Abstract Background: Albuminuria was widely considered as the first clinical sign of diabetic kidney disease (DKD), which is why it has traditionally been used as a screening test for DKD. However, increasing evidence has shown that a significant number of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) patients have a decreased glomerular filtration rate (GFR) without significant albuminuria, known as non-albuminuric DKD (NA-DKD). The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and the demographic and clinical characteristics of patients with NA-DKD. Methods: This was a 1-year retrospective study that included 146 type 2 diabetic patients with GFR < 75 mL/min followed-up in a diabetes outpatient department. Patients were divided into two groups according to their ACR status - NA-DKD and albuminuric DKD (A-DKD). Results: Of the 146 patients included in the study, 53.4% had A-DKD and 46.6% had NA-DKD. According to the multivariable analysis performed, patients with NA-DKD tended to be older (p = 0.021), female (p = 0.045) and with a lower GFR (p = 0.004) than A-DKD patients. There was no difference between the groups in terms of body mass index, metabolic control of DM, duration of DM diagnosis and prevalence of metabolic syndrome. Conclusions: The majority of patients with DKD had albuminuria, but a significant proportion had a non-albuminuric phenotype (46.6% in this population). These patients exhibit distinct clinical features that could have screening, therapeutic and prognosis implications.

Resumen Introducción: La albuminuria fue ampliamente considerada como el primer signo clínico de la enfermedad renal diabética (DKD), por lo que se ha utilizado tradicionalmente como prueba de detección para DKD. Sin embargo, el aumento de la evidencia ha demostrado que un número importante de pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM) tenían disminución de la filtración glomerular (TFG), sin albuminuria significativa (DKD sin albuminuria (NA-DKD). El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la prevalencia y las características demográficas y clínicas de los pacientes con NA-DKD. Métodos: Este fue un estudio retrospectivo de un año que incluyó a 146 diabéticos tipo 2 con TFG < 75 ml/min seguidos en el departamento de diabetes. Los pacientes fueron divididos en 2 grupos de acuerdo a su estado de ACR NA-DKD y DKD albuminúrica (A-DKD). Resultados: De los 146 pacientes incluidos en el estudio, 53,4% tienen A-DKD y 46,6% tienen a NA-DKD. En comparación con los pacientes con A-DKD, aquellos con NA-DKD eran más propensos a ser de mayor edad (p = 0,021), a ser mujeres (p = 0,045) y tenían una TFG menor (p = 0,004), datos confirmados en el análisis multivariante. El índice de masa corporal, el control metabólico de la DM, la duración del diagnóstico de DM y la prevalencia de síndrome metabólico no fueron diferentes entre los grupos. Conclusiones: La mayoría de los pacientes con DKD presentan albuminuria, pero una proporción significativa tiene un fenotipo de no albuminuria (46,6% en esta población). Estos pacientes presentan características clínicas diferentes, lo que podría tener relevancia en la proyección, el pronóstico o implicaciones terapéuticas.

ABSTRACT The Pantanal is the world's largest wetland biome with a seasonal flood pulse that attracts a great diversity of birds, many of which are migratory. Birds can be natural reservoirs Influenza A, West Nile and Newcastle Disease viruses. However, the occurrence of carriers for these viruses in the Pantanal was not verified yet. The present study evaluated the occurrence of natural infection by Influenza A, WN and ND virus of birds in the municipality of Poconé, a subregion of the Pantanal in the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil. A total of 76 birds belonging to 11 orders and 20 families were captured using mist nets. The most representative order was Passeriformes, followed by the other nine orders, which included Columbiformes, Psittaciformes, Charadriiformes and Anseriformes. The most representative family was Thamnophilidae, with 16 individuals (21.0%), followed by the family Tyrannidae with 10 individuals (7.6%) and the family Furnariidae, with eight individuals (10.5%). The bird species were identified, and cloacal and tracheal swab samples were collected. The samples were subjected to RNA extraction and tested for the presence of the three agents by real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). All the sampled birds were considered healthy, had no clinical sign of infection, and were tested negative for the three viruses. Based on our findings, we can conclude that Influenza, West Nile and Newcastle Disease viruses were absent from the samples in this region of the Pantanal wetlands during the period of this study.

Objetivou-se avaliar a degradação ruminal in situ da matéria seca (MS) e a digestibilidade in vitro de suplementos concentrados a base de farinha de batata diversa peletizada com ureia (0, 4, 8 e 12% da MS). Amostras de cada tratamento foram incubadas por 0, 2, 4, 8, 12, 24, 36 e 48 horas no rúmen de quatro ovinos fistulados. Não houve efeito (P>;0,05) do nível de inclusão de ureia sobre as frações solúvel ("a") e potencialmente degradável ("b") dos péletes, que variaram, respectivamente, de 2,1 a 12,1%, e de 72,9 a 87,5%. Foi observado efeito quadrático (P=0,03) para a taxa de degradação da fração "b", que variou de 4,75 a 7,39% h-1, sendo o valor máximo estimado em 7,4% h-1, obtido quando 5,9% de ureia foram incluídos no pélete. Foram observados efeitos quadráticos (P≤0,02) do nível de inclusão de ureia nos péletes sobre a degradabilidade efetiva (DE) da MS, considerando taxas de passagem no rúmen de 2, 5 e 8% h-1e os valores máximos de DE calculadas sob estas taxas de passagem no rúmen foram estimados com 6,3 a 7,3% de ureia nos péletes. A digestibilidade in vitro da MS dos péletes foi influenciada de forma quadrática (P=0,02) pelo nível de inclusão de ureia, com valor máximo de 96,9%, estimado quando 7,9% de ureia foram incluídos no pélete. A inclusão de 6 a 8% de ureia nos péletes promove incremento na digestibilidade in vitro e na degradabilidade efetiva da matéria seca

The aim of this study was to evaluate ruminal in situ degradability and in vitro digestibility of dry matter (DM) in concentrate supplements containing diverse potato flour pelletized with urea (0%, 4%, 8%, and 12% DM). Samples of feeds were incubated for 0, 2, 4, 8, 12, 24, 36, and 48h in the rumen of four fistulated sheep. Level of urea added had no significant effect (P>;0.05) on the soluble fraction (a) or potentially degradable fraction (b) of the pellets and ranged from 2.1% to 12.2% and 72.9% to 87.5%, respectively. Quadratic effects (P=0.03) of the rate of degradation of fraction "b" ranged from 4.75% h-1to 7.39% h-1; the estimated maximum value at 7.4% h-1was obtained when 5.9% urea was added to the pellet. Quadratic effects (P≤0.02) of the level of urea added to the pellets on the effective degradability (ED) of DM were evaluated after considering rumen passage rates of 2.5% h-1and 8% h-1; the maximum values of ED calculated under these rumen passage rates were estimated at 6.3% to 7.3% urea in the pellets. The in vitro digestibility of DM of the pellets showed a quadratic effect (P=0.02) at different levels of urea, with a maximum value of 96.9% achieved when 7.9% urea was added to the pellets. Our results suggest that the addition of 6-8% urea to pelleted feed promotes an increase in the in vitro digestibility and ED of DM.

Abstract Introduction: feeding for sheep production in the tropics accounts from 48 to 90% of total production cost; additionally, the use of grains also makes producers dependent on the international market. Moderate weight gains in rams could be obtained with foliage from tropical trees; however, some plants such as Hibiscus Rosa-sinensis have compounds that could act as phytoestrogens, which could compromise its potential use as animal feed. Method: twelve Pelibuey rams, aged 24±3 months old, 45±6 kg live weight and a body condition score of 2.3±0.3 in a scale from 1 to 5, were assigned to one of two treatments for 45 days. T1 (n = 12), commercial feed (500 g d-1 by sheep) with 16% CP, and T2 (n = 12), 20% of H.rosa-sinensis (451 g DM kg MV ~ 1.6 kg d-1 per animal). Both treatments were supplemented with (Pennisetum purpureum x P. Typhoides var. CT-11S) grass. Parameters of semen quality were evaluated: ejaculate volume (Vol, mL) and concentration (EC, millions per mL) and eight individual motility parameters were used: curvilinear speed (VCL, μ/s), straight line velocity (VSL, μ/s), mean velocity (VAP, μ/s), linearity index (LIN, %), straightness index (STR, %), oscillation index (WOB, %), mean amplitude of lateral head displacement (ALH, u) and beat frequency to tail (BCF, Hz). Student s t test was used to determine differences between treatments for VOL and CE and VCL, VSL and VAP. A factor reduction, followed by a two-step clustering procedure of individual motility parameters allowed determining the structure of subpopulations by sperm motility. Analyses were performed using SPSS 15.0 software for I Windows. Results: no statistical differences (P>0.05, T1 vs T2, Mean±SD) were found in ejaculate volume (0.79±0.31 vs 0.81±0.32 ml), Sperm concentration / ml (4051±729.5 vs 4860±598.6 million/ml). For individual sperm motility, we found differences (P<0.01) for VCL (90.18 ± 39.16 vs 131.26 ± 63.16 μ/s), VSL (52.94 ± 36.72 vs 71.64 ± 54.44 μ/s), VAP (70.42 ± 36.23 vs 101.41 ± 59.87 μ/s), LIN (55.14 ± 27.02 vs 50.88 ± 26.64 %), STR (69.16 ± 24.93 vs 65.68 ± 24.52 %), WOB (75.94 ± 16.81 vs 73.47 ± 18.94 %), ALH (2.99 ± 1.26 vs 3.96 ± 1.74 μ) and BCF (7.33 ± 3.12 vs7.71 ± 3.25 Hz). The obtained subpopulations by two step procedure, indicate that the highest motility-derived indexes occur in animals fed with H. rosa-sinensis. Conclusion: inclusion of H. rosa-sinensis in feed for Pelibuey rams, did not alter the semen volume or concentration, but individual motility parameters (VCL, VSL and VAP) are different. The analysis of subpopulations highlighted differences in individual motility between treatments, thus showing the structure of motility in the ejaculated. Since no deleterious effect was observed in this trial, H. rosa-sinensis could be considered as an alternative to feed Pelibuey rams in the tropics.

Resumen Introducción: la alimentación de los ovinos en el trópico representa del 48 a 90 % de los costos de producción, además, el uso de granos hace dependientes a los ovinocultores del mercado internacional. Ganancias de peso moderadas se han obtenido con follaje de plantas arbustivas, sin H embargo, algunas plantas como el Tulipán (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis) presentan compuestos que I pueden actuar como fito-estrógenos, lo que puede comprometer el uso potencial en la I alimentación de sementales ovinos pelibuey. Método: doce sementales ovinos Pelibuey, de 24±3 meses de edad, con un peso de 44±5 kg y I una condición corporal de 2.3 +0.3 en una escala de 1 a 5 fueron asignados a 2 tratamientos (n=6) I durante 45 días. En dietas con base en pasto de corte (Pennisetum purpureum x P. Typhoides var. CT-115), para el tratamiento 1 (T1), se utilizó alimento comercial (500 g d-1 por ovino) con 16% de PC; y para el tratamiento 2 (T2), 20% de Tulipán (451 g MS/ kg MV, ~1.6 kg d-1 por ovino). Al finalizar la prueba se evaluó la calidad seminal, las variables de respuesta fueron: volumen del H eyaculado (Vol, ml) y a través del Análisis de Semen Asistido por Computadora (CASA) la I concentración espermática (CE, Millones por ml) y ocho parámetros de motilidad individual: velocidad curvilínea (VCL, μ/s), velocidad rectilínea (VSL, μ/s), velocidad promedio (VAP, μ/s), | índice de linealidad (LIN, %), índice de rectitud (STR, %), índice de oscilación (WOB, %), amplitud media del desplazamiento lateral de la cabeza (ALH, μ) y frecuencia de batido de cola (BCF, Hz). Para determinar las diferencias entre las medias para tratamientos para Vol y CE, VCL, VSL y VAP se utilizó una t de Student; para los parámetros de motilidad individual se realizó una reducción de factores y una clasificación en dos fases de los índices obtenidos para caracterizar las subpoblaciones espermáticas por motilidad. Los análisis fueron realizados con el software SPSS 15.0 para Windows Resultados: no se encontraron diferencias significativas (P>0.05, T1 vs T2, Media±DE) para volumen del eyaculado (0.79±0.31 vs 0.81±0.32 ml), o Concentración Espermática/ml (4051±729.5 vs 4860 ± 598.6 millones/ml). Para motilidad espermática se encontraron diferencias (P<0.01) en VCL (90.18±39.16 vs 131.26±63.16 μ/s), VSL (52.94±36.72 vs 71.64±54.44 μ/s), VAP (70.42±36.23 vs 101.41±59.87 μ/s), LIN (55.14±27.02 vs 50.88±26.64 %), STR (69.16±24.93 vs 65.68±24.52 %), WOB (75.94±16.81 vs 73.47±18.94 %), ALH (2.99±1.26 vs 3.96±1.74 μ) y BCF (7.33±3.12 vs 7.71±3.25 Hz). La reducción de factores llevó a dos índices, las subpoblaciones espermáticas por motilidad derivadas de éstos tuvieron mayores valores en los animales alimentados con H. rosa-sinensis. Conclusión: La alimentación de sementales ovinos Pelibuey, con H. rosa-sinensis no afecta volumen o concentración espermática del eyaculado, pero si presenta índices mayores de motilidad individual (Velocidad promedio, Velocidad rectilínea y Velocidad curvilínea). El análisis de subpoblaciones evidencia las diferencias en motilidad individual entre tratamientos presentando diferentes estructuras de subpoblaciones según el tratamiento. El H. rosa-sinensis es una alternativa en la alimentación de sementales ovinos Pelibuey en los trópicos, ya que no afecta H la calidad seminal.

Four rumen-cannulated primiparous lactating cows were studied in a 4 × 4 Latin square design experiment to evaluate the effects of propolis-based products (PBP) with different concentrations of propolis and alcohol levels on total digestibility, (TD), ruminal digestibility (RD), intestinal digestibility (ID), pH, ruminal ammonia-nitrogen production (NH3-N), rumen microbial synthesis, and blood parameters. The feed consisted of 591.9 g/kg corn silage and 408.1 g/kg concentrate (dry matter [DM] basis), and treatments differed with regard to the inclusion (via ruminal cannula) or exclusion of PBP as follows: control (without the PBP), PBP B1 (3.81 mg of phenolic compounds/kg of ingested DM), PBP C1 (3.27 mg of phenolic compounds/kg of ingested DM), and PBP C3 (1.93 mg of phenolic compounds/kg of ingested DM). Inclusion of PBP reduced the RD of dietary crude protein (CP). Treatment PBP C1 reduced ruminal NH3-N production, while PBP B1 increased the ID of CP relative to that in the control. These findings indicate that propolis had a positive effect on rumen nitrogen metabolism. Rumen pH, efficiency of microbial protein synthesis, and blood parameters were not affected by addition of PBP, but there were significant effects on the other parameters when the treatments containing propolis were contrasted. Higher TD of DM (0.717 vs. 0.685), OM (0.737 vs. 0.703), and CP (0.760 vs. 0.739), as well as higher NDF (0.622 vs. 0.558) and TDN (0.747 vs. 0.712) were observed when comparing PBP C1 with C3. Inclusion of propolis in diets for dairy cows have positive effects on protein metabolism in the rumen. Variation in the amounts of phenolic compounds in the different PBP may explain the diverse effects on the digestive parameters evaluated.

Objetivou-se avaliar a composição químico-bromatológica e a digestibilidade "in vitro" da matéria seca (DIVMS) de silagens de capim-elefante em diferentes tempos (70; 90 e 110 dias) de crescimento do capim, com inclusão (0, 5, 10 e 15%) do farelo da vagem de algaroba. Foi utilizado um delineamento inteiramente casualizado (DIC), arranjado em um esquema fatorial, com quatro repetições. Como silos experimentais foram utilizados tubos do tipo PVC com 100 mm de diâmetro. Passados 30 dias da ensilagem, os silos foram abertos e retiradas amostras para determinação da composição químico-bromatológica e DIVMS. A inclusão do farelo da vagem de algaroba (FVA) elevou os teores de MS e PB. Não foi observada interação (p > 0,01) concentração do FVA × idade de corte do capim-elefante nos teores de MS, PB e FDN das silagens. Foi observada diminuição (p < 0,01) nos teores de FDN, FDA e MM com a inclusão do FVA. Houve aumento linear (p < 0,01) na DIVMS com o aumento na concentração do FVA e diminuição (p < 0,01) na DIVMS com o aumento da idade de corte do capim-elefante. A inclusão do farelo da vagem de algaroba contribui para melhorar a composição química e a digestibilidade das silagens.

This study evaluated the chemical composition and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) of elephant grass silages at different growth stages (70, 90 and 110 days), with the addition (0, 5, 10 and 15%, on a fresh matter basis) of mesquite pod meal. A completely randomized design (CRD) was used in a factorial arrangement with four replications. PVC pipes 100 mm in diameter were used as experimental silos. After 30 days of ensilage, samples were taken from the open silos to determine chemical composition and IVDMD. The inclusion of mesquite pod meal (MPM) increased (p < 0.01) the concentrations of DM and CP. No interaction (p > 0.01) was detected between MPM concentrations and elephant grass cutting age for DM, CP and NDF contents in the silages. A decrease (p < 0.01) was observed in NDF, ADF and MM concentrations with the inclusion of MPM. There was a linear increase (p < 0.01) in IVDMD with increasing levels of MPM; and IVDMD decreased (p < 0.01) with increasing cutting age of the elephant grass. The inclusion of mesquite pod meal contributed to improve the chemical composition and digestibility of silages.

Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito de produtos à base de própolis (PBP) sobre o desempenho, digestibilidade, produção microbiana e características de carcaça de bovinos confinados. Foram utilizados 27 bovinos com 353 ± 28 kg de peso corporal em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado dividido em três tratamentos: duas dietas contendo PBP em diferentes dosagens (PBP1 = 0.018 mg g-1 e PBP2 = 0.036 mg g-1 de flavonoides totais em crisina) e dieta controle (CON) sem adição de própolis. Para a determinação da digestibilidade total, a matéria seca indigestível foi usada como marcador interno, enquanto a produção microbiana foi estimada pelos derivados de purina na urina, coletadas pelo método spot. As características de carcaça avaliadas foram: peso de carcaça quente, rendimento de carcaça quente, conformação, área de olho de lombo, espessura de gordura, coloração, textura, marmoreio, pH, espessura de coxão e percentagens de músculo, osso e gordura. As variáveis estudadas foram submetidas à análise de variância com 5% de probabilidade. A adição da própolis não teve efeito sobre a digestibilidade da MS e nutrientes (exceto para FDA, que foi maior) e eficiência de síntese microbiana. As características de carcaça não foram afetadas pelos tratamentos experimentais. As dosagens utilizadas nos PBP devem ser revistas e dosagens mais elevadas devem ser testadas.

The objective was to evaluate the effect of propolis-based products (PBP) on performance, digestibility, microbial production and carcass characteristics of feedlot young bulls. Twenty-seven crossbred young bulls were used, with 353 ± 28 kg of body weight in a completely randomized experimental design, divided in three treatments: two diets with PBP with different dosages (PBP1= 0.018 mg g-1 and PBP2= 0.036 mg g-1 of total flavonoids in chrysin) and control diet (CON). To determine total digestibility, the indigestible dry matter was used as an internal marker, while microbial production was estimated from purine derivatives in urine, collected by the spot method. The evaluated carcass characteristics were: hot carcass weight, dressing percentage, conformation, Longissimus muscle area, fat thickness, colour, texture, marbling, pH, cushion thickness and percentages of muscle, bone and fat. The studied variables were subjected to analysis of variance with 5% probability. The addition of propolis had no effect on DM and nutrients digestibility (except the ADF, which was higher) or efficiency of microbial synthesis. Carcass characteristics were not affected by the experimental treatments. The PBP in the used dosages should be reviewed and higher dosages should be tested.

Glyphosate is the main herbicide used in coffee (Coffea arabica L.) plantations in Brazil. Problems with herbicide drift commonly occur in orchard fields due to non-adequate spraying conditions. A series of experiments was carried out aiming to evaluate physiological dose-response of C. arabica plants submitted to exposure to simulated glyphosate drift in two distinct plant growth stages. Glyphosate was applied at 0, 180, 360, and 720 g acid equivalent (AE) ha-1 directly on coffee plants with 10 and 45 d after transplanting (DAT). Glyphosate doses in a range of 180-360 g AE ha-1 increased photosynthesis, transpiration and stomatal conductance in 10 DAT-plants up to 14 d after application (DAA) while, in 45 DAT-plants, an increase was observed only up to 2 DAA, but this pattern was not persistent afterwards so that no difference in gas exchange was observed at 60 DAA in both plants. Macronutrient content was not affected by glyphosate application in both plants. Plant DM accumulation was not affected by glyphosate application at 10 DAT-plants, but an increase in plant growth was observed when glyphosate was applied in a range of 360-720 g AE ha-1 in 45 DAT-plants. Coffea arabica cv. Catuaí Vermelho IAC-144 responded differentially to glyphosate drift depending on plant growth stage, regarding on photosynthesis, transpiration, stomatal conductance, and plant growth, in spite of macronutrient nutrition was not affected.

Glifosato es el principal herbicida utilizado en las plantaciones de café (Coffea arabica L.) en Brasil. Problemas con la deriva de herbicidas comúnmente ocurren en los campos de cultivo debido a condiciones no adecuadas de pulverización. Una serie de experimentos se llevó a cabo con el objetivo de evaluar la relación dosis-respuesta fisiológica de plantas de C. arabica expuestas a situaciones simuladas de exposición a deriva de glifosato en dos etapas distintas de crecimiento de las plantas. El glifosato se aplicó en dosis de 0, 180, 360, y 720 g equivalentes ácido (AE) ha-1 directamente en las plantas de café a los 10 y 45 d después del trasplante (DDT). Dosis de glifosato en un rango de 180-360 g AE ha-1 , aumentaron la fotosíntesis, la transpiración y la conductancia estomática en plantas con 10 DDT hasta 14 d después de la aplicación de glifosato (DAA), mientras que en plantas con 45 DDT se observó un aumento sólo hasta 2 DAA, pero no fue persistente, de modo que no se observó diferencia en el intercambio de gases a los 60 DDA en ambas plantas. El contenido de macronutrientes de las plantas a los 10 DDA no fue afectado por las épocas de aplicación de glifosato. La acumulación de MS a los 10 DDA no fue afectada por la aplicación de glifosato, pero a los 45 DDA se observó un aumento del crecimiento de las plantas con glifosato en dosis de 360-720 g AE ha-1. Coffea arabica cv. Catuaí Vermelho IAC-144 respondió de forma diferente a la deriva de glifosato en función de la etapa del crecimiento de las plantas, con respecto a fotosíntesis, transpiración, conductancia estomática, y crecimiento de las plantas, a pesar que la nutrición en macronutrientes no se vio afectada.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of the different levels of urea and ground whole soybean as a urease source on the chemical composition of the ammoniated sugarcane bagasse. Four levels of urea (2%, 4%, 6% e 8% DM) and three levels of ground whole soybean (0%; 2% e 4%, DM) were added to sugarcane bagasse stored during 52 days in plastic bags (50 L). We analyzed the levels of DM, CP, NDF, ADF, cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. Was used a complete randomized design with three replicates for treatments. The gradual increase of the urea levels in the process of amonização of sugarcane bagasse implied in reduction of NDF, ADF, cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin, and increase of CP. However, the levels of DM were not affected by different levals of urea and whole soybean used in different treatments, differing only in the DM ofin nature sugarcane bagasse. The use of ground whole soybean, as source of urease, in the amonização of sugarcane bagasse, was efficient in the reduction of the levels of NDF only for the levels of 2 and 4% of urea.

Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar o efeito de diferentes doses de uréia e soja grão moída, como fonte de urease, sobre a composição química do bagaço de cana-de-açúcar amonizado. Utilizaram-se quatro doses de uréia (2, 4, 6 e 8% MS) e três doses de soja grão moída (0; 2 e 4% MS) no bagaço de cana-de-açúcar armazenado por um período de 52 dias, em sacos de polietileno com capacidade de 50 litros. Foram analisados os teores de MS, PB, FDN, FDA, hemicelulose, celulose e lignina. Foi utilizado delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado com três repetições por tratamento. O aumento das doses de uréia no processo de amonização do bagaço de cana-deaçúcar implicou em redução dos teores de FDN, FDA, celulose, hemicelulose e lignina, e aumento dos teores de PB. Todavia, os teores de MS não foram afetados pelas diferentes doses de uréia e soja grão moída utilizadas nos tratamentos, diferindo apenas da MS do bagaço de cana in natura. A utilização da soja grão moída, como fonte de urease, na amonização do bagaço de cana-de-açúcar, foi eficiente na redução dos níveis de FDN apenas para as doses de 2 e 4% de uréia.

Myiases are infestations with dipteran larvae in both necrosed and living tissues, the food source of these insects. These illnesses occur in warm humid climates, and are most frequent in developing countries. We assessed the epidemiological aspects and the influence of climate on the occurrence of myiases and the bioagents in patients admitted to the federal Hospital do Andaraí in Rio de Janeiro from February 2007 to 2008. The influence of abiotic factors (temperature, humidity, and rainfall) on the incidence of myiases was investigated by using the Pearson's correlation test. Of the 40 patients studied, the prevalence of myiases was higher in adults, particularly in the 40 to 65 year-old (37.5%) African descent males (57.5%). Most of the injuries were caused by trauma (62.5%). Some patients made use of licit (50%) and illicit drugs (17.2%). The occurrence of myiases was not affected by the abiotic factors investigated. The cases reported here were treated in only one hospital, indicating that the disease is relatively common. The most frequent bioagent was Cochliomyia hominivorax (Coquerel), but Cochliomyia macellaria (Fabricius), Chrysomya albiceps (Wiedemann) and Dermatobia hominis (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) were also detected causing myiases. Chrysomya albiceps is an exotic etiologic agent of myiases.

Esta pesquisa foi realizada visando-se avaliar a degradação ruminal da matéria seca (MS), proteína bruta (PB) e fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) de silagens de capim-elefante colhido aos 70; 90 e 110 dias após rebrota, com inclusão de 0; 5; 10 e 15% de vagem de algaroba triturada, com base na matéria natural, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado arranjado em parcelas subdivididas. Amostras de cada silagem foram incubadas no rúmen de duas vacas Jersey por 3; 6; 12; 24; 48; 72 e 96 h, sendo os saquinhos referentes ao tempo zero apenas lavados em água para determinação da fração solúvel. Não houve interação (P > 0,05) tempo de incubação x inclusão de vagem de algaroba x idade de corte para degradabilidade da MS, embora tenha ocorrido interação destes fatores para degradabilidade da PB e FDN. A maior degradabilidade efetiva (DE) da MS (42,54%) foi observada para 15% de inclusão de vagem de algaroba. A DE da PB foi maior (69,04%) para silagem de capim-elefante com 70 dias de idade com 15% de vagem de algaroba. A inclusão de vagem de algaroba triturada à silagem de capim-elefante melhora a degradabilidade da MS, PB e FDN, enquanto o avanço da idade após rebrota resulta em redução destes parâmetros.

This research was carried out to evaluate the ruminal degradation of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) of silages of elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum) cutting in 70; 90 and 110 days after regrowth with inclusion of 0; 5; 10 and 15% of mesquite (Prosopis juliflora) meal, based on natural matter in a completely randomized design, in split plot arrangement. Samples of silages were incubated in the rumen of two Jersey cows for 3; 6; 12; 24; 48; 72 and 96 h, and the bags at time "zero" were only washed with water to determine the soluble fraction. There was not interaction (P > 0.05) incubation time × inclusion of mesquite pods × cutting age of the grass for DM degradability, there was only interaction (P < 0.05) between these factors for CP and NDF degradability. The most effective DM degradability (42.54%) was observed for 15% inclusion of mesquite pods. The effective CP degradability was higher (69.04%) for elephant grass silage with 70 days after regrowth with 15% of mesquite pods. The inclusion of mesquite pods in elephant grass silages improve DM, CP and NDF degradability, while increment of the age after regrowth result in reduction of this parameters.

Introdução: A Diabetes Mellitus (DM) tipo I é uma doença endócrina crónica de incidência crescente na idade pediátrica. A hepatomegalia induzida pelo glicogénio é uma complicação precoce, amplamente reconhecida mas raras vezes descrita na literatura. Casos Clínicos: Criança de seis anos, admitida no serviço de urgência com quadro clínico e analítico compatível com cetoacidose diabética (CAD). O segundo caso trata-se de uma adolescente de 14 anos internada por DM descompensada com episódios frequentes de hipoglicemias. Por último relata-se o caso de um adolescente de 17 anos internado por grande instabilidade dos valores glicémicos. Nos três casos, foi detectada hepatomegalia com elevação sérica das transaminases. A evolução foi favorável, com resolução do quadro em quatro semanas. Conclusão: A glicogenose hepática parece estar associada a uma correcção rápida da cetoacidose diabética, instabilidade glicémica e administração de grandes quantidades de insulina no contexto de uma ingestão alimentar abusiva

Type I diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic endocrine metabolic disease with a increasing incidence in pediatrics. Some diabetic patients with poor metabolic control may develop hepatomegaly induced by glycogen accumulation in early period. The hepatic glycogenosis is a well recognized complication, which is rarely reported in literature. Cases report: We report a case of a six-year-old boy admitted in hospital with a diabetic ketoacidosis. The second case is a fourteen-year-old girl with diabetes referred to our hospital because of frequent hypoglycemic episodes. The last reported case refers to a seventeen-year-old teenager, who was admitted to hospital due to wide fluctuations in glucose levels. They all developed hepatomegaly and elevated serum transaminases. Full recovery was achieved within four weeks. Conclusion: Hepatic Glycogenosis can be associated with acute restoration from diabetic ketoacidosis and wide fluctuations in both glucose and insulin levels.

O trabalho foi desenvolvido na base física da Embrapa Gado de Leite, em Coronel Pacheco, na Zona da Mata de Minas Gerais. Objetivou-se avaliar o desempenho produtivo de vacas da raça Holandesa mantidas em pastagem de 'Coast-cross' (Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pears) fertilizada, irrigada e suplementada com 3 ou 6 kg de concentrado/vaca/dia. Os dados foram coletados durante 3 anos consecutivos (outubro/2000 a outubro/2003), num total de 108 lactações. Adotou-se o delineamento experimental em blocos, ao acaso, com duas repetições de área por tratamento, sendo utilizados 9 animais por área e 18 por tratamento, com lotação fixa de 5 vacas/ha. Foi utilizado o sistema de pastejo rotacionado, com um dia de ocupação e 25 e 35 dias de descanso dos piquetes, nas épocas de chuvas e seca, respectivamente. O pasto foi irrigado nos meses de menor precipitação e fertilizado com adubo formulado (NPK) distribuído a lanço, em 6 aplicações anuais. A disponibilidade de matéria seca foi de 7.280 e 6.167 kg/ha no início do pastejo, com resíduo pós-pastejo de 4.885 e 3.994 kg/ha, nas épocas de chuvas (primavera/verão) e seca (outono/inverno), respectivamente. Durante parte do período experimental, algumas características morfogênicas do pasto foram avaliadas, registrando-se disponibilidade de 83,9, 125,6 e 89,5 kg de MS de lâminas foliares/ha, nas estações de primavera, verão e outono, respectivamente. As produções médias diárias de leite (corrigidas para 3,5% de gordura) foram de 15,6 e 18,8 kg/vaca e de 77,8 e 94,0 kg/ha, quando se forneceu para cada vaca 3 ou 6 kg de concentrado, respectivamente. Concluiu-se que com a pastagem de 'Coast-cross', quando suplementada, fertilizada e manejada adequadamente, obtém-se elevada produtividade de leite por animal e por área, podendo-se considerar ser essa uma das forrageiras mais promissoras para produção de leite, em pasto, com vacas de elevado potencial produtivo.

The work was developed in the experimental station of Embrapa Gado de Leite (Dairy Cattle Embrapa), in Coronel Pacheco, in Zona da Mata Region of Minas Gerais, with the purpose of evaluating the productive performance of Holstein cows kept on 'Coast-cross' (Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pears) pasture, fertilized, strategically irrigated and where the cows were daily supplemented with 3 or 6 kg of concentrate/cow/day. The data were collected during three years (October/2000 to October/2003), involving 108 lactations. An experimental randomized block design with two replicate areas per treatment was adopted, with nine animals per area and eighteen animals per treatment being utilized, with fixed stocking rate of five cows/ha. The system of grazing, under rotated stocking, with one day occupation of the enclosures (piquetes) and 25 and 35 days rest in the rainy and dry seasons, respectively was used. The pasture was irrigated in the months of lowest rainfall and fertilized with NPK broadcast at six applications/year. The availability of dry matter of the pasture was 7,280 kg/ha and 6,167 kg/ha in early grazing, with the post-grazing waste stubble of 4,885 kg/ha and 3,994 kg/ha, in the rainy (Spring/Summer) and dry (Fall/Winter) seasons, respectively. During part of the experimental period, a few morphogenic characteristics of the pasture were evaluated, recording availability of 83.9; 125.6 and 89.5 kg of DM of leaf blades/ha/day, on spring, summer and fall, respectively. The daily averages of milk production per cow were 15.57 and 18.80 kg/ day with 3.5% of fat and per area 77.80 and 94.00 kg/ha, when 3 or 6 kg of concentrate/cow/day were fed, respectively. It was concluded that supplemented and managed 'Coast-cross' pasture adequately enables high milk production per animal and per area, as quantitatively and qualitatively adequate for milk production.

Sixteen heifers (¾ Holstein vs. ¼ Zebu) which were feed with elephant grass silage added with cassava hulls as only food and, later, the silage with concentrate. It was estimated the dry matter (DM) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) digestibility and the fecal production using internal indicators neutral detergent fiber indigestible (NDFi) and acid detergent fiber indigestible (ADFi), which were compared to the total collection method. The use of the NDFi to estimate the fecal excretion and the silage DM and NDF digestibility showed statistical difference (p<0.05) relative to that obtained by the total collection. The NDFi overestimated the fecal production and underestimated the DM and NDF digestibility, what can be attributed to the experimental material inherent variability. The fecal excretion, estimated by the NDFi and ADFi, of the diets differed statistically (p<0.05) and was different to that obtained by total collection. The ADFi overestimated the fecal production and underestimated the DM and NDF digestibility, a result, different of that found when the fecal excretion was estimated and analised the digestibility of the silage with different levels of cassava hulls only in the present experiment. More studies with indicators should be realized.

Utilizaram-se 16 novilhas (¾ Holandês vs. ¼ Zebu), para as quais foi fornecida silagem de capim elefante acrescida de bagaço de mandioca como alimento único e, posteriormente, a silagem mais concentrado. Estimou-se a digestibilidade da matéria seca (MS) e da fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) além da produção fecal por meio dos indicadores internos fibra em detergente neutro indigestíveis (FDNi) e fibra em detergente ácido indigestíveis (FDAi), os quais foram comparados ao método da coleta total. A utilização da FDNi para estimar a excreção fecal e digestibilidade da MS e da FDN da silagem apresentou diferença estatística (p<0,05) em relação àquela obtida pela coleta total. A FDNi superestimou a produção fecal e subestimou a digestibilidade da MS e da FDN, o que pode ser atribuído à variabilidade inerente ao material experimental. A excreção fecal estimada pela FDNi e pela FDAi das dietas diferiu estatisticamente (p<0,05) e foi diferente, da obtida pela coleta total. A FDAi superestimou a produção fecal e subestimou a digestibilidade da MS e da FDN e a FDNi subestimou a excreção fecal e superestimou a digestibilidade da MS e da FDN, resultado diferente ao encontrado quando foi estimada a excreção fecal e avaliada a digestibilidade apenas da silagem com diferentes níveis de bagaço de mandioca no presente experimento. Mais estudos com indicadores, devem ser realizados.

A avaliação da qualidade de vida (QV) vem se tornando cada vez mais utilizada para medir o impacto geral de doenças na vida dos indivíduos. O diabetes melito (DM) é uma doença crônica associada com morbimortalidade elevada e prejuízo na QV. Em estudos longitudinais, o impacto psicossocial da DM prediz a mortalidade nessa doença. Esta revisão busca descrever e analisar os principais instrumentos de avaliação da QV em pacientes com DM. Foram analisados instrumentos genéricos, como Quality of Well-Being Scale (QWB), The Medical Outcomes Study 36-item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36) e EuroQol (EQ-5D), e instrumentos específicos, como Diabetes Care Profile (DCP), Diabetes Quality of Life Measure (DQOL), Diabetes Impact Measurement Scales (DIMS), Appraisal of Diabetes Scale (ADS), Audit of Diabetes-Dependent Quality of Life (ADDQoL), Diabetes Health Profile (DHP-1 e DHP-18), Questionnaire on Stress in Patients with Diabetes-Revised (QSD-R), Well-Being Enquiry for Diabetics (WED), Diabetes-Specific Quality-of-life Scale (DSQOLS), Diabetes 39 (D-39) e Problems Areas in Diabetes (PAID). O PAID é o único instrumento traduzido e validado para uso no Brasil. Tanto os instrumentos genéricos quanto os específicos têm vantagens e desvantagens na aferição da QV de pacientes com DM. O uso combinado de instrumentos genéricos (como o SF-36) e específicos (como o PAID) parece ser uma forma consistente de avaliação da QV em pacientes diabéticos no Brasil. O presente artigo revisa os vários instrumentos e enfatiza a necessidade urgente de estudos para validação desses instrumentos em pacientes diabéticos brasileiros.

The assessment of Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) has been increasingly used to measure the overall impact of diseases in people's life. Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic disease associated with high morbidity, mortality, and HRQoL impairment in patients. In longitudinal studies, the psychosocial impact of DM predicts mortality. The objective of this review is to describe and to analyze the main instruments used for the HRQoL evaluation in patients with DM. Generic instruments such, as the Quality of Well-Being Scale (QWB), Medical Outcomes Study 36-item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36), EuroQol (EQ-5D) and specific instruments as the Diabetes Care Profile (DCP), Diabetes Quality of Life Measure (DQOL), Diabetes Impact Measurement Scales (DIMS), Appraisal of Diabetes Scale (ADS), Audit of Diabetes-Dependent Quality of Life (ADDQoL), Diabetes Health Profile (DHP-1 and DHP-18), Questionnaire on Stress in Patients with Diabetes-Revised (QSD-R), Well-Being Enquiry goes Diabetics (WED), Diabetes-Specific Quality-of-life Scale (DSQOLS), Diabetes 39 (D-39) Problems Areas in Diabetes (PAID) were analyzed. PAID is the only translated and validated instrument available in Brazil. The generic and specific instruments have their stregths and shortcomings for evaluation of HRQL in patients with DM. The combined use of both generic (such as the SF-36) and specific (such as the PAID) appears to be a consistent way to evaluate HRQoL as a construct in Brazilian patients with DM. The present article reviews a variety of instruments and emphasizes the urgent need for validation studies of such instruments to be used in Brazilian subjects with DM.