No presente trabalho, estudou-se o processamento das vísceras de frango (Gallus domesticus) e das ratitas avestruz (Struthio camellus) e ema (Rhea americana), processadas da mesma forma, com o objetivo de elaborar farinhas. A qualidade e controle de produção dessas farinhas foram avaliados por meio de parâmetros tecnológicos exigidos pela legislação vigente. Basicamente, a matéria-prima foi cozida e esterilizada, filtrada em peneira (para a separação do óleo), moída, seca em estufa e analisada. Foram obtidos dados de rendimentos de produção, de composição de nutrientes, de digestibilidade em pepsina, do valor calórico, determinados os teores de cálcio e fósforo, e realizados estudos da estabilidade da farinha durante o armazenamento (Salmonella, pH, índice de acidez e TBA). Os resultados mostraram que a produção de farinha pelo processamento das vísceras de avestruz e ema é viável, seus parâmetros de qualidade atendem, em grande parte, às exigências, mas, para um emprego imediato (uso regular) na elaboração de rações, necessita de alguns ajustes (correções) de parâmetros físico-químicos (nutrientes).

This work studied the processing of the viscera of chicken (Gallus domesticus) and of the ratites ostrich (Struthio camellus) and great rhea (Rhea americana), processed in the same manner, with the objective of producing flours. The quality and control of the production of these flours were evaluated through technological parameters required by the current legislation. Basically, raw material was cooked and sterilized, sieve filtered (for oil separation), ground, dried in an oven and analyzed. Production yield, nutrient composition, pepsin digestibility and caloric value data were obtained. Calcium and phosphorus levels and flour stability during storage (Salmonella, pH, acid value and TBA) were also determined. The results indicated that the production of flour by processing the viscera of ostrich and great rhea is viable. Quality parameters greatly fulfill requirements; however, for immediate (regular) use to prepare feed, some adjustments (corrections) must be made on physical-chemical parameters (nutrients).

Composición química y perfil de ácidos grasos de la carne de ñandú (Rhea americana). El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar la composición aproximada y el perfil de ácidos grasos en la carne de la parte intramuscular IMF) interna de la pierna de ñandú (Rhea americana). Las aves fueron criadas en cautiverio, alimentadas con ración balanceada (Nutriavestruz Crescimento - Purina) y mantenidas en corral con pasto ad lib. La edad media de las aves de los dos sexos usados en la investigación fue de 12 meses y el peso medio de 23 kg. Fueron sometidas a dieta hídrica por 12 horas antes de matarlas por aplicación de descarga eléctrica. Los resultados de contenido medio de humedad, proteína, cenizas y lípidos totales fue de 74.1%, 22.8%, 1.5% y 1.6%, respectivamente. Fue posible notar una predominancia de ácidos grasos monoinsaturados (MUFA) en la gordura intramuscular (IMF) ), 42.3% y un alto porcentaje de ácidos grasos poli-insaturados (PUFA), 29.7%. Los ácidos grasos encontrados en mayor proporción en rhea IMF fueron: 18:2n 6 (24.33%), 18:1n 9 (19.25%), 16:0 (13.70%), 22:1n9 (11.40%), 18:0 (10.66%), 15:1n 10 (8.62%), 24:1n 9 (2.90%) y 20:4n 6 (1.72%). La PUFA/SFA (ácidos grasos saturados) y relación n-6/ n-3 fue 1.06 y 31.30, respectivamente. El consumo de carne de ñandú es una alternativa saludable frente a la carne roja pues su consumo presenta una menor susceptibilidad a enfermedades cardiovasculares causadas por alto consumo de grasas cuando comparado con el consumo de carne de animales domesticados.

The purpose of this work was to determine the proximate composition and fatty acid profiles of the Gastrocnemius pars interna intramuscular fat (IMF) of rhea (Rhea americana) thighs. The birds were bred in captivity, fed with balanced feed (Nutriavestruz Crescimento - Purina) and kept in a pen with grass ad lib. The birds of both sexes used in the research weighed 23 kg on average and were aged about twelve (12) months old. They were subjected to hydric diet (12 h) before slaughtering by electric shock. The rhea meat showed an average moisture, protein, ash and total lipid contents of 74.1%, 22.8%, 1.5% and 1.6%, respectively. It was noticed the predominance of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) in intramuscular fat (IMF), 42.3% and a high percentage of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), 29.7%.. The fatty acids found in higher proportion in rhea IMF were: 18:2n-6 (24.33%), 18:1n-9 (19.25%), 16:0 (13.70%), 22:1n9 (11.40%), 18:0 (10.66%), 15:1n-10 (8.62%), 24:1n-9 (2.90%) and 20:4n-6 (1.72%). The PUFA/SFA and n-6/n-3 ratios were 1.06 and 31.30, respectively. The consumption of rhea meat is a healthy alternative to red meat as it points to a lower susceptibility to cardiovascular diseases caused by the high consumption of fat comparatively to the consumption of meat from most domesticated animals.

Penicillium citrinum grown in orange juice processing wastes medium under continuous agitation was studied in order to establish optimal conditions (incubation period, incubation temperature, initial pH and nitrogen addition) for biomass and ribonuclease production, as well as, biological depuration of the wastes. Nitrogen addition to wastes medium increased the biomass and ribonuclease production and provides COD reduction. The soy meal shows to be the best nitrogen source. The conditions for a more favorable enzyme and biomass production and COD reduction were initial pH 6.0 and temperature of 27°C. The maximum value obtained for these parameters on optimal conditions of cultivation was 11 U/mL of enzyme, 4 mg/mL of biomass (dry matter) and 55% of COD reduction, in 96 hours of incubation.

The hydrocarbonylation reaction of ethanol with a CO/H2 mixture assisted by Ru(acac)3/iodide was investigated. Bronsted and Lewis acids and iodides salt were used as homogeneous promoters. The etherification reaction was the main reaction under typical acidic conditions of the catalytic system. When a hydrocarbon solvent (toluene) was added to the initial reaction, the alcohol conversion and the carbonylation products were increased. The catalytic activity of the Bronsted acids (conv. EtOH = 71-92%) was higher than that of the Lewis acids promoters (conv. EtOH = 65-85%). The salt present the lower catalytic activity among the promoters used. The long time reaction carried out with ethanol showed an increase of the product selectivity of the homologation and carbonylation reactions while the etherification reaction selectivity decreased. The recycled ether led to 60-65% ethanol conversion to C5 and C6 products. The main catalytic species are H+[Ru(CO)3I3]-, [HRu3(CO)11]- and [HRu(CO)4]-. The first one is active in the carbonylation and homologation reactions of alcohols while the two others take part only in the homologation reaction.