Resumo: Objetiva-se desvelar os motivos para hesitação vacinal de pais e/ou responsáveis de crianças e adolescentes para prevenção da COVID-19. Trata-se de um estudo descritivo, de abordagem qualitativa, que busca analisar as respostas da pergunta aberta “por que você não vai vacinar, não vacinou ou está na dúvida em vacinar as crianças e os adolescentes sob sua responsabilidade para prevenção da COVID-19?”. A pesquisa incluiu indivíduos adultos, brasileiros, residentes no país, responsáveis por crianças e adolescentes menores de 18 anos. A coleta de dados aconteceu de forma eletrônica entre os meses de novembro e dezembro de 2021. As respostas foram organizadas e processadas com suporte do software Iramuteq. O corpus textual desta pesquisa foi composto pela resposta de 1.896 participantes, constituído por 87% de hesitantes (1.650) e 13% (246) de pais que têm intenção de vacinar, mas que esboçaram algumas dúvidas e considerações a respeito da vacinação de crianças e adolescentes. São motivos pelos quais pais e/ou responsáveis não vacinaram ou estão na dúvida em vacinar as crianças e os adolescentes sob sua responsabilidade para prevenção da COVID-19: receio em razão de a vacina estar em fase experimental e medo das reações adversas e dos efeitos a longo prazo. Já os motivos para ausência de intenção de vacinar decorrem dos entendimentos dos participantes de que a COVID-19 em crianças não é grave, os riscos da vacinação são maiores do que os benefícios e o direito de escolha em não vacinar.

Resumen: El objetivo es revelar los motivos de la indecisión a las vacunas de padres y/o responsables de niños y adolescentes para la prevención de COVID-19. Se trata de un estudio descriptivo con enfoque cualitativo, que busca analizar las respuestas a la pregunta abierta “¿Por qué no va a vacunar o no vacunó o tiene dudas en vacunar a los niños y los adolescentes bajo su responsabilidad para la prevención del COVID-19?”. La investigación incluyó individuos adultos, brasileños, residentes en el país, responsables de niños y adolescentes menores de 18 años. La recolección de datos se realizó de forma electrónica entre los meses de noviembre y diciembre de 2021. Las respuestas se organizaron y procesaron con ayuda del software Iramuteq. El corpus textual de esta investigación fue compuesto por la respuesta de 1.896 participantes, siendo constituido por el 87% de indecisos (1.650) y el 13% (246) de padres que tienen la intención de vacunar, pero que esbozaron algunas dudas y consideraciones respecto a la vacunación de niños y adolescentes. Son motivos por los cuales los padres y/o responsables no vacunaron o están en duda en vacunar a los niños y adolescentes bajo su responsabilidad para prevención del COVID-19: temores con la vacunación en cuanto a la concepción de que la vacuna está en fase experimental, miedo a las reacciones adversas y los efectos a largo plazo. Los motivos de la ausencia de intención en vacunar se deben a que los participantes entienden que el COVID-19 en niños no es grave, que los riesgos de la vacunación son mayores que los beneficios y que tienen derecho a decidir no vacunarse.

Abstract: The objective is to unveil the reasons for vaccine hesitancy among parents and/or guardians of children and adolescents toward the prevention of COVID-19. This is a descriptive study, with a qualitative approach that seeks to analyze the answers to the open question “Why will you not vaccinate or have not vaccinated or are in doubt about vaccinating the children and adolescents under your responsibility, for the prevention of COVID-19?”. The research included adult individuals, Brazilians, living in the country, responsible for children and adolescents under 18 years of age. Data collection took place electronically in November and December 2021. The answers were organized and processed with the support of the software Iramuteq. The textual corpus of this research was composed of the response of 1,896 participants, consisting of 87% who were hesitant (1,650) and 13% (246) of parents who intend to vaccinate but who outlined some doubts and considerations about the vaccination of children and adolescents. These are reasons why parents and/or guardians have not vaccinated or are in doubt about vaccinating the children and adolescents under their responsibility for the prevention of COVID-19: fears about vaccination regarding the conception that the vaccine is in the experimental phase, fear of adverse reactions and long-term effects. The reasons for the lack of intention to vaccinate stem from the understanding of the participants that COVID-19 in children is not serious, the risks of vaccination are greater than the benefits, and the right of choice not to vaccinate.

Abstract: The objective is to unveil the reasons for vaccine hesitancy among parents and/or guardians of children and adolescents toward the prevention of COVID-19. This is a descriptive study, with a qualitative approach that seeks to analyze the answers to the open question “Why will you not vaccinate or have not vaccinated or are in doubt about vaccinating the children and adolescents under your responsibility, for the prevention of COVID-19?”. The research included adult individuals, Brazilians, living in the country, responsible for children and adolescents under 18 years of age. Data collection took place electronically in November and December 2021. The answers were organized and processed with the support of the software Iramuteq. The textual corpus of this research was composed of the response of 1,896 participants, consisting of 87% who were hesitant (1,650) and 13% (246) of parents who intend to vaccinate but who outlined some doubts and considerations about the vaccination of children and adolescents. These are reasons why parents and/or guardians have not vaccinated or are in doubt about vaccinating the children and adolescents under their responsibility for the prevention of COVID-19: fears about vaccination regarding the conception that the vaccine is in the experimental phase, fear of adverse reactions and long-term effects. The reasons for the lack of intention to vaccinate stem from the understanding of the participants that COVID-19 in children is not serious, the risks of vaccination are greater than the benefits, and the right of choice not to vaccinate.

Resumen: El objetivo es revelar los motivos de la indecisión a las vacunas de padres y/o responsables de niños y adolescentes para la prevención de COVID-19. Se trata de un estudio descriptivo con enfoque cualitativo, que busca analizar las respuestas a la pregunta abierta “¿Por qué no va a vacunar o no vacunó o tiene dudas en vacunar a los niños y los adolescentes bajo su responsabilidad para la prevención del COVID-19?”. La investigación incluyó individuos adultos, brasileños, residentes en el país, responsables de niños y adolescentes menores de 18 años. La recolección de datos se realizó de forma electrónica entre los meses de noviembre y diciembre de 2021. Las respuestas se organizaron y procesaron con ayuda del software Iramuteq. El corpus textual de esta investigación fue compuesto por la respuesta de 1.896 participantes, siendo constituido por el 87% de indecisos (1.650) y el 13% (246) de padres que tienen la intención de vacunar, pero que esbozaron algunas dudas y consideraciones respecto a la vacunación de niños y adolescentes. Son motivos por los cuales los padres y/o responsables no vacunaron o están en duda en vacunar a los niños y adolescentes bajo su responsabilidad para prevención del COVID-19: temores con la vacunación en cuanto a la concepción de que la vacuna está en fase experimental, miedo a las reacciones adversas y los efectos a largo plazo. Los motivos de la ausencia de intención en vacunar se deben a que los participantes entienden que el COVID-19 en niños no es grave, que los riesgos de la vacunación son mayores que los beneficios y que tienen derecho a decidir no vacunarse.

Resumo: Objetiva-se desvelar os motivos para hesitação vacinal de pais e/ou responsáveis de crianças e adolescentes para prevenção da COVID-19. Trata-se de um estudo descritivo, de abordagem qualitativa, que busca analisar as respostas da pergunta aberta “por que você não vai vacinar, não vacinou ou está na dúvida em vacinar as crianças e os adolescentes sob sua responsabilidade para prevenção da COVID-19?”. A pesquisa incluiu indivíduos adultos, brasileiros, residentes no país, responsáveis por crianças e adolescentes menores de 18 anos. A coleta de dados aconteceu de forma eletrônica entre os meses de novembro e dezembro de 2021. As respostas foram organizadas e processadas com suporte do software Iramuteq. O corpus textual desta pesquisa foi composto pela resposta de 1.896 participantes, constituído por 87% de hesitantes (1.650) e 13% (246) de pais que têm intenção de vacinar, mas que esboçaram algumas dúvidas e considerações a respeito da vacinação de crianças e adolescentes. São motivos pelos quais pais e/ou responsáveis não vacinaram ou estão na dúvida em vacinar as crianças e os adolescentes sob sua responsabilidade para prevenção da COVID-19: receio em razão de a vacina estar em fase experimental e medo das reações adversas e dos efeitos a longo prazo. Já os motivos para ausência de intenção de vacinar decorrem dos entendimentos dos participantes de que a COVID-19 em crianças não é grave, os riscos da vacinação são maiores do que os benefícios e o direito de escolha em não vacinar.

RESUMO Os remotely piloted aircrafts - RPAs, estão firmados no mercado como poderosa ferramenta de aquisição de imagens aéreas, facilitando os mapeamentos para diversos fins. Assim, objetivou-se avaliar a qualidade dos processos a partir da geração de produtos digitais georreferenciados com diferentes quantidades de pontos de controle (GCPs), utilizando Controle Estatístico de Processos (CEP) e Padrão de Exatidão Cartográfico (MAS) em ortomosaico produzido com imagens de RPA. Foi utilizado um RPA multirrotor para aquisição de imagens aéreas em área de 2 hectares. Posteriormente foi gerado ortomosaico por meio do software PhotoScan, georreferenciado com oito, cinco e três GCPs (Pontos de controles). Os erros de posicionamento foram submetidos ao CEP para avaliar a qualidade dos processos e os ortomosaicos foram qualificados pelo MAS. Os resultados são promissores, tendo em vista os erros de posicionamento menores que 0,1 m nos ortomosaicos gerados, classificados como padrão “A” de Exatidão Cartográfica. Os Controles Estatísticos de Processos demonstraram níveis aceitáveis de erros, indicando grande acurácia para levantamentos desta natureza. As elevadas precisões obtidas nos mapeamentos indicam que imagens aéreas obtidas por meio de RPAs podem ser utilizadas em levantamentos topográficos, contanto que se respeitem os padrões de erros e controle de processos, atestando a qualidade dos resultados.

ABSTRACT Remotely piloted aircraft (RPA) are established in the market as a powerful tool for acquiring aerial images and facilitating mapping for various purposes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the quality of processes originating from the generation of georeferenced digital products employing a differing number of ground control points (GCP), using Statistical Process Control (SPC) and Mapping Accuracy Standards (MAS) in an orthomosaic produced with images from an RPA. A multirotor RPA was used to acquire aerial images over an area of 2 hectares. An orthomosaic was later generated using the PhotoScan software, and georeferenced with eight, five and three GCP (ground control points). Positioning errors were submitted to SPC to evaluate the quality of each process, and the orthomosaics were qualified by MAS. The results are promising, in view of the positioning errors of less than 0.1 m in the generated orthomosaics, which are classified as Mapping Accuracy Standards class ‘A’. Statistical Process Control showed acceptable levels of error, indicating the high accuracy of surveys of this nature. The precision obtained when mapping shows that aerial images obtained by means of RPA can be used in topographic surveys as long as error standards and process control are observed, attesting to the quality of the results.

ABSTRACT Objective: Staphylococcus aureus infections remain associated with considerable morbidity and mortality in both hospitals and the community. There is little information regarding the role of ovarian hormones in infections caused by S. aureus. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of ovariectomy in the immune response induced by S. aureus. Methods: Female mice BALB/c were ovariectomized (OVX) to significantly reduce the level of ovarian hormones. We also used sham-operated animals. The mice were inoculated intraperitoneally with S. aureus. Blood samples were collected for leukocyte count and bacterial quantification. The uterus and spleen were removed and weighed to calculate the uterine and splenic indexes. Lungs were removed and fractionated for immunohistochemical analysis for macrophage detection (anti-CD68) and relative gene expression of IL-6, IL-1β and TNF-α by RT-PCR. Results: Ovariectomy enlarged spleen size and generally increased circulating lymphocytes. OVX females experienced a continuation of the initial reduction of lymphocytes and a monocyte and neutrophil late response compared to shams (p ≥ 0.05). Moreover, OVX females showed neutropenia after 168 h of infection (p ≥ 0.05). Macrophage response in the lungs were less pronounced in OVX females in the initial hours of infection (p ≥ 0.01). OVX females showed a higher relative gene expression of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α in the lung at the beginning of the infection compared to sham females (p ≥ 0.01). Among the uninfected females, the OVX control females showed a higher expression of IL-6 in the lung compared to the sham control females (p ≥ 0.05). In this model, the lack of ovarian hormones caused a minor increase in circulating leukocytes during the initial stage of infection by S. aureus and increased pulmonary gene expression of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α. Ovariectomy alone enlarged the spleen and increased circulating lymphocytes. Ovarian hormones acted as immunoprotectors against S. aureus infection.

SUMMARY: The method, which uses the arithmetic mean and standard deviation (M1) of total heights (Ht), is often used in the stratification of uneven-aged forests and assumes that the Ht must follow a normal standard curve considering a standard deviation of the mean. In cases where this assumption is rejected, alternative methods are used, such as the fundamentals in multivariate analysis (M2) and Lorey’s mean height (M3). The objective was to evaluate the method M1 considering its assumption and comparing it with methods M2 and M3. The data were collected in 308 contiguous plots of 100 m², installed in an Alluvial Ombrophylous Forest. The assumption of the method M1 was analyzed adjusting a Normal Probabilistic Density Function, evaluated by the K-S test. The methods were evaluated using discriminant analyses, structural analyses and three-dimensional vertical profiles. It was verified that the assumption was not met. The discriminant analyses showed that the classification was 100 % correct in methods M1 and M3. The 13 most important species, in descending order, were the same in all three methods. However, from the 13th, the differences were more remarkable in the method M1. Firstly, it is recommended to use the method M3, as it is more practical and provides results that are equal to those obtained using the method M2. However, if the objective is to obtain a higher level of detail, the option is the method M2 since it allows obtaining up to five strata with 100 % correct classification.

RESUMEN: El método que usa la media aritmética y la desviación estándar de las alturas totales - Hts (M1) se usa a menudo en la estratificación de bosques con edades desiguales y supone que Hts debe seguir una curva estándar normal, considerando una desviación estándar de la media. En los casos en que se rechaza este supuesto, se utilizan métodos alternativos, como los fundamentos del análisis multivariado (M2) y la altura promedio de Lorey (M3). El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el método M1 considerando su suposición y comparándolo con los métodos M2 y M3. Los datos fueron recolectados en 308 parcelas contiguas de 100 m². Hts se obtuvieron en base a una varilla medida. La suposición del método M1 se analizó ajustando una función de densidad probabilística normal, evaluada mediante la prueba K-S. Los métodos se evaluaron mediante análisis discriminante, análisis estructural y perfiles verticales tridimensionales. Se encontró que la suposición no se cumplió. Los análisis discriminantes mostraron que la clasificación era 100 % correcta en los métodos M1 y M3. Las 13 especies más importantes, en orden decreciente, fueron las mismas en los tres métodos. Sin embargo, a partir del día 13, las diferencias fueron más notables en el método M1. Primero, se recomienda el uso del método M3, ya que es más práctico y proporciona los mismos resultados que los obtenidos por el método M2. Sin embargo, si el objetivo es obtener un mayor nivel de detalle, la opción es el método M2, ya que permite obtener hasta cinco estratos con una clasificación 100 % correcta.

Abstract INTRODUCTION: The pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection has greatly challenged public health worldwide. A growing number of studies have reported gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms. We performed a systematic review of GI symptoms associated with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) as well as of the serum levels of biomarkers related to liver function and lesion in SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals. METHODS: We surveyed relevant articles published in English, Spanish, and Portuguese up to July, 2020 in the PubMed, MEDLINE, SciELO, LILACS, and BVS databases. Moreover, we surveyed potentially important articles in journals such as the NEJM, JAMA, BMJ, Gut, and AJG. RESULTS: This systematic review included 43 studies, including 18,246 patients. Diarrhea was the most common GI symptom, affecting 11.5% of the patients, followed by nausea and vomiting (6.3%) and abdominal pain (2.3%). With regard to clinical severity, 17.5% of the patients were classified as severely ill, whereas 9.8% of them were considered to have a non-severe disease. Some studies showed increased aspartate transaminase and alanine aminotransferase levels in a portion of the 209 analyzed patients and two studies. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that digestive symptoms are common in COVID-19 patients. In addition, alterations in cytolysis biomarkers could also be observed in a lesser proportion, calling attention to the possibility of hepatic involvement in SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The serological screening of blood donors has been instituted by the Brazilian Ministry of Health and is mandatory in the research on several diseases transmissible through blood transfusion. Blood banks need to establish a screening service capable of reducing associated transfusions risks. Objective: The objective of this study was to establish the prevalence of transfusion-transmissible infection markers in donors at a hemotherapy service located in southwest Bahia, Brazil. Methods: A retrospective study was performed between 2010 and 2016. Variables, such as the characterization of donors who were suitable and unsuitable for donation (in clinical screening), stratification by gender and age group and unsuitable samples for reactive test results (in serological screening) by aspecific antibodies against hepatitis B virus (anti-HBc and HBsAg), hepatitis C virus (anti-HCV), human T-lymphotropic virus (anti-HTLV I/II), HIV virus (anti-HIV I/II), chagas disease, and syphilis markers, were evaluated. Results: Collected data showed that 3.13% of the donors were considered unsuitable for serological screening and that the prevalence of reactive test results was higher in donors aged between 30 and 39 years and in males. The means of the serological markers was 1.09% for syphilis reagents, 0.63% for anti-HIV I/II, 0.51% for anti-HBc and anti-HCV, 0.15% for HBsAg, 0.14% for HTLV I/II and 0.10% for Chagas disease. Conclusion: These results reflect the importance of awareness campaigns on sexually transmitted diseases and transfusion safety measures taken by hemotherapy services.

Resumo Fundamento: O D-limoneno (DL) é um monoterpeno e o principal componente do óleo essencial de frutas cítricas. Ele apresenta atividades anti-hiperglicêmicas e vasodilatadoras. Objetivos: Este estudo avaliou os efeitos cardiovasculares e antiarrítmicos potenciais do DL em ratos. Métodos: Os parâmetros hemodinâmicos e eletrocardiográficos (ECG) foram mensurados em ratos Wistar machos que, sob anestesia, tiveram a aorta abdominal e a veia cava inferior canuladas e receberam eletrodos implantados subcutaneamente. Na abordagem in vitro, o coração foi removido e perfundido utilizando a técnica de Langendorff. O nível de significância adotado foi de 5% (p < 0,05). Resultados: DL, nas doses de 10, 20 e 40 mg/kg (i.v), produziu bradicardia intensa e persistente associada à hipotensão. A bradicardia com QTc prolongado foi observada no registro in vivo do ECG. No modelo in vivo de arritmia induzida por Bay K8644, DL (10 mg / kg) houve diminuição do escore da arritmia de 15,33 ± 3,52 para 4,0 ± 2,64 u.a (p < 0,05, n = 4). Em corações perfundidos isolados, o DL (10-3 M) promoveu reduções significativas na frequência cardíaca (de 228,6 ± 8,5 ms para 196,0 ± 9,3 bpm; p < 0,05) e na pressão desenvolvida do ventrículo esquerdo (de 25,2 ± 3,4 para 5,9 ± 1,8 mmHg; n = 5, p < 0,05). Conclusões: O DL produz bradicardia e atividade antiarrítmica no coração de ratos.

Abstract Background: D-limonene (DL) is a monoterpene and is the major component in the essential oil of citrus fruit. It presents antihyperglycemic and vasodilatation activities. Objectives: This study evaluated the cardiovascular effects and potential antiarrhythmic of DL in rats. Methods: Hemodynamic and electrocardiographic (ECG) parameters were measured in male Wistar rats, which under anesthesia had been cannulated in the abdominal aorta and lower vena cava and had electrodes subcutaneously implanted. In the in vitro approach, the heart was removed and perfused using the Langendorff technique. The significance level adopted was 5% (p < 0.05). Results: DL, in doses of 10, 20, and 40 mg/kg (i.v), produced intense and persistent bradycardia associated with hypotension. Bradycardia with prolonged QTc was observed in the ECG in vivo recording. In the in vivo model of arrhythmia induced by Bay K8644, DL (10 mg/kg) decreased the arrhythmia score from 15.33 ± 3.52 to 4.0 ± 2.64 u.a (p < 0.05, n = 4). In isolated perfused hearts, DL (10-3 M) promoted significant reductions in heart rate (from 228.6 ± 8.5 ms to 196.0 ± 9.3 bpm; p < 0.05) and left ventricular development pressure (from 25.2 ± 3.4 to 5.9 ± 1.8 mmHg; n = 5, p < 0.05). Conclusions: DL produces bradycardia and antiarrhythmic activity in rat heart.

ABSTRACT: The use of crop residues as a bioenergy feedstock is considered a potential strategy to mitigate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. However, indiscriminate harvesting of crop residues can induce deleterious effects on soil functioning, plant growth and other ecosystem services. Here, we have summarized the information available in the literature to identify and discuss the main trade-offs and synergisms involved in crop residue management for bioenergy production. The data consistently showed that crop residue harvest and the consequent lower input of organic matter into the soil led to C storage depletions over time, reducing cycling, supply and availability of soil nutrients, directly affecting the soil biota. Although the biota regulates key functions in the soil, crop residue can also cause proliferation of some important agricultural pests. In addition, crop residues act as physical barriers that protect the soil against raindrop impact and temperature variations. Therefore, intensive crop residue harvest can cause soil structure degradation, leading to soil compaction and increased risks of erosion. With regard to GHG emissions, there is no consensus about the potential impact of management of crop residue harvest. In general, residue harvest decreases CO2 and N2O emissions from the decomposition process, but it has no significant effect on CH4 emissions. Plant growth responses to soil and microclimate changes due to crop residue harvest are site and crop specific. Adoption of the best management practices can mitigate the adverse impacts of crop residue harvest. Longterm experiments within strategic production regions are essential to understand and monitor the impact of integrated agricultural systems and propose customized solutions for sustainable crop residue management in each region or landscape. Furthermore, private and public investments/cooperations are necessary for a better understanding of the potential environmental, economic and social implications of crop residue use for bioenergy production.

The aim of this study was to analyze the spatial pattern and sampling methods for Bertholletia excelsa. The inventory of exploration, by mapping Cartesian coordinates of all trees with dbh ≥ 20 cm, was carried out in an area of 1,000.31 ha. For the definition of the diametric structure, multivariate techniques were used: cluster and discriminant analysis. To analyze the spatial patterns, individuals were grouped into three levels: population, young individuals and adults; being the random deviation defined by the Ripley's K function. The forest inventories were simulated with a simple random sampling, systematic and adaptive, taking into account plots of 2,500 m², with a sampling intensity of 15 % and an error range of 10 %. Comparisons between sampling methods were performed for the accuracy and precision. Four hundred and forty six trees were registered, of which 59 were young individuals and 387 were adults. A low number of trees in the early stages and a high number of individuals in the intermediate classes characterize the diametric structure. The spatial pattern of the adult population was aggregated, while the young individuals were randomly distributed. Systematic sampling is the best procedure to estimate the total number of individuals of B. excelsa; however, there is a need to investigate the effect of aggregation and size of the largest plots of 0.25 hectares on the estimates of adaptive cluster sampling.

El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar el patrón espacial y los métodos de muestreo para Bertholletia excelsa. El inventario de exploración, con mapeo de coordenadas cartesianas de los árboles con dap ≥ 20 cm, se llevó a cabo en un área de 1.000,31 ha. Para la definición de la estructura diamétrica se utilizaron técnicas multivariadas: análisis de conglomerado y discriminante. Para analizar los patrones espaciales, los individuos fueron agrupados en tres niveles: población, jóvenes y adultos, siendo la desviación de aleatoriedad definida por la función K de Ripley. Fueron simulados los inventarios forestales con el muestreo aleatorio simple, sistemático y adaptativo, teniendo en cuenta las parcelas de 2.500 nf, con una intensidad de muestreo del 15 % y un margen de error de 10 %. Las comparaciones entre los métodos de muestreo se realizaron por exactitud y precisión. Se registraron 446 árboles, de los cuales 59 individuos eran jóvenes y 387 eran adultos. La estructura diamétrica se caracterizó por un bajo número de árboles en los primeros grados y un alto número de individuos en las clases intermedias. El patrón espacial de la población y de los adultos fue agregado, mientras que los menores fueron distribuidos al azar. El muestreo sistemático fue el mejor procedimiento para estimar el número total de individuos de B. excelsa, sin embargo, hay necesidad de investigar el efecto de agregación y el tamaño de las parcelas mayores de 2.500 m2 sobre los estimadores de muestreo adaptativo por conglomerados.

The aim of this study was to describe the floristic, structure and spatial pattern of species occurring in a natural fragment of the floodplain forest in the lower Tapajos River, Para. Three hundred and eight contiguous sampling unities of 100 m² were installed, comprising a sampling area of 3.08 ha. In each plot, all individuals with DBH (diameter at breast height of 1.30 cm) equal to or higher than 10 cm were measured, identified, and referenced in Cartesian coordinates (X, Y). The analyses of the diversity and spatial pattern were performed using the Shannon-Weaver index and the Ripley's K function, respectively. There were 1,022 individuals surveyed, including 64 tree species and 33 families. The diversity recorded was 3.03; the total density was determined to be 331.8 individuals ha-1 and basal area of 16.10 m² ha-1. The species of high ecological value were Campsiandra laurifolia, Hevea brasiliensis, Glicoxylon pedicellatum, Tetragastris altissima, Vantanea parviflora and Mabea caudata. The diametric distribution of the community and species, except for Hevea brasiliensis, behaved as expected for uneven-aged forests, and presented an exponential distribution with an inverted J form. The community spatial pattern showed variations depending on the considered distance, however there was a predominance of aggregated distribution. The spatial patterns detected on the species were: I - partially aggregated and random for Vantanea parviflora species, II - completely aggregated to the Hevea brasiliensis and Glicoxylon pedicellatum species, and III -predominantly aggregated to Campsiandra laurifolia, Tetragastris altissima and Mabea caudata.

El objetivo de este estudio fue describir la flora, estructura y distribución espacial de las especies que se producen en un fragmento natural de bosque inundable en el Bajo Río Tapajós, Pará. Se instalaron 308 unidades de muestreo contiguos de 100 m², que comprende un área de muestreo de 3,08 ha. En cada parcela, todos los individuos con diámetro a 1,30 cm del suelo superior o igual a 10 cm fueron medidos, identificados y referenciados en coordenadas cartesianas (X,Y). El análisis de la diversidad y el patrón espacial se realizó mediante el índice de Shannon-Weaver y la función K de Ripley, respectivamente. Se inventariaron 1.022 individuos, distribuidas en 64 especies y 33 familias. La diversidad registrada fue de 3,03, la densidad total de 331,8 individuos ha-1 y el área basal de 16,10 m² ha-1. Las especies de mayor importancia ecológica fueron Campsiandra laurifolia, Hevea brasiliensis, Glicoxylon pedicellatum, Tetragastris altissima, Vantanea parviflora y Mabea caudata. La distribución del diámetro para la comunidad y las especies, excepto la Hevea brasiliensis, se comportó como se espera para bosques multietáneos, es decir, distribución exponencial en forma de J-invertida. El patrón espacial de la comunidad mostró variaciones en función de la distancia, sin embargo, hubo predominio de la distribución agregada. Los patrones espaciales de las especies encontradas fueron: I) agregado parcialmente y aleatorio de la especie Vantanea parviflora; II) agregado por completo de las especies Hevea brasiliensis y Glicoxylon pedicellatum; y III) predominantemente agregado para Campsiandra laurifolia, Tetragastris altissima y Mabea caudata.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar, em médio prazo, pacientes submetidos a artroplastia total de joelho sem substituição da patela. MÉTODOS : Foi feito um estudo retrospectivo e transversal de pacientes submetidos a artroplastia total de joelho sem substituição patelar. Em todos os pacientes foi feito exame clínico baseado no protocolo do Knee Society Scoring System, no qual foram avaliados dor, amplitude de movimento, estabilidade, contratura, alinhamento e função do joelho, além de exame radiológico. RESULTADOS : Foram avaliados 53 joelhos operados em 36 pacientes, sendo sete à esquerda, 12 à direita e 17 bilaterais. A faixa etária variou de 26 a 84 anos. Dos 53 joelhos avaliados, 33 (62,26%) não apresentaram dor. A flexão máxima do arco de movimento teve média de 104,7º. Nenhum joelho apresentou dificuldade de extensão ativa. Quanto ao alinhamento pelo eixo anatômico, 12 joelhos apresentaram desvio (22,64%) entre 0º e 4º em varo; 39 (75,49%) apresentaram marcha sem restrição e o ângulo femorotibial teve variação entre 3º de varo e 13º de valgo com média de 5º de valgo. O índice patelar variou de 0,2 a 1,1. CONCLUSÃO : A artroplastia total de joelho sem substituição da patela proporciona bons resultados em médio prazo.

OBJECTIVE: To mid-term evaluate patients who were submitted to total knee arthroplasty without patellar resurfacing. METHODS: It was realized a retrospective cross-sectional study of patients who were submitted to total knee arthroplasty without patellar resurfacing. In all patients clinical examination was done based on the protocol of the Knee Society Scoring System, which assessed pain, range of motion, stability, contraction, knee alignment and function, and radiological evaluation. RESULTS: A total of 36 patients were evaluated. Of these, 07 were operated only on left knee, 12 only on right knee and 17 were operated bilaterally, totaling 53 knees. Ages ranged from 26 to 84 years. Of the 53 knees evaluated, 33 (62.26%) had no pain. The maximum flexion range of motion averaged 104.7°. No knee had difficulty in active extension. As to the alignment for anatomical axis twelve knees (22.64%) showed deviation between 0° and 4° varus. Thirty-nine (75.49%) knees showed pace without restriction and the femorotibial angle ranged between 3° varus and 13° valgus with an average of 5° valgus. The patellar index ranged from 0.2 to 1.1. CONCLUSION: Total knee arthroplasty whitout patellar resurfacing provides good results in mid-term evaluation.

Allozyme data was used to assess the genetic diversity Astyanax altiparanae populations from the floodplain of the Upper Paraná River (PR). Specimens were collected in the southern Brazilian state of Paraná from PR in Porto Rico municipality and Ribeirão Ficha (RF) in Ubiratã municipality. The authors used 15% (w/v) corn starch gel electrophoresis to identify 21 putative loci for 13 enzymatic systems: Aspartate aminotransferase, 2.6.1.1 (AAT), Acid phosphatase, 3.1.3.2 (ACP), Esterase, 3.1.1.1 (EST), Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, 1.1.1.8 (G3PDH), Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, 1.1.1.49 (G6PDH), Glucose-6-phosphate isomerase, 5.3.1.9 (GPI), Iditol dehydrogenase, 1.1.1.14 (IDDH), Isocitrate dehydrogenase - NADP+, 1.1.1.42 (IDH), L-Lactate dehydrogenase, 1.1.1.27 (LDH), Malate dehydrogenase, 1.1.1.37 (MDH), Malate dehydrogenase - NADP+, 1.1.1.40 (MDHP), Phosphoglucomutase, 5.4.2.2 (PGM), and Superoxide dismutase, 1.15.1.1 (SOD). The proportion of polymorphic loci were estimated as 52.38% in the PR population and 38.10% in the RF population. Expected estimated heterozygosities were 0.1518 ± 0.0493 for the PR population and 0.0905 ± 0.0464 for the RF population. The A. altiparanae heterozygosity data were similar to previous estimates for other PR basin characid species. Allele frequencies were significantly different between the PR and RF populations in respect to some loci (Acp-1, G3pdh-1, Gpi-A, Iddh-1, Mdhp-1 and Mdhp-2). Wright’s statistics for all loci were estimated as Fis = 0.3919, Fit = 0.4804 and Fst = 0.1455. Our results show that the A. altiparanae populations studied are genetically different and have a high degree of genetic variability.