ABSTRACT Introduction: Pregnancy-related complications may impact women’s reproductive cycle and health through their lives. The objective of this study was to evaluate the sociodemographic, clinical, and obstetric history of women undergoing hemodialysis. Methods: We performed a cross-sectional study in a specialized health facility with four hemodialysis units. Sociodemographic characteristics, clinical and personal history, obstetric and perinatal results of women with pregnancies before hemodialysis were evaluated. Prevalence, bivariate, and logistic regression analyses were performed. Results: We included 208 (87.76%) women. Hypertension was the main cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD) (128 women). Rates of adverse perinatal outcomes, including prematurity, low birth weight, miscarriage, fetal death, and neonatal death, were 19.3%, 14.5%, 25.5%, 12.1%, and 5.3%, respectively. Hypertensive syndromes during pregnancy occurred in 37.0% of women, with 12.5% reporting preeclampsia and 1.4% reporting eclampsia. Up to 1 year after birth, 45.2% of women reported hypertension. Hemodialysis due to hypertension was associated with a history of hypertension during pregnancy (OR 2.33, CI 1.27 – 4.24), gestational hypertension (2.41, CI 3.30 – 4.45), and hypertension up to one year after birth (OR 1.98, CI 1.11 – 3.51). Logistic regression showed that gestational hypertension was independently associated with CKD due to hypertension (aOR 2.76, CI 1.45 – 5.24). Conclusion: Women undergoing hemodialysis due to hypertension were more likely to have gestational hypertension or hypertension up to one year after birth. To delay end-stage renal disease, it is necessary to identify women at risk of kidney failure according to their reproductive history.

RESUMO Introdução: Complicações relacionadas à gestação podem afetar o ciclo reprodutivo e a saúde das mulheres ao longo de suas vidas. Este estudo visou avaliar histórico sociodemográfico, clínico e obstétrico de mulheres em hemodiálise. Métodos: Realizamos estudo transversal em unidade de saúde especializada com quatro unidades de hemodiálise. Avaliou-se características sociodemográficas, histórico clínico e pessoal, resultados obstétricos e perinatais de mulheres com gestações anteriores à hemodiálise. Foram realizadas análises de prevalência, bivariadas e regressão logística. Resultados: Incluímos 208 (87,76%) mulheres. Hipertensão foi a principal causa de doença renal crônica (DRC) (128 mulheres). Taxas de desfechos perinatais adversos, incluindo prematuridade, baixo peso ao nascer, aborto espontâneo, óbito fetal e neonatal, foram de 19,3%, 14,5%, 25,5%, 12,1% e 5,3%, respectivamente. Síndromes hipertensivas durante a gestação ocorreram em 37,0% das mulheres, com 12,5% relatando pré-eclâmpsia e 1,4% relatando eclampsia. Até 1 ano após o parto, 45,2% das mulheres relataram hipertensão. Hemodiálise devido à hipertensão foi associada ao histórico de hipertensão na gestação (OR 2,33; IC 1,27 - 4,24), hipertensão gestacional (2,41; IC 3,30 - 4,45), e hipertensão até um ano após o parto (OR 1,98; IC 1,11 - 3,51). A regressão logística mostrou que hipertensão gestacional foi independentemente associada à DRC devido à hipertensão (ORa 2,76; IC 1,45 - 5,24). Conclusão: Mulheres submetidas à hemodiálise por hipertensão foram mais propensas a apresentar hipertensão gestacional ou hipertensão até um ano após o parto. Para retardar a doença renal em estágio terminal, deve-se identificar mulheres em risco de insuficiência renal de acordo com sua história reprodutiva.

Resumo Introdução: Diversas modalidades de tratamento são utilizadas para recuperação do tecido muscular, dentre elas a fotobiomodulação pode ser empregada para melhorar a qualidade da regeneração e a dimensão fractal se apresenta como uma metodologia inovadora na avaliação quantitativa da eficácia do tratamento. Objetivo: Utilizar a dimensão fractal como método de análise quantitativa do efeito do Laser de Arseneto de Gálio (AsGa) na fase inicial do processo de regeneração muscular. Método: Foram utilizados trinta ratos Wistar, machos divididos em: Grupo Controle (CT), Grupo lesado e não tratado (LNT) e Grupo Lesado e tratado (LT). A lesão muscular foi induzida por criolesão na região central do ventre do músculo tibial anterior (TA) do membro posterior esquerdo, por meio de uma haste de ferro previamente imersa em nitrogênio líquido. As aplicações foram iniciadas 24 horas após a lesão, diariamente, durante cinco dias, em dois pontos na área da lesão. No sétimo dia os animais foram eutanasiados; o músculo TA retirado, congelado em nitrogênio líquido e os cortes histológicos corados com a técnica de Hematoxilina-Eosina para serem então submetidos à análise de dimensão fractal realizada pelo método boxcounting através do software Image J. Para a normalidade dos dados utilizou-se Kolmogorov Smirnov, para as comparações teste de Kruskall-Wallis com pós teste de Dunn (p<0,05%). Resultados: A comparação entre LT e LNT foi estatisticamente significativa, sendo possível observar a redução da fractabilidade com p=0,0034. Conclusão: A dimensão fractal é uma ferramenta útil para análise da desorganização músculo esquelética na fase inicial da regeneração e mostra o potencial efeito benéfico da fotobiomodulação nesse processo.

Abstract Introduction: Many treatment modalities are used for muscle tissue recovery. Photobiomodulation is a modality that can be employed to improve the quality of tissue repair. The use of fractal dimension (FD) is an innovative methodology in the quantitative evaluation of treatment efficacy. Objective: Use FD as a quantitative analysis method to evaluate the effect of photobiomodulation of 904 nanometers (nm) in the initial phase of the muscle regeneration process. Method: Thirty male Wistar rats were divided into three groups: Control Group (CG), Injured and Untreated Group (IUT), and Injured and Treated Group (IT). Muscle injury was induced by cryoinjury in the central region of the anterior tibial (AT) belly of the left posterior limb. This was performed by an iron rod that was previously immersed in liquid nitrogen. Applications started 24 hours after the injury and occurred daily for five days. They were performed at two points in the lesion area. The rats were euthanized on the seventh day. The AT muscles were removed and frozen in liquid nitrogen. Then, the histological sections were stained using the Hematoxylin-Eosin (HE) technique and submitted to FD analysis performed by the box-counting method using ImageJ software. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used for data normality, and the Kruskall-Wallis test and Dunn's post-test were used for group comparison (p<0.05%). Results: Differences between IT and IUT groups were statistically significant, and it was possible to observe the reduction of fractability with p=0.0034. Conclusion: FD is a useful tool for the analysis of skeletal muscle disorganization in the initial phase of regeneration and confirms the potentially beneficial effects of photobiomodulation to this process.

Abstract: The city of Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, has historically presented processes landslides in the southern part of the valley, specifically in deposits of slope whose genesis is determined from La Mesa karst of Copoya, geological forms subjected to intense fracturing processes dissolution and erosion, giving as a result the breaking into large blocks. These are distributed in the margins of La Mesa being altered and destroyed by mechanical and chemical weathering, which generated smaller particles that rest on siltstones, shale and sandstones. This condition determines that the slopes are unstable by nature. A 1000 x 1000 m grid was constructed, corresponding to the canvass of the Mercator Transverse Universal Coordinate System (UTM) of the topographic map scale 1:50 000 (INEGI, 1984; INEGI, 2004; Lugo-Hubp, 1988). In each cell a centroid was generated to apply the interpolation process and draw isolines. For numerical variables such as drainage density and unevenness, defined ranges (number of equal intervals) were used by ArcMap software (version 9.3). For the non-quantitative variables such as geology, edaphology and soil use and vegetation, the same AHP method was used, obtaining numerical values for the cartographic representation. In all three cases, the normalized values and a Consistency Index (CI) and Consistency Ratio (CR) (the latter according to the dimension of the matrix) were obtained, below 10%, so that the weights are correct. In order to obtain information on the changes in the use of the ground, images of Google Earth of 2006, 2008 and 2010 were revised. Subsequently, a very high resolution orthophoto was added (pixel of 0.2 m), obtained for cadastral purposes by Town Hall of Tuxtla Gutierrez between the end of 2012 and the beginning of 2013. Finally, five layers of information are defined, one for each variable, and the final result overlaps with the events recorded in the last nine years (2006 to date), which shows that the areas classified as Very High Threat are the more susceptible to the occurrence of these events. It is to be expected that in time, the incidence of this type of phenomena is manifested in the levels of High and Very High Threat. Applying the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) developed by Saaty (1988), which consists of matrix analysis and involves value judgments. In this way the matrix of preference over the selected criteria was generated, obtaining the weighting of the five chosen variables. It was important the knowledge of the study area, the documentation and local studies generated to date, where the criteria of the specialists are taken up. The process was done in an Excel spreadsheet (2007 version), applying the corresponding formulas. Because only five variables and the size of the area (250 km2) were handled, no specialized software was required. With the data obtained a table was created in which a column with the name of “Threat” was created, which corresponds to the sum of the parameters of the six criteria mentioned above. This is reflected in the Map of Threats by Mass Removal Processes. Thus, in the one the extreme values are included in a range from 0 to 1. The map of hazard by removing processes in mass or landslide (PRM), was developed from the heuristic combination of multi-criteria analysis method, and determined five levels of threat in the urban area, covering the following percentages: Very Low 5%, Low 27.1%, Middle 39.3%, High 15.3% and Very High 13.3%, the latter being distributed mostly in slope deposits around La Mesa of Copoya, confirming their status as maximum hazard. For Tuxtla Gutierrez is estimated a population exposed about 62,500 inhabitants (11.6% of the total) (537.102 inhabitants in the urban area) who reside both in the southern part of the city and 30 rural towns settled on the flanks of La Mesa of Copoya; estimates about 28,000 dwellings exposed grouped into 850 blocks. Current trends in the growth of the city, make evident the need to manage and regulate new buildings. Although the southern slope is determined unstable by nature, on the northern the housing complexes are changing the slope geometry sets, which can be a trigger for the occurrence of landslide in the short and medium term factor.

Resumen: La ciudad de Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas ha presentado históricamente procesos de remoción en masa en la zona sur del valle, específicamente en los depósitos de talud cuya génesis se determina a partir de la mesa kárstica de Copoya, geoforma sometida a intenso fracturamiento, procesos de disolución y erosivos, que dan como resultado el desprendimiento de grandes bloques. Estos se distribuyen en las márgenes de la mesa, siendo alterados y destruidos por intemperismo, del cual se generan partículas de menor tamaño que reposan sobre limolitas, lutitas y areniscas. Esta condición determina que las laderas sean inestables por naturaleza. El Mapa de Amenazas por Procesos de Remoción en Masa (PRM) se elaboró a partir del método heurístico con combinación de análisis multicriterio, y determina cinco niveles de amenaza en la zona urbana, abarcando los siguientes porcentajes: muy baja 5%, baja 27.1%, media 39.3%, alta 15.3% y muy alta 13.3%, siendo esta última la que se distribuye en su mayor parte en los depósitos de talud, alrededor de la Mesa de Copoya, lo que confirma su situación de máximo peligro. Para Tuxtla Gutiérrez se calcula una población expuesta de aproximadamente 62,500 habitantes (11.6% del total) que residen tanto en la parte sur de la ciudad como en 30 localidades rurales asentadas en los flancos de la mesa de Copoya; se estiman poco más de 28,000 viviendas expuestas agrupadas en 850 manzanas. Las tendencias actuales del crecimiento de la ciudad hacen evidente la necesidad de ordenar y reglamentar las nuevas edificaciones.

In this work the electrochemical behavior of Co(II) complexes with substituted bidentate and tridentate polypyridine ligands [CoL3](BF4)2 and [CoL'2](NO3)2 in 0.1M phosphate buffer pH 7.2 was studied. A reversible electrochemical process Co(II)Ln →Co(III) Ln+1e- was observed. A linear relationship between the redox potential (E°) and the pKa of the non-coordinated ligand was found. It was demonstrated by DFT calculations the use of pKa value as a descriptor of the π acceptor character of a ligand. The electrochemical response in the presence of glucose oxidase (GOx) was also studied. It was possible to establish a tendency between the homogeneous electron transfer rate constant (ks) and the redox potential (E°) for the compounds studied in this work and other examples taken from the literature.

En este trabajo se estudió el comportamiento electroquímico de complejos de Co(II) con ligantes polipiridinicos bidentados y tridentados sustituidos [CoL3](BF4)2 y [CoL'2](NO3)2 en soluciones tampón de fosfato pH 7.2 0.1 M. Se observó un proceso electroquímico reversible Co(II)Ln → Co(III)Ln + 1e, encontrándose una relación lineal entre el potencial redox (E°) y el pKa del ligante no coordinado. Mediante cálculos DFT se demostró el uso del valor pKa como descriptor del carácter aceptor π de los ligantes. Se estudió la respuesta electroquímica en presencia de glucosa oxidasa (GOx). Se estableció una tendencia entre la constante de velocidad de transferencia de electrónica homogénea (ks) y el potencial redox (E°) para los compuestos estudiados en este trabajo y otros ejemplos tomados de la literatura.

Prior to filling the reservoir of the dam Gral. Francisco J. Múgica, in the municipality of Múgica, Michoacán, we characterized the structure and diversity in 3 sites for the tropical deciduous forest (TDF) and 1 more occupied by semi-deciduous tropical forest (TSF). At each site were sampled trees and lianas ≥2.5 cm diameter in 10 transects of 50 x 2 m (0.1 ha). A total of 947 individuals were recorded, including 93 species, 70 genera and 32 families (88 tree species and 5 lianas). In the TDF and TSF were recorded 54 and 39 species, respectively. In both vegetation types, tree component was the dominant, either by number of species, individuals or basal area. The family Fabaceae was the most diverse (26 species) and embraced the highest values of basal area (7.36 m²), number of individuals (200) and number of stems (422); other important families in any of these variables were Euphorbiaceae and Rubiaceae. Species important for its diversity, basal area and abundance for the TDF were Cordia elaeagnoides (Boraginaceae), Cyrtocarpa procera (Anacardiaceae), Handroanthus impetiginosus (Bignoniaceae), Manihot tomatophylla (Euphorbiaceae) and Sideroxylon celastrinum (Sapotaceae), meanwhile for TSF highlighted Combretum farinosum (Combretaceae), Enterolobium cyclocarpum (Fabaceae), Ficus spp. (Moraceae) and Piper scabrum (Piperaceae). The number of species and the values of diversity indexes found for the TDF were low. Regardless of the composition or abundance of species, beta diversity of the sites with TDF is minor among them that those found in the comparisons with the TSF. The attributes of structure and diversity documented for these tropical forests could be explained by the effect of different human activities taking place in this region, especially live-stock, timber extraction, agriculture and orchards.

Previo al llenado del embalse de la presa Gral. Francisco J. Múgica, en el municipio de Múgica, Michoacán, se caracterizó la estructura y diversidad en 3 sitios con bosque tropical caducifolio (BTC) y 1 con bosque tropical subcaducifolio (BTS). En cada sitio se muestrearon los árboles y lianas ≥2.5 cm diámetro enraizados en 10 transectos de 50 x 2 m (0.1 ha). En total, se censaron 947 individuos que incluyen 93 especies, 70 géneros y 32 familias (88 especies arbóreas y 5 lianas). En el BTC y BTS se censaron 54 y 39 especies, respectivamente. En ambos tipos de vegetación el componente arbóreo fue el dominante, ya sea por el número de especies, de individuos o el área basal. La familia Fabaceae presentó la mayor riqueza (26), área basal (7.36 m²), número de individuos (200) y número de troncos (422); otras familias importantes en alguna de estas variables son Euphorbiaceae y Rubiaceae. De acuerdo con el índice de importancia en el BTC las especies relevantes son Cordia elaeagnoides (Boraginaceae), Cyrtocarpa procera (Anacardiaceae), Handroanthus impetiginosus (Bignoniaceae), Manihot tomatophylla (Euphorbiaceae) y Sideroxylon celastrinum (Sapotaceae), mientras que para el BTS destacan Combretum farinosum (Combretaceae), Enterolobium cyclocarpum (Fabaceae), Ficus spp. (Moraceae) y Piper scabrum (Piperaceae). El número de especies y los valores de los índices de diversidad encontrados para el BTC son bajos, independientemente si se considera la presencia-ausencia de las especies o su densidad. La diversidad beta de los sitos con BTC es menor entre sí que con el BTS. Los atributos de estructura y diversidad documentados para estos bosques tropicales podrían explicarse por el efecto de las distintas actividades económicas que se desarrollan en esta región, especialmente la cría de ganado vacuno, el aprovechamiento de madera, la agricultura y las plantaciones de frutales.

Objective Establishingthe validityof abbreviated developmentalscale (ADS-1)criterion,regardingthe language and hearing domainfor 4- to 5-year-old children in the city of Popayan(2012). Methods This work involved a validation study of diagnostic tests for 96 children whose language and hearing wereassessed by ADS-1 within a growth and development program andthrough speech therapy assessment as gold standard (Reynell norm-referencedtest for measuring expressive and receptive language skills and tone audiometryand otoacoustic emissions for assessing hearing). The validity of the scale’s criterion was determined as was the correlation between both testsusing the Kappa value. SPSS-19 was used for analyzing theresults. Results TheADS-1 scale had 54 % sensitivity, 42 % specificity, 87 %positive predictive value, 11 % negative predictive value and K=-0.0 concordance. Conclusions The ADS-1scalehas little predictive ability for correctly classifying apatient as being really ill and/or thehealthy as being really sound. This value didnot coincide with the prevalence found (87.5%).Pooragreement between both methods didnot allow it to be classifiedas a valid instrument for use as a screening test for the earlydetection of language and hearing disorders in children aged 4 to 5 years old.

Objetivo Establecer la validez de criterio de la escala EAD-1 en el dominio audición-lenguaje en niños de 4 a 5 años del municipio de Popayán, durante el mes de diciembre de 2011 y enero de 2012. Métodos Se realizó un estudio de validación de pruebas diagnósticas en 96 niños a quienes se les valoró el lenguaje y la audición mediante la escala EAD-1, aplicada dentro del programa de crecimiento y desarrollo y con la valoración fonoaudiológica como prueba oro (Test de Reynell para valorar el leguaje, y la audiometría tonal y otoemisiones acústicas para valorar la audición). Se determinó la validez de criterio de la escala y la concordancia entre las dos valoraciones mediante el valor Kappa. Los resultados fueron analizados con el paquete estadístico SPSS - 19. Resultados La escala EAD-1 presentó una sensibilidad del 54 %, una especificidad del 42 %, un valor predictivo positivo del 87 %, un valor predictivo negativo del 11 % y un Índice de Kappa=-0,0. Conclusiones La escala EAD-1, presenta poca capacidad para clasificar correctamente al enfermo como verdadero enfermo y al sano como verdadero sano, no coincidiendo este valor con la prevalencia encontrada (87,5 %); además, la pobre concordancia entre los dos métodos, no permiten en el momento clasificarla como un instrumento válido para ser utilizado como prueba tamiz de detección temprana de las alteraciones del lenguaje y la audición en niños de 4 a 5 años.

Objetivo Establecer la validez de criterio de la escala EAD-1 en el dominio audición-lenguaje en niños de 4 a 5 años del municipio de Popayán, durante el mes de diciembre de 2011 y enero de 2012. Métodos Se realizó un estudio de validación de pruebas diagnósticas en 96 niños a quienes se les valoró el lenguaje y la audición mediante la escala EAD-1, aplicada dentro del programa de crecimiento y desarrollo y con la valoración fonoaudiológica como prueba oro (Test de Reynell para valorar el leguaje, y la audiometría tonal y otoemisiones acústicas para valorar la audición). Se determinó la validez de criterio de la escala y la concordancia entre las dos valoraciones mediante el valor Kappa. Los resultados fueron analizados con el paquete estadístico SPSS - 19. Resultados La escala EAD-1 presentó una sensibilidad del 54 %, una especificidad del 42 %, un valor predictivo positivo del 87 %, un valor predictivo negativo del 11 % y un Índice de Kappa=-0,0. Conclusiones La escala EAD-1, presenta poca capacidad para clasificar correctamente al enfermo como verdadero enfermo y al sano como verdadero sano, no coincidiendo este valor con la prevalencia encontrada (87,5 %); además, la pobre concordancia entre los dos métodos, no permiten en el momento clasificarla como un instrumento válido para ser utilizado como prueba tamiz de detección temprana de las alteraciones del lenguaje y la audición en niños de 4 a 5 años.

Objective Establishingthe validityof abbreviated developmentalscale (ADS-1)criterion,regardingthe language and hearing domainfor 4- to 5-year-old children in the city of Popayan(2012). Methods This work involved a validation study of diagnostic tests for 96 children whose language and hearing wereassessed by ADS-1 within a growth and development program andthrough speech therapy assessment as gold standard (Reynell norm-referencedtest for measuring expressive and receptive language skills and tone audiometryand otoacoustic emissions for assessing hearing). The validity of the scale’s criterion was determined as was the correlation between both testsusing the Kappa value. SPSS-19 was used for analyzing theresults. Results TheADS-1 scale had 54 % sensitivity, 42 % specificity, 87 %positive predictive value, 11 % negative predictive value and K=-0.0 concordance. Conclusions The ADS-1scalehas little predictive ability for correctly classifying apatient as being really ill and/or thehealthy as being really sound. This value didnot coincide with the prevalence found (87.5%).Pooragreement between both methods didnot allow it to be classifiedas a valid instrument for use as a screening test for the earlydetection of language and hearing disorders in children aged 4 to 5 years old.

A list of vascular plants of El Águila hill, the higher mountain located in the municipalities of Lagunillas and Morelia, in the Mexican state of Michoacán is given. The field work was carried out from 2007 to 2010. The flora comprises 105 families, 343 genera, 633 species, and 42 infraespecific taxa. The most diverse families were Asteraceae (153 species), Fabaceae (53) and Poaceae (34). Genera with the largest species richness were Salvia (17), Stevia (12) and Verbesina (11). Herbs comprise 72.4% of the whole flora. Based in physiognomic features and species abundance, five vegetation types are described. Pinus-Quercus forest and Quercus forest were the most diverse vegetation types ((286 y 383 species, respectively). According to NOM-059-ECOL-2010 five species are included within risk category Under Special Protection (Cedrela dugesii, Cupressus lusitanica, Dahlia scapigera, Gentiana spathacea, and Laelia speciosa), and one more as Endangered (Tilia americana var. mexicana). Efforts to conserve the vegetation and flora in the study area should be developed taking in account the problems derived for land-use changes.

Con base en trabajo de campo realizado entre 2007 y 2010 en el cerro El Águila, la montaña más alta localizada en los municipios de Lagunillas y Morelia, Michoacán, se registraron 105 familias, 343 géneros, 633 especies y 42 taxa infraespecíficos. Las familias más diversas fueron Asteraceae (153 especies), Fabaceae (53) y Poaceae (34). Los géneros con mayor riqueza de especies fueron Salvia (17), Stevia (12) y Verbesina (11). Las especies de hierbas conforman el 72.4% del total de la flora. Se describe la fisonomía y las especies más abundantes de cinco tipos de vegetación. Los bosques de Pinus-Quercus y Quercus son los tipos de vegetación con mayor número de especies (286 y 383, respectivamente). De acuerdo con la NOM-059-ECOL-2010 se consideran cinco Especies Sujetas a Protección Especial (Cedrela dugesii, Cupressus lusitanica, Dahlia scapigera, Gentiana spathacea y Laelia speciosa) y una en Peligro de Extinción (Tilia americana var. mexicana). Se enfatiza la importancia de coordinar esfuerzos hacia la conservación del cerro El Águila, cuya flora y vegetación se encuentran amenazadas por los cambios de uso de suelo.

The national pork producers demand the application of tariffs to the imports of originating meat pig of the EUA arguing a serious damage to the industry whereas, on the other hand, the governmental authorities reject this option, reason why the evaluation of the impact of its implantation like an alternative is justified that it causes to improve the competitiveness of the national pork industry. In order to analyze this effect a model of partial balance was used Armington type, using the data of 2006 of the international trade of pig meat. The results indicate that if a tariff of 20 % to the originating meat of the United States of America and Canada in the 2008 had been applied the demand by Mexico of its meat would have lowered 9.6 and 27.5 %, whereas the demand of national meat would have increased 6.4%. In addition, the production would have risen in 4.5 % and the internal price raised 12.5 %. By another part, if the tariff had been only applied to the United States, the demand in Mexico of originating meat of this country would have lowered 23.4 %, the one of Canada and the national would have increased 5.4 and 3.4 % respectively, whereas the 2.4 % production would have been increased and price 6.6 %. It is expected that the 5.0% tariff imposed by Mexico in 2010 to purchases of pork from the United States of America generate changes few significant to the domestic market. Reason why, if tariffs are applied to the meat of EUA pig and Canada when its price is smaller to the national production costs the increase in the internal price would help the national pork industry to be competitive.

Los porcicultores nacionales demandan la aplicación de aranceles a las importaciones de carne cerdo provenientes de los EUA argumentando un daño grave a la industria en tanto que las autoridades gubernamentales desechan esta opción, por lo que se justifica la evaluación del impacto de su implantación como una alternativa que propicie mejorar la competitividad de la porcicultura nacional. Para analizar este efecto se utilizó un modelo de equilibrio parcial tipo Armington, utilizando datos de 2006 del comercio internacional de carne de cerdo. Los resultados indican que si se hubiera aplicado un arancel del 20.0 % a la carne proveniente de Estados Unidos de América y Canadá en 2008 la demanda por México de su carne habría bajado 9.6 y 27.5 %, mientras que la demanda de carne nacional habría aumentado 6.4 %. Además, la producción se habría elevado en 4.5 % y el precio interno subido 12.5 %. Por otra parte, si el arancel solamente se hubiera aplicado a los Estados Unidos, la demanda en México de carne proveniente de este país habría bajado 23.4 %, la de Canadá y la nacional habrían aumentado 5.4 y 3.4 %, mientras que la producción se habría incrementado 2.4 % y el precio 6.6 %. Se espera que el arancel de 5.0 % impuesto por México en 2010 a las compras de carne de cerdo de Estados Unidos de América genere cambios poco significativos al mercado nacional. Por lo que, si se aplican aranceles a la carne de cerdo de EUA y Canadá cuando su precio es menor a los costos de producción nacionales, el incremento en el precio interno ayudaría a la porcicultura nacional a ser competitiva.

Case report: We present the case of a 29 year-old man who came to the Emergency Department due to pain in the right eye. There was demonstrated a complete corneal de-epithelialisation. There was no clinical improvement after appropriate treatment, which was complicated by migraine and vomiting. The computerized tomography (CT) scan showed images suggestive of cerebral toxoplasmosis. After the complete tarsorrhaphy a restitution ad integrum was observed. Conclusion: The diagnosis of a neurotrophic corneal ulcer due to an affected trigeminal nerve in the context of a cerebral toxoplasmosis, tarsorrhaphy is an effective procedure to take in account in corneal epithelial defects resistant to other treatments.

Caso clínico: Se presenta el caso de un varón 29 años acude a Urgencias de oftalmología por dolor en ojo derecho. Se evidenció una desepitelizacion corneal completa. Tras un tratamiento adecuado no se evidenció mejoría clínica, complicándose el cuadro con cefalea y vómitos. la tomografía axial computarizada (TAC) evidenció imágenes sugestivas de toxoplasmosis cerebral. Tras la tarsorrafia completa se observó una restitución ad integrum del cuadro. Conclusión: Ante el diagnóstico de una úlcera corneal neurotrófica por afectación del trigémino en el contexto de toxoplasmosis cerebral, la tarsorrafia es un procedimiento eficaz a tener en cuenta ante defectos epiteliales corneales resistentes a otros tratamientos.

Se realizó un estudio orientado a evaluar tres tipos de trampas (eficiencia de captura, estructura de tallas, selectividad y composición de especies) para la captura de peces marinos en el Golfo de California. La recolecta de muestras se efectuó con trampas de 90 cm de ancho, 120 cm de largo y 50 cm de alto, con malla galvanizada cuadrangular en tres tamaños: una trampa completamente construida con abertura de malla de 5 x 5 cm (trampa 1); otra con malla de 5 x 5 cm, pero con el panel trasero de 5 x 10 cm (trampa 2) y la tercera con malla de 5 x 10 cm (trampa 3). Los experimentos se llevaron a cabo entre octubre del 2005 y agosto del 2006. Las especies que presentaron mayor incidencia de captura en cuanto a proporción del volumen total fueron el extranjero (Paralabrax auroguttatus), pierna (Caulolatilus princeps), cabrilla arenera (P. maculatofaciatus) y conejo (C. affinis) y prácticamente todas las capturas tuvieron valor comercial. El número de organismos por trampa por lance decreció al aumentar el tamaño de malla, mientras que la talla media se incrementó con el tamaño de malla de las trampas. Además las tallas son más grandes en cualquiera de las trampas que las obtenidas con piola de mano con anzuelos (el arte de pesca autorizado). Los resultados de la selectividad de tallas indicaron que las trampas de malla grande fueron más selectivas que las de malla más pequeña. En consecuencia, la captura con tram-pas es mejor que con los anzuelos y línea de mano, por lo que las trampas serían una muy útil adición al conjunto de artes de pesca usados en la pesca artesanal de la costa de Sonora, México.

Size structure, selectivity and specific composition of the catch in traps for marine fish in the Gulf of California. We analyzed the performance of three traps for marine fish between October 2005 and August 2006 in the Gulf of California, Mexico. The performance was measured as difference in selectivity, fish diversity, size structure and yield. The samples were collected with quadrangular traps 90 cm wide, 120 cm long and 50 cm high. Trap type 1 had a 5 x 5 cm mesh (type 2: 5 x 5 cm including a rear panel of 5 x 10 cm; trap 3: 5 x 10 cm). Most abundant in our traps were: Goldspotted sand bass (Paralabrax auroguttatus), Ocean whitefish (Caulolatilus princeps), Spotted sand bass (P. maculatofaciatus) and Bighead tilefish (C. affinis); there was no bycatch. The number of fish per trap per haul decreased when mesh size was increased. We also observed a direct relationship between mesh size and average fish length. By comparing our traps with the authorized fishing gear (hooks-and-line) we found that the size structure is larger in traps. Traps with larger mesh size were more selective. Consequently, we recommend adding traps to hooks-and-line as authorized fishing gear in the small scale fisheries of the Sonora coast, Mexico. Rev. Biol. Trop. 56 (3): 1403-1417. Epub 2008 September 30.