Abstract Objectives: Prophylactic HPV vaccines are a fundamental tool to reduce infections and tumors caused by the most prevalent types of these viruses, as this review points out. Several countries have adopted immunization programs that recommend vaccination against HPV for girls and adolescents between 9 and 14 years of age and, in some of them, also for boys. The programs also contemplate the immunization of adults, particularly in the case of individuals with different immunodeficiencies. Sources of data: The available vaccines are recommended for the prevention of tumors of the uterine cervix, vulva, vagina, penis, and anal canal. Moreover, two of the vaccines prevent the occurrence of genital warts, having been recently indicated for the prevention of oropharyngeal cancer. Data synthesis: Based on the evidence that antibody responses in girls were non-inferior after two doses when compared to three doses, several countries have decided to reduce the vaccination schedule for girls and boys up to 14 years of age from three to two doses, with an interval of six months between them. Recently, knowledge has been accumulating about the immunogenicity, duration of protection, and efficacy of a single-dose HPV vaccine regimen in girls and young women. Conclusion: Single-dose HPV vaccination could substantially reduce the incidence of pre-cancer and cervical cancer attributable to HPV, with reduced costs for vaccine delivery and simplified implementation, allowing more countries to introduce HPV vaccination or increase the adherence of the target population.

Abstract Background & Aims Perianal fistulizing Crohn's disease is the main risk factor for anal cancer in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Whether this occurs due to a higher frequency of human papillomavirus remains unclear. The authors aimed to evaluate the prevalence of HPV and high-risk HPV in patients with perianal Crohn's disease, compared with a control group. Methods The authors conducted a two-center cross-sectional study in which perianal fistulizing Crohn's disease patients were matched for age and sex with patients with anorectal fistula without Crohn's disease. Biopsy specimens were obtained from fistulous tracts during examination under anesthesia for both groups. The samples were sent for HPV detection and genotyping using the INNO-LiPA test. Results A total of 108 subjects (54 in each group) were recruited. The perianal fistulizing Crohn's disease group showed a statistically higher frequency of HPV in the fistulous tract than the control group (33.3% vs. 16.7%; p = 0.046). Separate analyses on high-risk types demonstrated that there was a numerically higher frequency of HPV in the perianal fistulizing Crohn's disease group. In multiple logistic regression, patients with perianal fistulizing Crohn's disease were found to have a chance of HPV 3.29 times higher than patients without Crohn's disease (OR = 3.29; 95% CI 1.20‒9.01), regardless of other variables. The types most frequently identified in the perianal fistulizing Crohn's disease group were HPV 11 (12.96%) and HPV 16 (9.26%). Conclusion Perianal fistulizing Crohn's disease is associated with a higher prevalence of HPV than in patients with anorectal fistula without Crohn's disease.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus is a new pathogen causing COVID-19 disease, ranging from an asymptomatic infection to a critical condition dependent on mechanical ventilation. Rehabilitation interventions contribute for the prevention and treatment of related complications and associated disability. Objective: Describe rehabilitation recommendations for adult patients with COVID-19. Methods: A literature search was carried out. Databases and portals were consulted using the following terms and their equivalents: SARS-CoV2, COVID-19, rehabilitation, physiotherapy. The search was carried out in Spanish, English, Chinese and Italian languages, with a time window between January 2010 and April 2020. Results: 23 publications met the predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Based on the information obtained, recommendations and tables were prepared regarding the clinical classification of COVID-19, medical behavior to be followed according to severity, general care and rehabilitation interventions in adult patients with COVID-19. Conclusions: Rehabilitation interventions are essential and indispensable resources for the multidisciplinary treatment of patients with COVID-19, despite of the low quality of the available evidence.

RESUMEN Introducción: El coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 es un nuevo patógeno causante de la enfermedad COVID-19, que varía desde una infección asintomática hasta un cuadro crítico dependiente de ventilación mecánica. Las intervenciones de rehabilitación contribuyen a la prevención y tratamiento de las complicaciones relacionadas y la discapacidad asociada. Objetivo: Describir las recomendaciones para la rehabilitación de pacientes adultos con COVID-19. Métodos: Se realizó una búsqueda en la literatura. Se consultó en bases de datos y portales utilizando los siguientes términos y sus equivalentes: SARS-CoV2, COVID-19, rehabilitación, fisioterapia. La búsqueda se realizó en idiomas castellano, inglés, chino e italiano, con una ventana de tiempo entre enero del 2010 y abril del 2020. Resultados: 23 publicaciones cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión y exclusión predeterminados. A partir de la información obtenida se elaboraron recomendaciones y tablas sobre la clasificación clínica de la COVID-19, conducta médica a seguir según gravedad, atención general e intervenciones de rehabilitación en pacientes adultos con COVID-19. Conclusiones: Las intervenciones de rehabilitación son recursos esenciales e indispensables para el tratamiento multidisciplinario de pacientes adultos con COVID-19, a pesar de la baja calidad de la evidencia disponible.

Resumo O presente artigo tem como objetivo apresentar parte da pesquisa “COMO VOCÊ MORA: Sistema Interativo de Avaliação Pós-Ocupação da Qualidade do Habitar em Meios Digitais”, expondo um estudo de caso a partir da avaliação pós-ocupação realizada por meio de um aplicativo. A pesquisa em questão representa um projeto de inovação tecnológica realizado através da parceria entre a Faculdade de Computação e a Faculdade de Arquitetura e Urbanismo e Design, da Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, cujos resultados principais incluem o desenvolvimento de aplicativo/questionário interativo intitulado “Como Você Mora”, conectado a um banco de dados de gerenciamento de avaliações pós-ocupacionais (APOs), denominado “Sistema APO Digital”. O artigo pretende utilizar-se de um dos testes de validação do aplicativo/ questionário, para demonstrar os tipos e padrões de dados coletados pelo sistema, suas possíveis análises em estudo de caso, além de apresentar o próprio aplicativo. Os avanços tecnológicos propostos contribuem para a ampliação da qualidade dos dados obtidos e do envolvimento do usuário no momento da aplicação do questionário. Desse modo, espera-se que os resultados da pesquisa favoreçam uma melhora na qualidade das habitações.

Abstract This paper presents part of the research study titled " How Do You Live: Post-Occupancy Evaluation (Poe) Interactive System on Housing Quality in Digital Media”, through a case study based on a post-occupation assessment using a computer application. The study represents a Technological Innovation project carried out through a partnership between the Computer College and College of Architecture and Urbanism and Design. The main results include the development of an interactive app/questionnaire named “How Do You Live”, connected to a post-occupational assessment management (POEs) database, named “POEDIGITAL SYSTEM”. The article intends to use one of the application / questionnaire validation tests, carried out in the current stage of the research, to demonstrate the types and patterns of data collected by the system, their possible analysis in a case study, in addition to presenting the application itself. The technological advances proposed, contribute to increase the quality of the data obtained and the user involvement during the questionnaire application. Thus, it is expected that the research results will favor an improvement in the quality of housing.

Resumen El creciente consumo de energía eléctrica, los cambios climáticos y el desarrollo de nuevas tecnologías exigen mejoras para la gestión eficiente de la energía. El adecuado pronóstico del consumo de energía es relevante para el desarrollo sostenible de cualquier país. En este artículo se propone una revisión sistemática de literatura seleccionada a partir de cadenas de búsqueda formada por las palabras forecasting, energy y consumption aplicadas en las bases de datos científicas. Se comparan principalmente los modelos/técnicas utilizadas, las variables consideradas y las métricas de error usadas con el fin de obtener conocimiento de cada una de las propuestas, relevar sus características y así poder evidenciar el vacío en la literatura que podría determinar la semilla para un nuevo trabajo de investigación. Como conclusiones se observan el uso continuo de redes neuronales artificiales para el pronóstico de consumo, la importancia de determinar las variables de entrada y la medición del error para evaluar la precisión de los modelos. Finalmente, como nueva línea de investigación se propone desarrollar un modelo para el pronóstico de corto plazo de CEE para un país latinoamericano en vías de desarrollo, a partir de la comparación y evaluación de diferentes técnicas/modelos, variables y herramientas ya existentes.

Abstract The growing consumption of electrical energy, climate change and the development of new technologies demand improvements for efficient energy management. An adequate forecast of the energy consumption is relevant for the sustainable development of any country. This article proposes a systematic review of selected literature based on search chains formed by the terms forecasting, energy and consumption applied to the scientific databases. In the article are compared mostly the models/ techniques used, the considered variables and the error metrics used for obtaining knowledge on each one of the proposals, relieve its features and thus highlight the void in the literature that might be determinant for new research work. As conclusions are made evident the continuous use of neural networks for forecasting the energy consumption, the importance of determining the input variables and the error measuring for evaluating the precision of the models. Finally, the development of a model for the CEE short term forecast of a Latin-American developing country based on the comparison and evaluation of different techniques/models, variables and already existing tools is proposed as a new line of research.

Resumo O crescente consumo de energia elétrica, as mudanças climáticas e o desenvolvimento de novas tecnologias exigem melhoras para a gestão eficiente da energia. A adequada previsão do consumo de energia é relevante para desenvolver sustentável de qualquer país. Neste artigo, é proposta uma revisão sistemática de literatura selecionada a partir de redes de busca formada pelas palavras ""forecasting"", ""energy"" e ""consumption"" aplicadas nas bases de dados científicas. São comparados, principalmente, os modelos ou técnicas utilizados, as variáveis consideradas e as medidas de erro usadas a fim de obter conhecimento de cada uma das propostas, destacar suas características e, assim, poder evidenciar a lacuna na literatura que poderia determinar a semente para um novo trabalho de pesquisa. Como conclusões, são observados o uso contínuo de redes neurais artificiais para prognosticar o consumo, a importância de determinar variáveis de entrada e a medição do erro para avaliar a exatidão dos modelos. Finalmente, como nova linha de pesquisa, propõe-se desenvolver um modelo para prever, em curto prazo, de CEE para um país latino-americano em via de desenvolvimento, a partir da comparação e da avaliação de diferentes técnicas e modelos, variáveis e ferramentas já existentes.

Resumen Introducción. Los defectos congénitos afectan entre el 2 y el 3 % de los recién nacidos, y son una carga importante entre las causas de morbilidad y mortalidad infantil en los primeros cinco años de vida. En Colombia, fueron la segunda causa de mortalidad infantil según los reportes del Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística (DANE) para el 2011. Objetivo. Describir el estado de salud y las barreras en la atención de niños con defectos congénitos nacidos entre el 2011 y el 2017 en dos instituciones de salud de Cali. Materiales y métodos. Se hizo un estudio observacional descriptivo de corte transversal. Se incluyeron los nacidos entre enero de 2011 y diciembre de 2017 con, al menos, un defecto congénito, a quienes se les hizo seguimiento telefónico. Resultados. De 54.193 nacidos en el período analizado, 1.389 (2,56 %) tenían, por lo menos, un defecto congénito. Todos los casos se clasificaron según la escala de pronóstico y se incluyeron 881 en el seguimiento. El defecto congénito más frecuente fue la malformación congénita cardíaca, con 88 (9,99 %) casos; en segundo lugar, las malformaciones o defectos del riñón, con 73 (8,29 %) casos; en tercer lugar, el síndrome de Down, con 72 (8,17 %) casos, y en cuarto lugar, las anormalidades testiculares, con 56 (6,36 %). Ciento sesenta y uno (35,46 %) de los cuidadores de los 454 casos con seguimiento efectivo, manifestaron haber encontrado, por lo menos, un tipo de barrera en la atención. Conclusión. Se deben implementar programas de seguimiento de los pacientes con defectos congénitos, que contribuyan a disminuir la morbimortalidad.

Abstract Introduction: Birth defects affect 2-3% of births contributing an important load to the causes of infant morbidity and mortality during the first five years of life. In Colombia, they are the second cause of infant mortality according to reports from the Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística (DANE) 2011. Objective: To describe the state of health and barriers in the health care of children with congenital defects born between 2011 and 2017 in two institutions of Cali. Materials and methods: We conducted a descriptive cross-sectional observational study. We included babies born between January, 2011, and December, 2017, with at least one congenital defect who were followed up by telephone. Results: Out of 54,193 births during the period, 1,389 (2.56%) newborns had at least one congenital defect. All cases were classified according to the prognostic scale and 881 were included in the follow-up. The most frequent congenital defect was congenital cardiac malformation with 88 cases (9.99%), followed by malformation/defect of the kidney with 73 cases (8.29%), Down syndrome with 72 cases (8.17%), and testicular abnormalities with 56 cases (6.36%). Out of the 454 cases with effective follow-up, 161 (35.46%) of the caregivers stated that they had experienced at least one type of barrier during health care. Conclusion: Follow-up programs should be implemented for patients with birth defects to contribute to reducing morbidity and mortality.

ABSTRACT Introduction: High blood pressure affects individual health worldwide. In Chambo-Riobamba Health District of Ecuador, there was an increase in the number of hypertensive adults. Objective: To describe the sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of hypertensive adult and elderly patients treated in health centers of Chambo-Riobamba Health District, Ecuador. Methods: Cross-sectional descriptive research carried out in the area of influence of Chambo-Riobamba Health District, Ecuador, between November 2017 and March 2018. The study population consisted of 287 individuals with a diagnosis of arterial hypertension reported by the health centers; the sample was made up by 188 patients and determined by non-probabilistic sampling. The questionnaire "Scale of quality of life and patient satisfaction" was used. Results: The sociodemographic characteristics observed in this population show a predominance of individuals aged between 65 and 79 years (42.56%), the feminine gender (69.15%), the Catholic religion (82.46%), the mestizo ethnic group (76.07%), the married marital status (48.40%), the coexistence with his/her spouse (42.02%), the level of basic education (47.35%), and the profession of housewife (43.62%). Conclusions: The rank of hypertensive elderlies prevailed, with female sex, the Catholic religion, the mixed race self-identification, married marital status and basic education level. The clinical features mostly referred to were vision problems, edema in the lower limbs, headache, tiredness, dizziness, heart failure, arthritis, and joint pain. The modifiable risk factors observed were exposure to toxic habits, such as coffee, and tobacco and alcohol consumption.

RESUMEN Introducción: La hipertensión arterial afecta la salud individual a nivel mundial. En el Distrito de Salud Chambo-Riobamba del Ecuador, se evidenció incremento del número de adultos hipertensos. Objetivo: Describir las características sociodemográficas y clínicas de los pacientes adultos y adultos mayores hipertensos atendidos. Métodos: Investigación descriptiva transversal en el área de influencia del Distrito de Salud Chambo-Riobamba, Ecuador, entre noviembre 2017-marzo 2018. La población estuvo conformada por 287 individuos con diagnóstico de hipertensión arterial reportados por los Centros de Salud, y la muestra, de 188 pacientes, se determinó mediante muestreo no probabilístico. Se empleó el cuestionario “Escala de calidad de vida y satisfacción en pacientes”. Resultados: Las características sociodemográficas observadas en esta población evidencian predominio de individuos con edades comprendidas entre 65 y 79 años (42,56 %); el género femenino (69,15 %), la religión católica (82,46 %), la etnia mestiza (76,07 %), el estado civil casado (48,40 %), la convivencia con su esposo/a (42,02 %), el nivel de instrucción básica (47,35 %) y la profesión ama de casa (43,62 %). Conclusiones: Prevaleció el rango de adultos mayores hipertensos, con predominio del sexo femenino, religión católica, autoidentificación mestiza, estado civil casado y nivel de instrucción básica. Las características clínicas mayormente referidas fueron problemas de visión, edemas en miembros inferiores, cefalea, cansancio, mareo, insuficiencia cardiaca, artritis y dolor articular. Los factores de riesgo modificables observados fueron la exposición a hábitos tóxicos como el consumo de café, tabaco y alcohol.

RESUMO Objetivo Comparar estimativas de ingestão alimentar de Questionário de Frequência Alimentar em conjunto a duas abordagens: porções obtidas de Recordatórios-24h aplicados na população de estudo, e equações de calibração, calculadas a partir dos mesmos Recordatórios-24h. Métodos Foram descritas medianas e intervalos de confiança de energia e nutrientes. O teste U de Mann-Whitney foi aplicado para verificar diferenças entre os dados obtidos com o Recordatório-24h e com o Questionário de Frequência Alimentar. A correlação entre as medianas de ingestão foi verificada com o coeficiente de correlação de Spearman; e para verificar se os métodos baseados no Questionário de Frequência Alimentar foram capazes de classificar os indivíduos nos mesmos níveis de ingestão do Recordatório-24h, foi utilizado o coeficiente de Kappa ponderado. Resultados Para o Questionário de Frequência Alimentar Porção Padrão calibrado, 9 dos 11 nutrientes analisados tiveram medianas diferentes das do Recordatório-24h. Para o Questionário de Frequência Alimentar Porção do Recordatório-24h, somente as vitaminas D e B12 não apresentaram diferença significativa em relação ao Recordatório-24h; para o Questionário de Frequência Alimentar Porção do Recordatório-24h calibrado, todos os nutrientes, à exceção de folato e ferro, tiveram medianas estatisticamente iguais às obtidas com o Recordatório-24h. Os coeficientes de correlação de Spearman foram maiores para o Questionário de Frequência Alimentar Porção do Recordatório-24h calibrado para todos os nutrientes avaliados, variando de 0,27 (gordura total) a 0,57 (ferro). Em relação ao Kappa ponderado, os maiores coeficientes foram encontrados para o Questionário de Frequência Alimentar Porção do Recordatório-24h calibrado. Conclusão A utilização do Questionário de Frequência Alimentar calibrado e com porções estimadas na própria população de estudo apresenta melhores estimativas da ingestão alimentar, com valores mais próximos ao método de referência.

ABSTRACT Objective This study aimed to compare dietary intake estimates using two different methodological approaches: use of new portions obtained with the 24-Hour Diet Recall, which was applied in the current study population, and the application of calibration equations, which were estimated using the same 24h-recalls. Methods Calibration equations were estimated using linear regression. The medians and confidence intervals of energy and nutrient intakes were assessed using all the approaches. The U Mann Whitney test was applied to verify differences among dietary intakes obtained with the 24 Hour Recall and Food Frequency Questionnaire-based methods. The correlation between different measures was assessed with Spearman coefficient. Weighted Kappa was used to verify the capability of the Food Frequency Questionnaire -based methods to classify individuals in the same intake levels of the 24 Hour Recall. Results Nine of the eleven components that were analyzed using the Food Frequency Questionnaire with standard portions and calibrated had medians significantly different from those obtained using the 24 Hour Recall; only the measurements of vitamin E and energy were statistically equal. For the Food Frequency Questionnaire with 24 Hour Recall portions, only the medians of vitamin D and B12 did not significantly differ from the 24 Hour Recall medians. Finally, for the Food Frequency Questionnaire with 24 Hour Recall portions and calibrated, all components, except folate and iron, had medians statistically equal to those obtained using the 24 Hour Recall. Spearman correlation coefficients were higher for the Food Frequency Questionnaire with 24 Hour Recall portions calibrated for all the assessed components, and the values ranged from 0.27 (total fat) to 0.57 (iron). Higher Kappa correlation coefficients were found for the Food Frequency Questionnaire 24 Hour Recall portions calibrated. Conclusion Calibrated FFQ with portions estimated from the own target population obtained better estimates of dietary intake, with values considerably more similar to those obtained with the reference method.

ABSTRACT In Colombian the family is the fundamental nucleus society, it is a subject of universal and interdisciplinary study, for being an educational and socializing agent of the child, therefore nothing that happens internally or around it is alien to it; at the birth of a child with physical motor disability, it causes a negative psychosocial impact and, at the same time, generates uncertainty about their future and that of their own family. From school guidance, it is seen that the family has difficulties in the acceptance of disability, in the assertive management of affectivity, the parenting patterns, the ability to overcome adversity, among others, therefore, highlights the great relevance to reflect as a society, in the absence of real policies and actions that provide comprehensive guidance to these families; As a result, there is an urgent need to have a permanent program that provides them with adequate tools to face their new condition, know how to do it and have the permanent support of specialized personnel in the subject, which guarantees psychological, emotional and pedagogical resources, family, spiritual, social, among others, to strengthen their self-esteem, the overall growth and well-being of each of its members.

RESUMEN En Colombia la familia es el núcleo fundamental en la sociedad, es un tema de estudio universal e interdisciplinario, por ser un agente educativo y de socialización del niño, por tanto, nada que le ocurra internamente o a su alrededor le es ajeno; al nacer un hijo con discapacidad físico motora, provoca un impacto psicosocial negativo y a la vez, genera incertidumbre sobre su futuro y el de la propia familia. Desde la orientación escolar, se vislumbra que la familia presenta dificultades en la aceptación de la discapacidad, en el manejo asertivo de la afectividad, las pautas de crianza, la capacidad de superar la adversidad, entre otros, por tanto, se destaca la gran relevancia de reflexionar como sociedad, ante la falta de políticas y acciones reales que proporcionen orientación integral a estas familias; por consiguiente, se presenta la urgencia de contar con un programa que les brinde herramientas adecuadas para enfrentar su nueva condición, saber cómo hacerlo y contar con el apoyo permanente de personal especializado en el tema, que le garantice aprovechar recursos psicológicos, emocionales, pedagógicos, familiares, espirituales, sociales, entre otros, para el fortalecimiento de su autoestima, el crecimiento integral y el bienestar de cada uno de sus miembros.

Most human papillomavirus infections are readily cleared by the host immune response. However, in some individuals, human papillomavirus can establish a persistent infection. The persistence of high-risk human papillomavirus infection is the major risk factor for cervical cancer development. These viruses have developed mechanisms to evade the host immune system, which is an important step in persistence and, ultimately, in tumor development. Several cell types, receptors, transcription factors and inflammatory mediators involved in the antiviral immune response are viral targets and contribute to tumorigenesis. These targets include antigen-presenting cells, macrophages, natural killer cells, Toll-like receptors, nuclear factor kappa B and several cytokines and chemokines, such as interleukins, interferon and tumor necrosis factor. In the present review, we address both the main innate immune response mechanisms involved in HPV infection clearance and the viral strategies that promote viral persistence and may contribute to cancer development. Finally, we discuss the possibility of exploiting this knowledge to develop effective therapeutic strategies.

Resumen Las miasis son infestaciones parasitarias en humanos y animales causadas por estadios larvarios de moscas; son de distribución mundial y son una enfermedad frecuente en nuestro medio. En la literatura solo existen algunos casos reportados; por lo cual, su verdadera incidencia es difícil de establecer debido al sub-registro y ausencia de tipificación de larvas. Objetivo. Identificar, clasificar y caracterizar morfológicamente las larvas causantes de miasis como base para futuras aplicaciones e intervenciones en salud pública. Materiales y métodos. Se analizaron 262 larvas obtenidas del cepario de la Universidad Colegio Mayor de Cundinamarca que se encontraban almacenadas sin ningún tipo de identificación, organización e historia. Resultados. Se realizó la identificación con estereoscopio y claves dicotómicas de las familias Cuterebridae, Oestridae y Calliphoridae. Las especies encontradas son asociadas a diferentes tipos de miasis humana y animal, entre ellas; Dermatobia hominis, Dermatobia cyaniventris, Oestrus ovis, Cochliomyia hominivorax y Lucilia sp. Discusión. Las formas más comunes de este parasitismo son cavitarias y forunculares; causadas por Dermatobia hominis y Cochliomyia hominivorax, sin embargo, éstas no son de reporte obligatorio ante los servicios médicos humanos. Por lo tanto, es indispensable la información y capacitación de profesionales de la salud para la correcta conservación, identificación y reporte de las larvas extirpadas en pacientes con miasis, hasta el punto de ser considerada una práctica de rutina en el diagnóstico clínico.

Abstract Myiasis is the parasitic infestation of the body in humans and animals caused by larval stages of flies; such diseases are worldwide distributed and they are frequent in our environment. In the literature, there are only a few reports; therefore, its real incidence is difficult to be established due to sub-recorded cases and absence of larval typing. Objective. To identify, classify and morphologically characterize myasis-producing larvae of importance in public health. Material and methods. 262 larvae were analysed, obtained from the Universidad Colegio Mayor de Cundinamarca that were stored without any identification, organization and history. Results. Larvae were identified using a stereomicroscope and morphology was based on dichotomous keys of the Cuterebridae, Oestridae and Calliphoridae families. The species found are associated with different types of myiasis, including; Dermatobia hominis, D. cyaniventris, Oestrus ovis, Cochliomyia hominivorax, C. macellaria and Lucilia spp. Discussion. As a conclusion, we found that cavitary and foruncular were the most common forms of this parasitism in the collection from the Universidad Colegio Mayor de Cundinamarca. and that Dermatobia hominis and Cochliomyia hominivorax were the main involved species; however, these are not mandatory reporting species for medical services. Therefore, generating information about preservation, identification and recording of myasis-producing larvae, as well as training of professionals in public health might be considered as a routine practice for an accurate clinical diagnosis.

Abstract The aims of this study were to determine the incidence of external genital lesions (EGLs), specifically histologically confirmed condyloma (genital warts) and Penile Intraepithelial Neoplasia (PeIN), and genital HPV infection progression to EGLs among healthy men aged 18-73 residing in Brazil. Subjects included 1118 men enrolled in the HPV Infection in Men (HIM) study between July 2005 and June 2009. At each visit, EGLs were biopsied and subjected to pathological evaluation. HPV status in genital swabs and biopsies was determined by Linear Array and INNO-LiPA, respectively. Age-specific EGLs incidence and the proportion and median time to EGL development were estimated. Kaplan-Meier cumulative incidence rates at 6, 12, and 24 months were determined. During follow-up, 73 men developed an incident EGL. Men could develop multiple EGLs and there were 36 men with condyloma, 27 men with lesions suggestive of condyloma, six men with PeIN, and 20 men with non-HPV lesions. HPV-positive men who developed EGLs were younger (p = 0.002) than men that did not develop lesions. Among the 815 men with HPV infection, 4% progressed to EGL with the same HPV detected in the swab. During follow up, 15.7% of genital HPV-6 and HPV-11 infections progressed to condyloma (median progression time of nine months for HPV-6 versus 6.8 months for HPV-11). Approximately 1% of HPV-16 infections progressed to PeIN with a median progression time of 25 months. HPV types covered by the 4-valent HPV vaccine were detected in 82.3% and 83.3% of condyloma and PeIN, respectively. The high burden of HPV and high frequency of progression to disease underscores the need to offer HPV prophylactic vaccination to men to reduce the overall burden of infection and diseases caused by HPV.

Abstract Parathormone plays a key role in controlling mineral metabolism. PTH is considered a uremic toxin causing cardiovascular damage and cardiovascular mortality in dialysis patients. There are two different assays to measure PTH called 2nd generation or intact PTH (iPTH) and 3rd generation or bioPTH (PTHbio). Objective: To evaluate the differences in mortality of dialysis patients between both assays to measure PTH, as well as the possible prognostic role of the PTHbio/iPTH ratio. Methods: 145 haemodialysis patients were included with 2-year monitoring including baseline laboratory test and annually thereafter. Results: 21 patients died in the first year and 28 in the second. No correlation was found between PTH, PTHbio and PTHbio/iPTH ratio with mortality. Both PTH have a perfect correlation between them and correlate similarly with other molecules of the mineral metabolism. The extreme baseline values of PTH are those of higher mortality. In survival by iPTH intervals (according to guidelines and COSMOS study), a J curve is observed. When iPTH increases, the ratio decreases, possibly when increasing fragments no. 1-84. There is no greater prognostic approximation on mortality with PTHbio than PTHi. There was also no difference in mortality when progression ratio PTHbio/PTHi was analysed. Conclusions: We didn’t find any advantages to using bioPTH vs. PTHi as a marker of mortality. BioPTH limits of normality must be reevaluated because its relationship with iPTH is not consistent. Not knowing these limits affects its prognostic value.

Resumen La paratohormona tiene un papel fundamental en el control del metabolismo mineral. Además es considerada como una toxina urémica al originar daño cardiovascular e influir en la mortalidad cardiovascular del paciente en diálisis. Existen dos métodos de medición denominados de 2.ª generación o PTH intacta (PTHi) y de 3.ª generación o bioPTH (PTHbio). Objetivo: Evaluar las diferencias en la mortalidad del paciente en diálisis entre ambas formas de medición de PTH, así como el posible papel pronóstico de su cociente. Métodos: Se incluyeron 145 pacientes en hemodiálisis con un seguimiento de 2 años con determinación analítica basal y posteriormente de forma anual. Resultados: Veintiún pacientes fallecieron el primer año y 28 el segundo. No se encontró correlación entre PTHi, PTHbio y cociente PTHbio/PTHi con la mortalidad. Ambas PTH tienen una buena correlación entre ellas y correlacionan de manera similar con otras moléculas del metabolismo mineral. Los valores basales de PTH extremos son los de mayor mortalidad. En la supervivencia por tramos de PTHi (según guías y estudio COSMOS) se observa una curva en J. A mayor aumento de PTHi el cociente desciende, posiblemente al aumentar los fragmentos no 1-84. No existe una mayor aproximación pronóstica sobre mortalidad con PTHbio que con PTHi. No se observan diferencias en el valor predictivo del cociente sobre la mortalidad. Tampoco hubo diferencias en mortalidad cuando se analiza la progresión del cociente PTHbio/PTHi. Conclusiones: No encontramos ventajas en la utilización de PTHbio sobre la PTHi como marcador de mortalidad. Se deben reevaluar los límites de la PTHbio pues su relación con la PTHi no es constante. El no conocer esos límites condiciona su utilidad pronóstica.

Las transformaciones de las subjetividades políticas juveniles, en el caso de estudio realizado en la ciudad de Medellín (Colombia), fueron posibilitadas por la construcción colectiva de un espacio de "encuentro" con el otro que se caracterizó por su enfoque participativo, por la promoción del reconocimiento de la diversidad política y por el desarrollo de prácticas de reflexividad y memoria, todas, atravesadas por procesos afectivos, sin los cuales, no hubiesen sido posibles.

The transformations of juvenile political subjectivities, in the study case carried out in the city of Medellín, Colombia, were made possible thanks to the collective construction of a space of "meeting" with each other. This was characterized by a participatory approach, by the promotion of the recognition of the political diversity and the development of practices of reflexivity and memory, which are crisscrossed by affective factors, which without them, they would have not been possible.

Resumo Introdução: A infecção pelo papilomavírus humano (HPV) é a doença sexualmente transmissível mais prevalente em todo o mundo. Uma das barreiras para a implantação de programas de prevenção contra a doença é o conhecimento limitado da maioria das populações sobre o vírus e suas possíveis consequências. Objetivo: Avaliar o conhecimento dos estudantes universitários brasileiros sobre a transmissão, as manifestações clínicas e as doenças correlacionadas com o HPV, com destaque para o pouco conhecimento de uma infecção muito comum. Método: Responderam a um questionário sobre a transmissão, características clínicas e as possíveis consequências da infecção persistente pelo HPV 194 estudantes. O questionário foi autoaplicado, sob a supervisão dos autores. Resultados: As manifestações clínicas da infecção pelo HPV não eram claras para a maioria dos estudantes. As suposições incorretas das manifestações clínicas da infecção pelo HPV incluíam: hemorragia (25%), dor (37%) e erupções cutâneas (22%) -12% dos entrevistados não reconheciam as verrugas como uma doença relacionada ao HPV. Quanto às potenciais consequências da infecção persistente, os alunos não reconheciam uma relação entre HPV e câncer de laringe (80,9%), carcinoma da faringe (78,9%), carcinoma anal (73,2%), carcinoma vulvar (65,4%) e carcinoma vaginal (54,6%). Grandes porções da população avaliada desconheciam os modos de transmissão do HPV além do contato genital. Conclusão: O conhecimento de HPV pela população avaliada neste estudo é parcial e fragmentado. A falta de conhecimento pode contribuir para a propagação da doença. Políticas públicas de saúde para a educação e orientação da população devem ser implantadas no Brasil.

Abstract Introduction: Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection is the most prevalent sexually transmitted disease worldwide. One of the barriers to the implementation of prevention programs against the disease is the limited knowledge possessed by most populations regarding the virus and its possible consequences. Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the knowledge of Brazilian college students on transmission, clinical manifestations, and diseases correlated with HPV, highlighting the poor knowledge of a very common infection. Methods: A total of 194 students answered a questionnaire about transmission, clinical features and the possible consequences of persistent HPV infection. The questionnaire was self-applied under the supervision of the authors. Results: The clinical manifestations of HPV infection were not clear to most students. Incorrect assumptions of the clinical manifestations of HPV infection included: bleeding (25%), pain (37%) and rashes (22%). Twelve per cent of respondents did not recognize warts as an HPV-related disease. Regarding potential consequences of persistent infection, students did not recognize a relationship between HPV and laryngeal carcinoma (80.9%), pharyngeal carcinoma (78.9%), anal carcinoma (73.2%), vulvar carcinoma (65.4%) and vaginal carcinoma (54.6%). Large portions of the population evaluated were unaware of modes of HPV transmission beyond genital contact. Conclusion: Knowledge of HPV by the population evaluated in this study is partial and fragmented. Lack of knowledge may contribute to the further spread of the disease. Public health policies for education and guidance of the population should be implemented in Brazil.