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1.
Potential Application of Membrane Obtained from Sisal Bagasse in the Removal of Inhibitors from the Fermentation Process
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Xavier, Franklin D.
; Silva, Aleir J. O.
; Lima, Marcos S.
; Fonseca, Maria G. da
; Conceição, Marta M. da
.
Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society
- Métricas del periódico
Annual world production of sisal is estimated to be 400,000 tons, but the processing of sisal fiber generates around 160,000 tons of waste per year. The sisal bagasse is discarded, even though it is about 60% carbohydrates in its structure. Therefore, this work seeks to add value to sisal bagasse through the production of cellulose acetate membranes aimed at removing inhibitors from the fermentation process. The membrane was developed using a cellulose acetate polymer synthesized from cellulose isolated from sisal bagasse. Alkaline and acid pre-treatments resulted in 90% pure cellulose. The obtained cellulose acetate was confirmed by infrared spectroscopy. In the synthesis of the membranes, the influence of agitation time and temperature of the bath on the selectivity and porosity were evaluated in four tests, the third condition stood out with porosity of 26.23% and selectivity of 94.51% in the removal of the furfural and 36.62% of the acetic acid.
2.
Psychometric properties of the Brazilian Portuguese version of the Copenhagen Burnout Inventory (CBI) in healthcare professionals
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Moser, Carolina M.
; Tietbohl-Santos, Bárbara
; Arenas, Daniel Luccas
; Xavier, Aurora
; Ornell, Felipe
; Borges, Rogerio Boff
; Gabbard, Glen O.
; Laskoski, Pricilla B.
; Hauck, Simone
.
Abstract Introduction Burnout syndrome (BS) in healthcare professionals (HCP) has been a major concern, and even more so during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. The need for adequate tools to assess BS is urgent. The objective of this study was to validate the Brazilian Portuguese version of the Copenhagen Burnout Inventory (CBI) in HCP. Methods The sample comprised 1,054 Brazilian HCP. Data were collected for 1 month (May-2020 to June-2020) using an online self-administered questionnaire. Results All three CBI dimensions demonstrated optimal reliability. All consistency measures attained values > 0.90. Split-half correlation values with Spearman-Brown reliability were higher than 0.8. The parallel analysis suggested two factors: personal burnout (PB) and work-related burnout (WB) items were associated with factor 1, and client-related burnout (CB) items were associated with factor 2. Conclusion Our study corroborates the validity of the Brazilian Portuguese version of the CBI, pointing to a close relation between PB and WB in HCP. A public domain tool with evidence quality to ensure sufficient content validity can aid in burnout evaluation and encourage both expansion of the research field and accurate detection and treatment of this syndrome in Brazilian HCP.
3.
Factores determinantes de morbimortalidad en aneurismas de aorta abdominal rotos en cirugía abierta
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Domínguez-González, Brian B.
; Hernández-Hurtado, Omar A.
; Flores-Ramírez, Carlos
; Santoscoy-Ibarra, Joaquín M.
; Padilla-Hernández, Leopoldo E.
; Arroyo-Sámano, Xavier O.
.
Resumen Antecedentes: La ruptura de un aneurisma de aorta abdominal (rAAA) tiene una alta mortalidad. Objetivo: Analizar los factores que influyen en la mortalidad y la sobrevida de los pacientes con rAAA. Métodos: Revisión retrospectiva, se estudiaron 32 pacientes tratados por rAAA, calculando medidas de tendencia central, prueba de χ2, riesgo de razón de momios (OR, odds ratio) e intervalo de confianza del 95% (IC95%) de la variable mortalidad. Resultados: La mortalidad a 30 días fue del 84.4%. El 53.23% desarrolló falla renal aguda y encontramos que el 80% de los pacientes con control suprarrenal estaba en este grupo (OR: 3.529; IC95%: 0.442-28.202), con una mortalidad del 100% cuando se asoció a hemodiálisis (OR: 1.929; 95%CI: 1.341-2.774; p = 0.044). Un pinzamiento mayor de 50 minutos se asoció a un 95% de fallecimientos (OR: 4.074; 95%CI: 0.669-23.73). Un índice neutrófilo-linfocito > 5 tuvo un 96% de mortalidad (OR: 4.444; IC95%: 0.766-25.784). Conclusiones: La identificación de los factores implicados en la morbimortalidad nos asistirá en la implementación de programas como el cribado para una detección oportuna y ofrecer tratamientos apropiados de manera electiva antes de que ocurran complicaciones como la ruptura con un desenlace catastrófico.
Abstract Background: Ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms (rAAA) have an elevated mortality. Objective: To analyze factors that influence in mortality and survival in patients with rAAA. Methods: Retrospective review, thirty-two patients treated for rAAA were studied, calculating measures of central tendency, χ2 test, odds ratio (OR), and 95% confidence interval (95%CI) of the variable mortality. Results: Mortality at thirty days was 84%, 53% of patients developed acute renal failure, and we found that 80% of patients with suprarenal control were in this group (OR: 3.529; 95%CI: 0.442-28.202), with a mortality of 100% when associated with hemodialysis (OR: 1.929; 95%CI: 1.341-2.774; p = 0.044). A clamping longer than 50 minutes was associated with 95% deaths (OR: 4.074; 95%CI: 0.669-23.73). The neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio > 5 had 96% mortality (OR: 4.444; 95%CI: 0.766-25.784). Conclusions: The identification of the factors involved in morbidity and mortality will assist us to carry out programs such as screening for timely AAA detection, and to offer timely treatments electively before complications occurs such as rupture with a catastrophic outcome.
4.
Anti-Zika Virus Effects, Placenta Protection and Chemical Composition of Passiflora edulis Seeds Ethanolic Extract
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Xavier, Jadriane A.
; Santos, Jaqueline C.
; Nova, Monique A. Vila
; Gonçalves, Camilla M.
; Borbely, Karen S. C.
; Pires, Keyla S. N.
; Santos, Flávia A. R. dos
; Valentim, Iara B.
; Barbosa, Júnia H. P.
; Silva, Felipe C. da
; Santos, Josué C. C.
; Pinho, Danielle R.
; Lopes, Norberto P.
; Borbely, Alexandre U.
; Goulart, Marília O. F.
.
Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society
- Métricas del periódico
Various beneficial biological activities have been reported for passion fruit (Passiflora edulis), grown in tropical and subtropical regions. However, no study has yet demonstrated its action against the Zika virus (ZIKV) infection. The present study aimed to investigate the anti-ZIKV of the ethanolic passion fruit seed extract (PFSE), from which, liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis allowed to putatively annotate the occurrence of piceatannol, astringin, scirpusin A, scirpusin B, isookanin-7-O-glucoside and naringenin-7-O-glucoside, two quadranguloside derivatives, tyrosine, and phenylalanine. PFSE is well tolerated by cell lines (Vero E6 and HTR-8/SVneo) and tissue explants from the human placenta. With 1- and 24-h treatments, PFSE consistently reduced the viral load and NS1 protein expression of the two strains of ZIKV (MR766 and PE243) in placental explants and cell lines. Thus, PFSE has a promising potential for developing anti-ZIKV treatments, protecting the placenta against infection caused by ZIKV, along with relevant antioxidant potential, represented by ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) of 390.5 Trolox eq per g dry extract and half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) for 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH•) of 12.1 µg mL-1, and more than 90% protection from lipid peroxidation. Although further studies need to be conducted, PFSE treatment was safe and effective in trophoblast cells and placental explants, thus representing a promising class of all-accessible products based on the reuse of industrial by-products.
5.
Perception of fungi by farmers in the Cerrado
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Calaça, F. J. S.
; Sousa, D. G.
; Belém-Junior, J. S.
; Faquim, R. C. P.
; Xavier-Santos, S.
; Silva-Neto, C. M.
; Souza, M. M. O.
.
Resumo Percepção dos fungos por agricultores do Cerrado – Fungos são organismos importantes em vários aspectos da vida humana. Em particular, para a agricultura, fungos patogênicos são de grande importância, pois são responsáveis por perdas de produção dos mais diversos tipos. Por isso, o conhecimento sobre fungos patogênicos é de extrema importância para agricultores e profissionais que trabalham em áreas agrícolas. Entre os agricultores que utilizam práticas agroecológicas, esse conhecimento é ainda mais valioso, pois, ao não adotar métodos convencionais de produção, recorrem a alternativas não invasivas que são menos ou não prejudiciais ao meio ambiente, considerando os métodos de gerenciamento da produção. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a percepção de um grupo de agricultores do bioma Cerrado, na cidade de Goiás (GO), Brasil, a fim de compreender suas percepções etnomicológicas, de modo a verificar práticas históricas de manejo, seu conhecimento sobre fungos fitopatogênicos e como esses produtores percebem os fungos, de modo geral. Utilizamos o método “de camponês para camponês”, formulado pela ANPA – Associação Nacional de Pequenos Agricultores. Discutimos alguns aspectos do conhecimento etnomicológico destes agricultores. A facilidade de identificação de representantes fúngicos está associada a organismos que apresentam características facilmente reconhecíveis, como estereótipo orelha-de-pau ou fungos causadores de doenças em cultivares. Em geral, os agricultores do estudo são capazes de identificar representantes do Reino Fungi que são encontrados em suas vidas cotidianas. A percepção dos agricultores sobre os fungos, um grupo ainda muito desconhecido pela sociedade, é muito relevante para ações futuras dentro da etnomicologia.
Abstract Fungi are important in several aspects of human life. In particular, to agriculture, pathogenic fungi are of great importance, as they are responsible for production losses of the most diverse types. Because of this, knowledge about pathogenic fungus is of extreme importance for farmers and professionals working in agricultural areas. Among farmers who use specific agroecological practices, this knowledge is even more valuable, since by not adopting conventional methods of production, they resort to non-invasive alternatives that are less or not harmful at all to the environment in consideration of production management methods. This study aimed to assess farmer perception in the Cerrado biome in the city of Goiás (GO), Brazil, in order to understand their ethnomycological perceptions to verify historical management practices, their knowledge about phytopathogenic fungi, and how these producers perceive fungi. We used the theoretical reference method “From peasant to peasant” formulated by ANPA - National Association of Small Farmers. Some aspects of farmers’ ethnomycological knowledge are discussed. These ease identification the representatives of the Fungi Kingdom is associated with organisms that present easily recognizable characteristics, such as wood-ears or disease-causing fungi. In general, farmers are able to identify representatives of the Fungi Kingdom that are found in their daily lives. The perception of farmers about fungi, a group still much unknown by society, is very relevant for future actions of ethnomycology.
https://doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.236219
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6.
A sobredotação na Região Autónoma da Madeira: Desenvolvimento de políticas e práticas educativas
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Antunes, Ana P.
; Almeida, Leandro S.
; Miranda, Lúcia C.
; Xavier, Joana O.
; Ramos, Conceição
; Raffan, Johanna M.
.
La atención a los estudiantes superdotados y con altas capacidades en la Región Autónoma de Madeira (RAM) se ha mencionado como pionera en el contexto portugués. En este estudio se pretende trazar la evolución de los mecanismos de atención de los niños y adolescentes con altas capacidades en la RAM, con su respectivo marco legal, de lo que viene sucediendo desde los años 90. Los datos fueron recogidos a partir de entrevistas a algunos de los participantes en este proceso y a través de la consulta de documentos disponibles. Así, fue posible organizar el recorrido histórico de la superdotación en Madeira, presentando un breve encuadre del surgimiento del apoyo a la sobredotación y describiendo tres fases secuenciales del mismo: (a) implementación de servicios de atención; (b) consolidación de la prestación de servicios; y (c) servicios prestados en la actualidad. En general, a pesar de la evolución y la modificación de los servicios, la inversión se ha centrado en el proceso de identificación y de intervención, en la formación y en la práctica basada en evidencia, buscando hacer converger las actuaciones con las orientaciones internacionales en el área. Se apuntan algunas reflexiones sobre las políticas públicas en el área de la superdotación, teniendo como premisa la escuela inclusiva y una posible mejora de servicios que pueda facilitar la igualdad de oportunidades y la diferenciación de las prácticas educativas en función de las características y necesidades de cada alumno.
A atenção à sobredotação e a alunos com altas capacidades, na Região Autónoma da Madeira (RAM), tem sido referenciada pelo seu pioneirismo no contexto português. Neste artigo descreve-se a evolução, desde os anos 90, dos mecanismos de atendimento das crianças e adolescentes com elevadas capacidades, e respetivo enquadramento legal. Os dados foram recolhidos a partir de entrevistas a alguns dos intervenientes neste processo e através da consulta de documentos disponíveis. Assim, foi possível organizar o percurso histórico da sobredotação na Madeira, apresentando um breve enquadramento da emergência do apoio à sobredotação e descrevendo três fases sequenciais do mesmo: (a) implementação de serviços de atendimento; (b) consolidação da prestação de serviços; e (c) serviços prestados na atualidade. De uma forma geral, apesar da evolução e modificação dos serviços, o investimento tem-se centrado no processo de identificação e de intervenção, na formação e na prática baseada em evidência, procurando fazer convergir as atuações com as orientações internacionais na área. Apontam-se algumas reflexões sobre as políticas públicas na área da sobredotação, tendo como premissa a escola inclusiva e uma melhoria de serviços que promovam a igualdade de oportunidades e a diferenciação das práticas educativas, em função das características e necessidades de cada aluno.
Attention to giftedness and high ability students, in the Autonomous Region of Madeira (RAM), has been acknowledged for being pioneer in Portugal. The main purpose of this paper is to outline the evolution of practices for high abilities students, and their legal framework, since the 90s, in RAM. Data were collected from interviews with some of the actors in this process and through analysis of available documents. Thus, it was possible to organise the historical path of giftedness in Madeira. So, it is presented a brief framework of the emergence of giftedness educational support and three sequential phases are also described: (a) implementation of support services; (b) consolidation of the provision of services; and (c) current services provided. In general, despite the evolution and modification of the organisation of the services, the investment has been centered on the identification and intervention process, on training and on evidence-based practice, seeking convergence of intervention with international guidelines. Some reflections on public policies about giftedness are pointed out, based on the premise of an inclusive school and a possible improvement of practices that might facilitate equal opportunities and differentiation of educational practices, according to the characteristics and needs of each student.
https://doi.org/10.21814/rpe.18654
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7.
Antiproliferative activity of essential oils from three plants of the Brazilian Cerrado: Campomanesia adamantium (Myrtaceae), Protium ovatum (Burseraceae) and Cardiopetalum calophyllum (Annonaceae)
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Alves, C. C. F.
; Oliveira, J. D.
; Estevam, E. B. B.
; Xavier, M. N.
; Nicolella, H. D.
; Furtado, R. A.
; Tavares, D. C.
; Miranda, M. L. D.
.
Resumo Os óleos essenciais podem ser extraídos de várias partes das plantas e apresentam diversas atividades biológicas. O Cerrado brasileiro possui uma grande variedade de plantas produtoras de óleos essenciais muitas delas ainda não estudadas. Levando-se em consideração a biodiversidade desse bioma, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a atividade antiproliferativa dos óleos essenciais extraídos de três espécies de plantas ocorrentes no Cerrado do estado de Goiás: Campomanesia adamantium (Cambess.) O. Berg, Protium ovatum (Engl. in Mart.) e Cardiopetalum calophyllum (Schltdl.). Os óleos essenciais foram obtidos das folhas de C. adamantium e C. calophyllum e das folhas e frutos verdes de P. ovatum por hidrodestilação, usando o aparelho do tipo Clevenger. A composição química dos óleos essenciais foi determinada pelo método de Cromatografia Gasosa acoplada à Espectrometria de Massas (CG-EM). Os constituintes químicos majoritários identificados nos óleos essenciais estudados foram: β-mirceno (62,00%), espatulenol (28,78%), germacreno-B (18,27%), óxido de β-cariofileno (16,40%), β-cariofileno (14,00%), α-pineno (11,30%), viridiflorol (9,99%), limoneno (7,30%) e (Z,E)-farnesol (6,51%). A atividade antiproliferativa foi avaliada em diferentes linhagens de células tumorais humanas: adenocarcinoma de mama (MCF-7), adenocarcinoma cervical (HeLa) e gliobastoma (M059J), além de, uma linhagem celular humana normal (GM07492A, fibroblastos pulmonares). O óleo essencial das folhas de C. adamantium exibiu menores valores de CI50 em todas as linhagens celulares tumorais avaliadas, sendo menores que aquele obtido na linhagem celular normal, indicando seletividade. Este é o primeiro relato da atividade antiproliferativa dos óleos essenciais de C. adamantium , P. ovatum e C. calophyllum contra células tumorais humanas.
Abstract Essential oils, which may be extracted from several parts of plants, have different biological activities. The Brazilian Cerrado has a large variety of plants that yield essential oils, even though many have not been studied yet. Taking into account the biodiversity of this biome, this study aimed at evaluating the antiproliferative activity of essential oils extracted from three species of plants of the Cerrado in Goiás state: Campomanesia adamantium (Cambess.) O. Berg, Protium ovatum (Engl. in Mart.) and Cardiopetalum calophyllum (Schltdl.). Essential oils were extracted from both C. adamantium and C. calophyllum leaves and from P. ovatum leaves and green fruits by hydrodistillation carried out by a Clevenger-type apparatus. The chemical composition of the essential oils was determined by Gas Chromatography coupled to Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The following major chemical constituents were identified in the essential oils under investigation: β-myrcene (62.00%), spathulenol (28.78%), germacrene-B (18.27%), β-caryophyllene oxide (16.40%), β-caryophyllene (14.00%), α-pinene (11.30%), viridiflorol (9.99%), limonene (7.30%) and (Z,E)-pharnesol (6.51%). The antiproliferative activity was evaluated in different human tumor cell lines: breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7), cervical adenocarcinoma (HeLa) and glioblastoma (M059J). A normal human cell line was included (GM07492A, lung fibroblasts). Results showed that essential oils from C. adamantium leaves got the lowest values of IC50 in all strains of tumor cells under evaluation. They were significantly lower than the ones of the normal cell line, an evidence of selectivity. It is worth mentioning that this is the first report of the antiproliferative activity of essential oils from C. adamantium , P. ovatum and C. calophyllum against human tumor cells.
https://doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.192643
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8.
Applicability of the Platelia EIA® Aspergillus test for the diagnosis of aspergilosis in penguins
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Cabana, A. L.
; Xavier, M. O.
; Mendes, J. F.
; Teles, A. J.
; Martins, A. M.
; Silva-Filho, R. P.
; Meireles, M. C. A.
.
Resumo Ainda hoje, um teste diagnóstico eficaz para aspergilose em pinguins não é conhecido, sendo o padrão-ouro os exames post-mortem. O antígeno fúngico galactomanana (GM) tem sido utilizado como biomarcador da doença em humanos, sendo detectado pelo Platelia Aspergillus EIA (BioRad)®, um kit comercial que se baseia na técnica ELISA sanduíche. É padronizado para utilização em pacientes neutropênicos, no entanto estudos tem demonstrado sua possível utilidade também para aves.O objetivo de nosso estudo foi avaliar a eficácia do teste Platelia Aspergillus EIA® (BioRad-US) no diagnóstico da aspergilose em pinguins-de-Magalhães, determinando sensibilidade, especificidade e valores preditivos positivos e negativos em diferentes pontos de corte. Foram incluídas no estudo, amostras de soro sanguíneo (n=29) de pinguins-de-Magalhães em cativeiro que vieram a óbito por aspergilose. A detecção de GM foi realizada seguindo instruções do fabricante e o índice de GM foi obtido dividindo o valor da média da DO da duplicata da amostra clínica pelo valor da média da DO da duplicata da amostra de cut-off fornecida pelo kit. Através de informações em banco de dados foram obtidos resultados sobre a presença de anticorpos anti-Aspergillus fumigatus, detectada por Imunodifusão em gel de ágar (IDGA) em todas as amostras séricas. Os resultados foram analisados utilizando-se teste de qui-quadrado e Kruskal-Wallis a partir do programa estatístico SPSS 20.0, IBM®. Curva ROC foi obtida e a partir desta, taxas de sensibilidade, especificidade, valores preditivo positivo e negativo foram igualmente calculados considerando quatro diferentes pontos de corte (0.5, 1.0, 1.5 e 2.0). O índice de GM sérica não diferiu entre os animais do grupo caso e controle (pKW = 0.097). Na determinação da curva ROC para detecção de GM sérica o valor da área sobre a curva foi de 0.635. A partir dos valores determinados pelas coordenadas da curva, quatro diferentes pontos de corte (0.5, 1.0, 1.5 e 2.0) foram analisados, resultando em taxas de sensibilidade variando de 86.2% a 34.5%, e de especificidade entre 87% e 26.1%. Ao comparar o índice de GM sérica nos animais do grupo caso quanto a presença ou não de anticorpos detectados pela IDGA foi encontrado p=0.503. A detecção de GM pelo teste Platelia Aspergillus EIA® não parece ser útil para o diagnóstico da aspergilose em pinguins naturalmente infectados.
Abstract Even today, an effective diagnostic test for aspergillosis in penguins is unknown, being the gold standard post-mortem examinations. The fungal antigen galactomannan (GM) has been used as a biomarker of disease in humans and is detected by the Platelia Aspergillus EIA (BioRad)®, a commercial kit based on the sandwich ELISA technique. It is standardized for use in neutropenic patients, however studies have demonstrated its usefulness also possible for birds. The aim of our study was to evaluate the effectiveness of Platelia Aspergillus EIA® test (BioRad-US) in the diagnosis of aspergillosis in Magellanic penguins, determining sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values for different cut-off points. Were included in the study, blood serum samples (n = 29) Magellanic penguins in captivity that died by aspergillosis. Detection of GM was performed following manufacturer's instructions and the GM index was obtained by dividing the average value of OD of the duplicate of the clinical sample by duplicate OD of the average value of the cut-off sample provided by the kit. Through information database results were obtained for the presence of anti-Aspergillus fumigatus antibodies detected by agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) for all serum samples. Results were analyzed using chi-square test and Kruskal-Wallis from SPSS 20.0, IBM®. ROC curve was obtained and from this, rates of sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values were also calculated based on four different cutoff points (0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0). The serum GM index did not differ between animals of the case and control group (pkw =0.097). In determining the ROC curve for serum GM detection the value of area under the curve was 0.635. From the values determined by the coordinate of the curve, four different cut points (0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0) were analyzed, resulting in sensitivity rates ranging from 86.2 to 34.5% % and specificity between 87% and 26.1%. By comparing the serum GM index in group case as the presence or absence of antibodies detected by AGID was found p=0.503. The detection of GM the Platelia Aspergillus EIA® test seems is not be useful for the diagnosis of aspergillosis in naturally infected penguins.
https://doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.171140
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9.
New Synthesis Method for a Core-Shell Composite Based on α-Bi2O3 @PPy and its Electrochemical Behavior as Supercapacitor Electrode
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Xavier, Fárlon F. S.
; Bruziquesi, Carlos G. O.
; Fagundes, Wélique S.
; Matsubara, Elaine Y.
; Rosolen, José M.
; Silva, Adilson C.
; Canobre, Sheila C.
; Amaral, Fábio A.
.
Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society
- Métricas del periódico
New composite based on polypyrrole (PPy) and bismuth oxide (α-Bi2O3) was investigated as supercapacitor electrode. The α-Bi2O3 was obtained by hydrothermal route at 500 ºC for 2 h. Cyclic voltammetry was used to electropolymerize PPy on graphite electrode (GE) or on GE/α-Bi2O3. The X-ray diffraction profile of Bi2O3 revealed the α-Bi2O3 monoclinic structure with space group P21/c.The scanning and transmission electron microscopy images showed that PPy coated α-Bi2O3. Raman spectra showed that PPy inhomogeneously coated α-Bi2O3, but it was still possible to obtain a α-Bi2O3 @PPy core-shell hybrid composite with highly ordered α-Bi2O3 with electronic interaction between the oxide and the polymer chain of the polymer. The GE/α-Bi2O3@PPy composite electrode (type I supercapacitor) displayed a predominantly capacitive profile with low impedance values and good electrochemical stability after 50 charge and discharge cycles. The specific capacitance of α-Bi2O3 @PPy composite was found in the range of 634 to 301 F g-1 to gravimetric current of 3 and 10 A g-1, respectively.
https://doi.org/10.21577/0103-5053.20180192
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10.
Physicochemical Characterizations and Antioxidant Property of Copaiba Oil Loaded into SNEDDS Systems
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Emerenciano, Denise P.
; Baracho, Bernardo B. D.
; Medeiros, Melyssa L. de
; Rocha, Hugo A. O.
; Xavier Jr., Francisco H.
; Veiga Jr., Valdir F. da
; Maciel, Maria Aparecida M.
.
Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society
- Métricas del periódico
Self-nanoemulsion drug delivery systems (SNEDDS) represent a potential carrier to improve solubility and bioavailability of health care products. In this sense, copaiba oil (CO) loaded on cosurfactant-free SNEDDS formulations (CO-SNEDDS) were obtained by using phase diagram performed on different concentrations of constituents (oil, surfactant and water). The CO-SNEDDS are composed of 1% (m/m) of oil phase, 20% (m/m) of Tween 80, and 79% (m/m) of double-distilled water. Specifically, varying the oil phase to 1% of CO affords the so-called SNECO system, and 1% of CO blended on a 1:1 ratio with coconut oil or sunflower oil affords, respectively, the SNECO-COO and SNECO-SO derivative systems. CO sample was authenticated by gas chromatography equipped with a flame ionization detector and the CO-SNEDDS samples were characterized by droplet particle size, zeta potential, polarized light microscopy, pH, conductivity, refractive index, rheological and surface tension analyses. According to the antioxidant tests reducing power and hydroxyl inhibiting formation, the findings displayed 47.89 and 72.92% for SNECO, 46.48 and 84.11% for SNECO-COO, and 52.46 and 74.48% for SNECO-SO, respectively. From now on CO-SNEDDS based systems become available as promising targets for novel medicinal investigations and also could be undertaken for the oral administration of poorly water soluble drugs.
https://doi.org/10.21577/0103-5053.20180172
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11.
Litter Size Reduction Induces Metabolic and Histological Adjustments in Dams throughout Lactation with Early Effects on Offspring
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Xavier, João Lucas P.
; Scomparin, Dionizia X.
; Pontes, Catherine C.
; Ribeiro, Paulo Roberto
; Cordeiro, Maiara M.
; Marcondes, Jessica A.
; Mendonça, Felipe O.
; Silva, Makcine T. da
; Oliveira, Fabio B. de
; Franco, Gilson C.N.
; Grassiolli, Sabrina
.
Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências
- Métricas del periódico
In the present study we analyzed morphological and metabolic alterations in dams nursing small litters and their consequences to offspring throughout lactation. Offspring sizes were adjusted to Small Litter (SL, 3 pups/ dam) and Normal Litter (NL, 9 pups/ dam). Body weight, food intake, white adipose tissue (WAT) content, histological analysis of the pancreas, mammary gland (MG) and brown adipose tissue (BAT) as well as, plasma parameters and milk composition were measured in dams and pups on the 7th, 14th and 21st days of lactation. In general, SL-dams presented higher body weight and retroperitoneal fat content, elevated fat infiltration in BAT, reduced islets size and hyperglycemia throughout lactation in relation to NL-dams (p<0.05). Moreover, MG from SL-dams had reduced alveoli development and high adipocytes content, resulting in milk with elevated energetic value and fat content in relation to NL-dams (p<0.05). Maternal states influenced offspring anthropometric conditions during lactation, offspring-SL displayed higher body weight and growth, hyperglycemia, augmented lipid deposition in BAT and elevated islet. Thus, maternal histological and metabolic changes are due to modifications to nursing small litters and reinforce the importance of preserving maternal health during lactation avoiding early programming effects on offspring preventing metabolic consequences later in life.
https://doi.org/10.1590/0001-3765201920170971
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12.
CLIMATOLOGICAL WATER BALANCE WITH DATA ESTIMATED BY TROPICAL RAINFALL MEASURING MISSION FOR THE DOCE RIVER BASIN
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ABSTRACT The Climatic Water Balance (CLIMWB) is very used in the climatic characterization and can also offer important contribution in the identification of the water demand for irrigation of a region. For this, reliable precipitation data with good spatial coverage is required. The Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission satellite -TRMM-3B43-v7 is a partnership between NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) and Japan's Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), which estimates rainfall data for the tropics region. The aim of this study is to evaluate the CLIMWB obtained by the Thornthwaite & Mather method (1955), with estimated rainfall data with the 3B43 product versus those generated with rainfall data and to map pixel-by-pixel water availability with good spatial coverage for the Doce River basin, located in the Atlantic Hydrographic Region, Southeastern Brazil, between the states of Minas Gerais and Espírito Santo. The CLIMWB variables generated with 3B43, together with the precipitation, showed a good correlation with those fed with surface rainfall data. The largest differences between the two datasets were found in some stations in the southeast and northeast of the basin. The CLIMWB variables presented a good correlation, with the best water excess (0.94), followed by water deficit (0.88), water availability (0.84) and real evapotranspiration (0.82). With TRMM - 3B43, we can characterize the CLIMWB in a similar way to that obtained with data observed by the gauges, providing much more extensive coverage. The use of the TRMM - 3B43 precipitation data allows a consistent characterization of the regional water availability, contributing to the agricultural planning and management, mainly to fill the gaps left due to the absence of rain gauges and to possible failures in the rain gauges' data series.
13.
The role of Pteridium arachnoideum(Kaulf) on the seed bank of the endangered Brazilian Cerrado
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Resumo O samambaião (Pteridium arachnoideum) frequentemente domina áreas de cerrado, e pode alterar tanto a vegetação estabelecida quanto o banco de sementes do solo. Nesse estudo investigamos como áreas de cerrado invadidas por essa espécie a mais de 20 anos alteraram o banco de sementes, e também a relação entre banco de sementes e quantidade de serapilheira. Extraímos amostras de solo em três invadidas e em áreas controle adjacentes, e monitoramos a emergência de plântulas por seis meses. Coletamos a biomassa aérea e a serapilheira de P. arachnoideum em dez parcelas de 1m2 nas áreas invadidas. Ariqueza, diversidade e abundância totalnão diferiram entre áreas invadidas e controle. A família mais abundante foi Melastomataceae, seguida por Poaceae. Melastomataceae foi mais comum em áreas controle, mas não a espécie mais comum nessa família (Tibouchina stenocarpa). Gramíneas foram predominantes em áreas invadidas durante a estação chuvosa, e foram afetadas pela heterogeneidade da camada de serapilheira. O banco de sementes pode ser importante para a recuperação dessas áreas invadidas, mas esse uso pode ser prejudicado pela presença de ervas daninhas e gramíneas invasoras.
Abstract The native bracken (Pteridium arachnoideum) often occurs in mono-specific stands in the Brazilian Cerrado, and this dominance can impact on both the above-ground vegetation and soil seed bank. This study investigated how invasion by this species over a 20-year period changed the seed bank and the relationship between the seed bank and litter mass. We extracted soil samples from three replicated invaded and uninvaded sites, and followed seedling emergence for six months. We collected the above-ground biomass and litter of P. arachnoideum in ten 1m2 plots from three invaded sites. There was no difference between invaded and uninvaded areas in seed bank richness, diversity or overall abundance. The most abundant family was the Melastomataceae, followed by the Poaceae. The Melastomataceae was more abundant in uninvaded sites, but the most common species of this family (Tibouchinastenocarpa) was not affected. The grasses were more common in invaded sites in the rainy season and were affected by heterogeneity in the litter layer. The seed bank could play a role in the recovery of these invaded areas, but the presence of weeds and invasive grasses could constrain their use as a management strategy.
https://doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.21814
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14.
Growing knowledge: an overview of Seed Plant diversity in Brazil
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Zappi, Daniela C.
; Filardi, Fabiana L. Ranzato
; Leitman, Paula
; Souza, Vinícius C.
; Walter, Bruno M.T.
; Pirani, José R.
; Morim, Marli P.
; Queiroz, Luciano P.
; Cavalcanti, Taciana B.
; Mansano, Vidal F.
; Forzza, Rafaela C.
; Abreu, Maria C.
; Acevedo-Rodríguez, Pedro
; Agra, Maria F.
; Almeida Jr., Eduardo B.
; Almeida, Gracineide S.S.
; Almeida, Rafael F.
; Alves, Flávio M.
; Alves, Marccus
; Alves-Araujo, Anderson
; Amaral, Maria C.E.
; Amorim, André M.
; Amorim, Bruno
; Andrade, Ivanilza M.
; Andreata, Regina H.P.
; Andrino, Caroline O.
; Anunciação, Elisete A.
; Aona, Lidyanne Y.S.
; Aranguren, Yani
; Aranha Filho, João L.M.
; Araújo, Andrea O.
; Araújo, Ariclenes A.M.
; Araújo, Diogo
; Arbo, María M.
; Assis, Leandro
; Assis, Marta C.
; Assunção, Vivian A.
; Athiê-Souza, Sarah M.
; Azevedo, Cecilia O.
; Baitello, João B.
; Barberena, Felipe F.V.A.
; Barbosa, Maria R.V.
; Barros, Fábio
; Barros, Lucas A.V.
; Barros, Michel J.F.
; Baumgratz, José F.A.
; Bernacci, Luis C.
; Berry, Paul E.
; Bigio, Narcísio C.
; Biral, Leonardo
; Bittrich, Volker
; Borges, Rafael A.X.
; Bortoluzzi, Roseli L.C.
; Bove, Cláudia P.
; Bovini, Massimo G.
; Braga, João M.A.
; Braz, Denise M.
; Bringel Jr., João B.A.
; Bruniera, Carla P.
; Buturi, Camila V.
; Cabral, Elza
; Cabral, Fernanda N.
; Caddah, Mayara K.
; Caires, Claudenir S.
; Calazans, Luana S.B.
; Calió, Maria F.
; Camargo, Rodrigo A.
; Campbell, Lisa
; Canto-Dorow, Thais S.
; Carauta, Jorge P.P.
; Cardiel, José M.
; Cardoso, Domingos B.O.S.
; Cardoso, Leandro J.T.
; Carneiro, Camila R.
; Carneiro, Cláudia E.
; Carneiro-Torres, Daniela S.
; Carrijo, Tatiana T.
; Caruzo, Maria B.R.
; Carvalho, Maria L.S.
; Carvalho-Silva, Micheline
; Castello, Ana C.D.
; Cavalheiro, Larissa
; Cervi, Armando C.
; Chacon, Roberta G.
; Chautems, Alain
; Chiavegatto, Berenice
; Chukr, Nádia S.
; Coelho, Alexa A.O.P.
; Coelho, Marcus A.N.
; Coelho, Rubens L.G.
; Cordeiro, Inês
; Cordula, Elizabeth
; Cornejo, Xavier
; Côrtes, Ana L.A.
; Costa, Andrea F.
; Costa, Fabiane N.
; Costa, Jorge A.S.
; Costa, Leila C.
; Costa-e-Silva, Maria B.
; Costa-Lima, James L.
; Cota, Maria R.C.
; Couto, Ricardo S.
; Daly, Douglas C.
; De Stefano, Rodrigo D.
; De Toni, Karen
; Dematteis, Massimiliano
; Dettke, Greta A.
; Di Maio, Fernando R.
; Dórea, Marcos C.
; Duarte, Marília C.
; Dutilh, Julie H.A.
; Dutra, Valquíria F.
; Echternacht, Lívia
; Eggers, Lilian
; Esteves, Gerleni
; Ezcurra, Cecilia
; Falcão Junior, Marcus J.A.
; Feres, Fabíola
; Fernandes, José M.
; Ferreira, D.M.C.
; Ferreira, Fabrício M.
; Ferreira, Gabriel E.
; Ferreira, Priscila P.A.
; Ferreira, Silvana C.
; Ferrucci, Maria S.
; Fiaschi, Pedro
; Filgueiras, Tarciso S.
; Firens, Marcela
; Flores, Andreia S.
; Forero, Enrique
; Forster, Wellington
; Fortuna-Perez, Ana P.
; Fortunato, Reneé H.
; Fraga, Cléudio N.
; França, Flávio
; Francener, Augusto
; Freitas, Joelcio
; Freitas, Maria F.
; Fritsch, Peter W.
; Furtado, Samyra G.
; Gaglioti, André L.
; Garcia, Flávia C.P.
; Germano Filho, Pedro
; Giacomin, Leandro
; Gil, André S.B.
; Giulietti, Ana M.
; A.P.Godoy, Silvana
; Goldenberg, Renato
; Gomes da Costa, Géssica A.
; Gomes, Mário
; Gomes-Klein, Vera L.
; Gonçalves, Eduardo Gomes
; Graham, Shirley
; Groppo, Milton
; Guedes, Juliana S.
; Guimarães, Leonardo R.S.
; Guimarães, Paulo J.F.
; Guimarães, Elsie F.
; Gutierrez, Raul
; Harley, Raymond
; Hassemer, Gustavo
; Hattori, Eric K.O.
; Hefler, Sonia M.
; Heiden, Gustavo
; Henderson, Andrew
; Hensold, Nancy
; Hiepko, Paul
; Holanda, Ana S.S.
; Iganci, João R.V.
; Imig, Daniela C.
; Indriunas, Alexandre
; Jacques, Eliane L.
; Jardim, Jomar G.
; Kamer, Hiltje M.
; Kameyama, Cíntia
; Kinoshita, Luiza S.
; Kirizawa, Mizué
; Klitgaard, Bente B.
; Koch, Ingrid
; Koschnitzke, Cristiana
; Krauss, Nathália P.
; Kriebel, Ricardo
; Kuntz, Juliana
; Larocca, João
; Leal, Eduardo S.
; Lewis, Gwilym P.
; Lima, Carla T.
; Lima, Haroldo C.
; Lima, Itamar B.
; Lima, Laíce F.G.
; Lima, Laura C.P.
; Lima, Leticia R.
; Lima, Luís F.P.
; Lima, Rita B.
; Lírio, Elton J.
; Liro, Renata M.
; Lleras, Eduardo
; Lobão, Adriana
; Loeuille, Benoit
; Lohmann, Lúcia G.
; Loiola, Maria I.B.
; Lombardi, Julio A.
; Longhi-Wagner, Hilda M.
; Lopes, Rosana C.
; Lorencini, Tiago S.
; Louzada, Rafael B.
; Lovo, Juliana
; Lozano, Eduardo D.
; Lucas, Eve
; Ludtke, Raquel
; Luz, Christian L.
; Maas, Paul
; Machado, Anderson F.P.
; Macias, Leila
; Maciel, Jefferson R.
; Magenta, Mara A.G.
; Mamede, Maria C.H.
; Manoel, Evelin A.
; Marchioretto, Maria S.
; Marques, Juliana S.
; Marquete, Nilda
; Marquete, Ronaldo
; Martinelli, Gustavo
; Martins da Silva, Regina C.V.
; Martins, Ângela B.
; Martins, Erika R.
; Martins, Márcio L.L.
; Martins, Milena V.
; Martins, Renata C.
; Matias, Ligia Q.
; Maya-L., Carlos A.
; Mayo, Simon
; Mazine, Fiorella
; Medeiros, Debora
; Medeiros, Erika S.
; Medeiros, Herison
; Medeiros, João D.
; Meireles, José E.
; Mello-Silva, Renato
; Melo, Aline
; Melo, André L.
; Melo, Efigênia
; Melo, José I.M.
; Menezes, Cristine G.
; Menini Neto, Luiz
; Mentz, Lilian A.
; Mezzonato, A.C.
; Michelangeli, Fabián A.
; Milward-de-Azevedo, Michaele A.
; Miotto, Silvia T.S.
; Miranda, Vitor F.O.
; Mondin, Cláudio A.
; Monge, Marcelo
; Monteiro, Daniele
; Monteiro, Raquel F.
; Moraes, Marta D.
; Moraes, Pedro L.R.
; Mori, Scott A.
; Mota, Aline C.
; Mota, Nara F.O.
; Moura, Tania M.
; Mulgura, Maria
; Nakajima, Jimi N.
; Nardy, Camila
; Nascimento Júnior, José E.
; Noblick, Larry
; Nunes, Teonildes S.
; O'Leary, Nataly
; Oliveira, Arline S.
; Oliveira, Caetano T.
; Oliveira, Juliana A.
; Oliveira, Luciana S.D.
; Oliveira, Maria L.A.A.
; Oliveira, Regina C.
; Oliveira, Renata S.
; Oliveira, Reyjane P.
; Paixão-Souza, Bruno
; Parra, Lara R.
; Pasini, Eduardo
; Pastore, José F.B.
; Pastore, Mayara
; Paula-Souza, Juliana
; Pederneiras, Leandro C.
; Peixoto, Ariane L.
; Pelissari, Gisela
; Pellegrini, Marco O.O.
; Pennington, Toby
; Perdiz, Ricardo O.
; Pereira, Anna C.M.
; Pereira, Maria S.
; Pereira, Rodrigo A.S.
; Pessoa, Clenia
; Pessoa, Edlley M.
; Pessoa, Maria C.R.
; Pinto, Luiz J.S.
; Pinto, Rafael B.
; Pontes, Tiago A.
; Prance, Ghillean T.
; Proença, Carolyn
; Profice, Sheila R.
; Pscheidt, Allan C.
; Queiroz, George A.
; Queiroz, Rubens T.
; Quinet, Alexandre
; Rainer, Heimo
; Ramos, Eliana
; Rando, Juliana G.
; Rapini, Alessandro
; Reginato, Marcelo
; Reis, Ilka P.
; Reis, Priscila A.
; Ribeiro, André R.O.
; Ribeiro, José E.L.S.
; Riina, Ricarda
; Ritter, Mara R.
; Rivadavia, Fernando
; Rocha, Antônio E.S.
; Rocha, Maria J.R.
; Rodrigues, Izabella M.C.
; Rodrigues, Karina F.
; Rodrigues, Rodrigo S.
; Rodrigues, Rodrigo S.
; Rodrigues, Vinícius T.
; Rodrigues, William
; Romaniuc Neto, Sérgio
; Romão, Gerson O.
; Romero, Rosana
; Roque, Nádia
; Rosa, Patrícia
; Rossi, Lúcia
; Sá, Cyl F.C.
; Saavedra, Mariana M.
; Saka, Mariana
; Sakuragui, Cássia M.
; Salas, Roberto M.
; Sales, Margareth F.
; Salimena, Fatima R.G.
; Sampaio, Daniela
; Sancho, Gisela
; Sano, Paulo T.
; Santos, Alessandra
; Santos, Élide P.
; Santos, Juliana S.
; Santos, Marianna R.
; Santos-Gonçalves, Ana P.
; Santos-Silva, Fernanda
; São-Mateus, Wallace
; Saraiva, Deisy P.
; Saridakis, Dennis P.
; Sartori, Ângela L.B.
; Scalon, Viviane R.
; Schneider, Ângelo
; Sebastiani, Renata
; Secco, Ricardo S.
; Senna, Luisa
; Senna-Valle, Luci
; Shirasuna, Regina T.
; Silva Filho, Pedro J.S.
; Silva, Anádria S.
; Silva, Christian
; Silva, Genilson A.R.
; Silva, Gisele O.
; Silva, Márcia C.R.
; Silva, Marcos J.
; Silva, Marcos J.
; Silva, Otávio L.M.
; Silva, Rafaela A.P.
; Silva, Saura R.
; Silva, Tania R.S.
; Silva-Gonçalves, Kelly C.
; Silva-Luz, Cíntia L.
; Simão-Bianchini, Rosângela
; Simões, André O.
; Simpson, Beryl
; Siniscalchi, Carolina M.
; Siqueira Filho, José A.
; Siqueira, Carlos E.
; Siqueira, Josafá C.
; Smith, Nathan P.
; Snak, Cristiane
; Soares Neto, Raimundo L.
; Soares, Kelen P.
; Soares, Marcos V.B.
; Soares, Maria L.
; Soares, Polyana N.
; Sobral, Marcos
; Sodré, Rodolfo C.
; Somner, Genise V.
; Sothers, Cynthia A.
; Sousa, Danilo J.L.
; Souza, Elnatan B.
; Souza, Élvia R.
; Souza, Marcelo
; Souza, Maria L.D.R.
; Souza-Buturi, Fátima O.
; Spina, Andréa P.
; Stapf, María N.S.
; Stefano, Marina V.
; Stehmann, João R.
; Steinmann, Victor
; Takeuchi, Cátia
; Taylor, Charlotte M.
; Taylor, Nigel P.
; Teles, Aristônio M.
; Temponi, Lívia G.
; Terra-Araujo, Mário H.
; Thode, Veronica
; Thomas, W.Wayt
; Tissot-Squalli, Mara L.
; Torke, Benjamin M.
; Torres, Roseli B.
; Tozzi, Ana M.G.A.
; Trad, Rafaela J.
; Trevisan, Rafael
; Trovó, Marcelo
; Valls, José F.M.
; Vaz, Angela M.S.F.
; Versieux, Leonardo
; Viana, Pedro L.
; Vianna Filho, Marcelo D.M.
; Vieira, Ana O.S.
; Vieira, Diego D.
; Vignoli-Silva, Márcia
; Vilar, Thaisa
; Vinhos, Franklin
; Wallnöfer, Bruno
; Wanderley, Maria G.L.
; Wasshausen, Dieter
; Watanabe, Maurício T.C.
; Weigend, Maximilian
; Welker, Cassiano A.D.
; Woodgyer, Elizabeth
; Xifreda, Cecilia C.
; Yamamoto, Kikyo
; Zanin, Ana
; Zenni, Rafael D.
; Zickel, Carmem S
.
Resumo Um levantamento atualizado das plantas com sementes e análises relevantes acerca desta biodiversidade são apresentados. Este trabalho se iniciou em 2010 com a publicação do Catálogo de Plantas e Fungos e, desde então vem sendo atualizado por mais de 430 especialistas trabalhando online. O Brasil abriga atualmente 32.086 espécies nativas de Angiospermas e 23 espécies nativas de Gimnospermas e estes novos dados mostram um aumento de 3% da riqueza em relação a 2010. A Amazônia é o Domínio Fitogeográfico com o maior número de espécies de Gimnospermas, enquanto que a Floresta Atlântica possui a maior riqueza de Angiospermas. Houve um crescimento considerável no número de espécies e nas taxas de endemismo para a maioria dos Domínios (Caatinga, Cerrado, Floresta Atlântica, Pampa e Pantanal), com exceção da Amazônia que apresentou uma diminuição de 2,5% de endemicidade. Entretanto, a maior parte das plantas com sementes que ocorrem no Brasil (57,4%) é endêmica deste território. A proporção de formas de vida varia de acordo com os diferentes Domínios: árvores são mais expressivas na Amazônia e Floresta Atlântica do que nos outros biomas, ervas são dominantes no Pampa e as lianas apresentam riqueza expressiva na Amazônia, Floresta Atlântica e Pantanal. Este trabalho não só quantifica a biodiversidade brasileira, mas também indica as lacunas de conhecimento e o desafio a ser enfrentado para a conservação desta flora.
Abstract An updated inventory of Brazilian seed plants is presented and offers important insights into the country's biodiversity. This work started in 2010, with the publication of the Plants and Fungi Catalogue, and has been updated since by more than 430 specialists working online. Brazil is home to 32,086 native Angiosperms and 23 native Gymnosperms, showing an increase of 3% in its species richness in relation to 2010. The Amazon Rainforest is the richest Brazilian biome for Gymnosperms, while the Atlantic Rainforest is the richest one for Angiosperms. There was a considerable increment in the number of species and endemism rates for biomes, except for the Amazon that showed a decrease of 2.5% of recorded endemics. However, well over half of Brazillian seed plant species (57.4%) is endemic to this territory. The proportion of life-forms varies among different biomes: trees are more expressive in the Amazon and Atlantic Rainforest biomes while herbs predominate in the Pampa, and lianas are more expressive in the Amazon, Atlantic Rainforest, and Pantanal. This compilation serves not only to quantify Brazilian biodiversity, but also to highlight areas where there information is lacking and to provide a framework for the challenge faced in conserving Brazil's unique and diverse flora.
https://doi.org/10.1590/2175-7860201566411
33340 descargas
15.
Clinical characteristics of chronic kidney disease of nontraditional causes in Salvadoran farming communities
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Herrera, Raúl
; Orantes, Carlos M.
; Almaguer, Miguel
; Alfonso, Pedro
; Bayarre, Héctor D.
; Leiva, Irma M.
; Smith, Magaly J.
; Cubias, Ricardo A.
; MD, Carlos G. Torres
; Almendárez, Walter O.
; Cubias, Francisco R.
; Morales, Fabrizio E.
; Magaña, Salvador
; Amaya, Juan C.
; Perdomo, Edgard
; Ventura, Mercedes C.
; Villatoro, Juan F.
; Vela, Xavier F.
; Zelaya, Susana M.
; Granados, Delmy V.
; Vela, Eduardo
; Orellana, Patricia
; Hevia, Reynaldo
; Fuentes, E. Jackeline
; Mañalich, Reinaldo
; Bacallao, Raymed
; Ugarte, Mario
; Arias, María I.
; Chávez, Jackelin
; Flores, Nelson E.
; Aparicio, Claudia E.
.
INTRODUCTION: Chronic kidney disease is a serious health problem in El Salvador. Since the 1990s, there has been an increase in cases unassociated with traditional risk factors. It is the second leading cause of death in men aged >18 years. In 2009, it was the first cause of in-hospital death for men and the fifth for women. The disease has not been thoroughly studied. OBJECTIVE: Characterize clinical manifestations (including extrarenal) and pathophysiology of chronic kidney disease of nontraditional causes in Salvadoran farming communities. METHODS: A descriptive clinical study was carried out in 46 participants (36 men, 10 women), identified through chronic kidney disease population screening of 5018 persons. Inclusion criteria were age 18 - 59 years; chronic kidney disease at stages 2, 3a and 3b, or at 3a and 3b with diabetes or hypertension and without proteinuria; normal fundoscopic exam; no structural abnormalities on renal ultrasound; and HIV-negative. Examinations included social determinants; psychological assessment; clinical exam of organs and systems; hematological and biochemical parameters in blood and urine; urine sediment analysis; markers of renal damage; glomerular and tubular function; and liver, pancreas and lung functions. Renal, prostate and gynecological ultrasound; and Doppler echocardiography and peripheral vascular and renal Doppler ultrasound were performed. RESULTS: Patient distribution by chronic kidney disease stages: 2 (32.6%), 3a (23.9%), 3b (43.5%). Poverty was the leading social determinant observed. Risk factor prevalence: agrochemical exposure (95.7%), agricultural work (78.3%), male sex (78.3%), profuse sweating during work (76.3%), malaria (43.5%), NSAID use (41.3%), hypertension (36.9%), diabetes (4.3%). General symptoms: arthralgia (54.3%), asthenia (52.2%), cramps (45.7%), fainting (30.4). Renal symptoms: nycturia (65.2%), dysuria (39.1%), foamy urine (63%). Markers of renal damage: macroalbuminuria (80.4%), β2 microglobulin (78.2%), NGAL (26.1%). Renal function: hypermagnesuria (100%), hyperphosphaturia (50%), hypernatriuria (45.7%), hyperkaluria (23.9%), hypercalciuria (17.4%), electrolyte polyuria (43.5%), metabolic alkalosis (45.7%), hyponatremia (47.8%), hypocalcemia (39.1%), hypokalemia (30.4%), hypomagnesemia (19.6%). Imaging: Ultrasound showed fatty liver (93.5%) and vascular Doppler showed tibial artery damage (66.7%). Neurological symptoms: abnormal tendon reflexes (45.6%), Babinski sign and myoclonus (6.5%), sensorineural hearing loss (56.5%). CONCLUSIONS: This chronic kidney disease studied behaves clinically like chronic tubulointerstitial nephropathy, but with systemic manifestations not attributable to kidney disease. While male agricultural workers predominated, women and adolescents were also affected. Findings support a hypothesis of multifactorial etiology with a key role played by nephrotoxic environmental agents.
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