and to identify predictors of nursing workload in elderly patients. A cross sectional study was performed with a sample of 71 elderly patients admitted to three ICU in the city of Sao Paulo, Brazil from October to November 2004. Data were prospectively collected using Nursing Activities Score (NAS) and Simplified Acute Physiology Score II (SAPS II). There was no significant difference in nursing workload among the elderly patients age subgroups (p=0.84). Multiple regression analysis indicated that the independent risk factors of high nursing workload were severity, age e"70 years, and to be a surgical ICU patient. Age as an isolated factor should not be discriminative for elderly patients admission to ICU.

La edad de los pacientes es un factor polémico en las internaciones en UTI(s). El objetivo del estudio fue comparar la gravedad y la demanda de trabajo que tiene enfermería para atender ancianos, agrupados en diferentes intervalos de edad, en la UTI, e identificar los indicadores de la alta carga de trabajo de enfermería en esa población. Se realizó un estudio transversal en tres UTI(s) de hospitales del municipio de San Pablo, con una muestra de 71 ancianos admitidos entre octubre y noviembre de 2004. Para la prospección y recolección de los datos se utilizó Nursing Activities Score (NAS) y el Simplified Acute Physiology Score II (SAPS II). No se encontraron diferencias en la demanda de trabajo de enfermería entre ancianos, agrupados en diferentes intervalos de edad; y, los factores asociados a la alta carga de trabajo fueron la gravedad, la edad y el tipo de internación. La edad como un factor aislado no debe constituirse en un factor discriminante para la admisión de ancianos en las UTIs.

The age of patients is a controversial issue in admission to intensive care unit (ICU). The aim of this study was to compare severity and nursing workload of elderly patients with 60-69, 70-79, and e"80 years of age and to identify predictors of nursing workload in elderly patients. A cross sectional study was performed with a sample of 71 elderly patients admitted to three ICU in the city of Sao Paulo, Brazil from October to November 2004. Data were prospectively collected using Nursing Activities Score (NAS) and Simplified Acute Physiology Score II (SAPS II). There was no significant difference in nursing workload among the elderly patients age subgroups (p=0.84). Multiple regression analysis indicated that the independent risk factors of high nursing workload were severity, age e"70 years, and to be a surgical ICU patient. Age as an isolated factor should not be discriminative for elderly patients admission to ICU.

La edad de los pacientes es un factor polémico en las internaciones en UTI(s). El objetivo del estudio fue comparar la gravedad y la demanda de trabajo que tiene enfermería para atender ancianos, agrupados en diferentes intervalos de edad, en la UTI, e identificar los indicadores de la alta carga de trabajo de enfermería en esa población. Se realizó un estudio transversal en tres UTI(s) de hospitales del municipio de San Pablo, con una muestra de 71 ancianos admitidos entre octubre y noviembre de 2004. Para la prospección y recolección de los datos se utilizó Nursing Activities Score (NAS) y el Simplified Acute Physiology Score II (SAPS II). No se encontraron diferencias en la demanda de trabajo de enfermería entre ancianos, agrupados en diferentes intervalos de edad; y, los factores asociados a la alta carga de trabajo fueron la gravedad, la edad y el tipo de internación. La edad como un factor aislado no debe constituirse en un factor discriminante para la admisión de ancianos en las UTIs.

A idade dos pacientes é fator controverso na internação em UTIs. Foi objetivo deste estudo comparar a gravidade e a demanda de trabalho de enfermagem entre idosos, de diferentes faixas etárias, na UTI, e identificar os preditores da alta carga de trabalho de enfermagem para essa população. Realizou-se estudo transversal em três UTIs de hospitais do município de São Paulo, com amostra de 71 idosos, admitidos entre outubro e novembro de 2004. Os dados foram coletados prospectivamente utilizando-se o Nursing Activities Score (NAS) e o Simplified Acute Physiology Score II (SAPS II). Não houve diferença na demanda de trabalho de enfermagem para idosos de diferentes faixas etárias e os fatores associados à alta carga de trabalho foram a gravidade, a idade e o tipo de internação. A idade, como fator isolado, não deve ser discriminante para a admissão de idosos em UTI.

This paper describes a sample holder for the electrical measurement of oxides or conducting polymers in the form of pellets or films which are used as gas sensors. The system makes it possible to control the sample temperature, the gas pressure and composition. The temperature in the sample can be changed from 25ºC to 450ºC, and the gas pressure in the chamber is controlled between 5 ¥ 10-4 and 1000 mbar. The performance of the system in resistance measurements of doped tin oxide pellets and polyaniline films deposited on platinum electrodes for methane is analyzed.