Abstract The objective of this work was to associate the use of biofilms to Lippia sidoides (Lippia) and Morinda citrifolia (Noni) essential oils and their respective major constituents in post-harvest quality components. The evaluations in this study were chromatographic analysis the essential oils, fruit mass reduction effect, total soluble solids, peel color and fruit firmness. Regarding the adjustment and viability of the essential oil concentrations to be used in the treatments, a phytotoxicity test was performed. The main constituent found in Noni essential oil was octanoic acid, while for Lippia essential oil was thymol. The concentration of 3% of Noni and Lippia essential oils was the maximum to reach an acceptable level of phytotoxicity on papaya fruit peel. The paraffin + L. sidoides and paraffin + M. citrifolia treatments achieved the lowest reduction in pulp mass. In relation to total soluble solids, treatments did not show a significant difference. The best result for firmness was found in sunflower oil + noni coating. Sunflower oil + noni and sunflower oil + octanoic acid were the treatments that maintained normal yellow color in fruits for longer time.

RESUMEN Las bajas temperaturas han sido pensadas para mejorar la calidad de las semillas durante el almacenamiento desde hace mucho tiempo. Nosotros hicimos un test sobre el efecto que tienen las bajas temperaturas en la micoflora asociada con las semillas de arroz. Las semillas de los cultivos IRGA 423 y 424 se almacenaron en refrigeración (8 y -50°C), o en temperatura ambiente (25 ± 10°C). Con el seguimiento del almacenamiento (1, 45 y 90 días), se investigó el hongo asociado con las semillas. Encontramos que, para ambos cultivos, las semillas almacenadas a bajas temperaturas presentaron más baja carga de hongos que las almacenadas en temperatura ambiente. Después de 90 días, en almacenamiento a baja temperatura hay una disminución en el promedio de su tasa de incidencia de más del 85% (-50°C). Toda la micoflora fue eliminada después de 9º días exceptuando por Fusarium sp. La Trichoderma sp. Se detectó únicamente en las semillas del IRGA 423, mientras que todos los demás hongos se detectaron en los tratamientos de ambos cultivos. Sólo se observó Bipolaris sp. en los análisis de transmisión entre semillas en ambos cultivos, a 8ºC, y no se detectó a -50ºC. Basándonos en nuestros resultados, recomendamos el almacenamiento a baja temperatura (a -50ºC) de las semillas de arroz.

ABSTRACT Low-temperatures have long been thought to enhance seed health during storage. Here, we tested the effect of low-temperature on the mycoflora associated with rice seeds. Seeds of the IRGA 423 and 424 cultivars were stored in refrigeration (8 and -50°C) or at room temperature (25 ± 10°C). Following storage (1, 45, and 90 days) was investigated the fungi associated with the seeds. We found that low-temperature stored seeds had a lower fungal load than the seeds at room temperature for both cultivars. After 90 days of storage, there is a decrease in its incidence rate average of more than 85% in the lower temperature (-50°C). All mycroflora was eliminated at 90 days except for Fusarium sp. The Trichoderma sp. was detected only in IRGA 423 seeds, whereas all other fungi were detected in the treatments in both cultivars. Only Bipolaris sp. was observed in seed-to-seedlings transmission analyses, in both cultivars, at 8°C, and was not detected at -50°C. Based on our results, we recommend low-temperature storage (at -50ºC) of rice seeds.

Abstract The present study was aimed to characterize the chemical profile and evaluate the cytotoxicity and sub-chronic toxicity of the hydroethanolic extract of the xylopodium Mandevilla velame (A.St.-Hil.) Pichon, Apocynaceae. Chemical profile was analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography. Cytotoxic potential of hydroethanolic extract of the xylopodium M. velame was evaluated using Chinese hamster ovary cells. The sub-chronic assessment was done on rats with hydroethanolic extract of the xylopodium M. velame (50, 200 and 800 mg/kg) was orally administered daily for 30 consecutive days. High performance liquid chromatography analysis confirmed the presence of gallic acid, ellagic acid, catechin, epigallocatechin gallate, naringin, myricetin, quercetin and naringenin. hydroethanolic extract of the xylopodium M. velame tested concentrations did not alter the viability of Chinese hamster ovary cells. In the sub-chronic test, 50 and 200 mg/kg were safe, but there were significant changes in relation to weight gain and water consumption by animals that received 800 mg/kg of hydroethanolic extract of the xylopodium M. velame. Among the haematological and biochemical parameters evaluated, only the number of neutrophils, lymphocytes, and creatinine concentration were changed at 800 mg/kg. Phytochemical profile of hydroethanolic extract of the xylopodium M. velame revealed the presence of phenolics and flavonoid compounds. The in vitro cytotoxicity assay result demonstrated that hydroethanolic extract of the xylopodium M. velame had no cytotoxic effects in Chinese hamster ovary cells. In the in vivo models, hydroethanolic extract of the xylopodium M. velame was shown to be relatively safe after sub-acute administration in rats which is relation to that the population daily takes a total dose of the plant xylopodium decoction or infusion about 23.29 times lower than the no-observed-adverse effect level dose in rats.

ABSTRACT The fungal genus Curvularia is associated with a number of diseases in plants, commonly producing foliar spots in forage grasses. The objective of this study was to characterize the morphological and molecular diversity of the isolates of Curvularia sp. associated with Andropogon seeds, and to assess both their capacity to transmit disease and the pathogenicity of this fungus to crop. Ten isolates of Curvularia sp. were sourced from Andropogon seeds from agricultural producing regions in the Brazilian states Tocantins and Pará. Morphological characterization was achieved by observing fungus colonies and conidia and molecular characterization by DNA extraction and amplification with sequence-specific primers. The disease transmission was evaluated from seed sowing, in which after 40 days typical symptoms of Curvularia sp. were observed. Pathogenicity was evaluated by inoculating conidial suspension into the leaves of healthy plants, and after ten days, inspecting for pathogenic symptoms. Based on morphological and molecular features, the pathogen associated with Andropogon seeds was identified as Curvularia lunata, which, as such, is transmitted through the Andropogon plants via its seeds and is pathogenic to this species of forage grass.

RESUMO Uma das mais importantes doenças que atacam o melão (Cucumis melo L.), é o Crestamento Gomoso do Caule, causada pelo fungo Didymella bryoniae que é altamente agressivo em condições de temperatura e umidade elevadas. Desta forma, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a eficácia de fungicidas associados a inseticidas no controle do crestamento gomoso do caule do meloeiro em condições de campo naturalmente infestado. O trabalho foi realizado em dois ensaios, sendo que no ensaio I, foi utilizada a cultivar Eldorado 300, com os tratamentos de inseticidas seletivos e não seletivos em mistura com fungicidas. Para o ensaio II, foi utilizado o híbrido Hibrix, com parte dos mesmos tratamentos do ensaio I. De acordo com os resultados, os tratamentos sem fungicida e as misturas de fungicida, inseticida seletivo e não seletivo com o uso de monitoramento de pragas e doenças, apresentaram níveis elevados de incidência do crestamento gomoso do caule do meloeiro e valores inferiores de produtividade de frutos. Ao contrario foi observado para os tratamentos com fungicida ou a mistura de fungicida com inseticida, mostraram maior eficiência no controle da doença, resultando em maiores índices produtivos.

ABSTRACT One of the most important diseases that attack melon (Cucumis melo L.) is gummy stem blight, caused by the fungus Didymella bryoniae, which is highly aggressive under conditions of high temperature and humidity. Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of fungicides associated with insecticides in the control of gummy stem blight in melon plants under naturally infested field conditions. The experiment was conducted as two assays; in assay I, the cultivar Eldorado 300 was used with the treatments of selective and non-selective insecticides mixed with fungicides. For assay II, the hybrid Hibrix was used with part of the same treatments used in assay I. According to the results, the treatments without fungicide and the mixtures of fungicide and selective and non-selective insecticides, with the use of pest and disease monitoring, showed high levels of gummy stem blight incidence and lower values of fruit yield in melon plants. On the other hand, treatments with fungicide or the mixture of fungicide with insecticide showed greater efficiency in controlling the disease, which resulted in higher fruit yield.

Bacillus thuringiensisis a ubiquitous Gram-positive and sporulating bacterium. Its crystals and secreted toxins are useful tools against larvae of diverse insect orders and, as a consequence, an alternative to recalcitrant chemical insecticides. We report here the draft genome sequence ofB. thuringiensis147, a strain isolated from Brazil and with high insecticidal activity. The assembled genome contained 6,167,994 bp and was distributed in seven replicons (a chromosome and 6 plasmids). We identified 12 coding regions, located in two plasmids, which encode insecticidal proteins.

Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) cultivated in almost all tropical and subtropical regions of the world, has its largest output in China, and then, according to FAO data, Turkey, Iran and Brazil, being one of the main crops cultivated in State of Tocantins, Brazil. In this work was investigated the occurrence and distribution of the watermelon viruses, totaling 752 samples taken in a stratified experimental design in four representative regions of production: Gurupi (150), Lagoa da Confusao (232), Formoso do Araguaia (265) and Porto Nacional (105). The sampling and collecting the leaves of plants with the presence of symptoms were performed once a week during the entire cultivation cycle. As a result, were observed by Dot-ELISA method, different types of viruses, such as Papaya ringspot W (PRSV-W), Zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV), Watermelon mosaic virus (WMV) (potyvirus), Cucumber mosaic virus ( CMV) (Cucumovirus) and Zucchini lethal chlorosis virus (ZLCV) (Tospovirus). Of these, PRSV-W was predominant (22%), followed by WMV (15%), ZLCV (11%), CMV (5%) and ZYMV (4%). Mixed infections with PRSV-W + WMV and PRSV-W + ZLCV were also observed around 20% frequency (expressed with symptoms differently from a single infection). The results provide important support for the program management viruses.

Thermal and spectroscopic analyses of essential oil extracted from Siparuna guianensis Aublet, an aromatic plant belonging to medicinal ethnobotany family Siparunaceae, were carried out. The plant is known throughout the North and Northeast of Brazil by the name negramina and has wide application as a natural insect repellent. Thermogravimetric analyses were correlated with the Arrhenius Equation to provide kinetic parameters of evaporation, including activation energy and frequency factor. Differential scanning calorimetric analysis showed the presence of an exothermic oxidation peak, probably as a result of transformations and decomposition of the solid structure before melting.

O desenvolvimento vegetativo e reprodutivo da planta da soja está relacionado à tecnologia de produção de sementes de boa qualidade, com vigor e livres de patogenos. Desse modo, objetivou-se neste trabalho avaliar a efeito do dióxido de carbono (CO2) associado à temperatura sobre a micoflora e a qualidade das sementes em diferentes períodos de armazenamento. O delineamento usado foi inteiramente casualizado em fatorial (2 x 3 x 4), sendo duas temperaturas (25 e 31 ºC), três concentrações de CO2 (0,0; 2,5 e 5,0 g de CO2 kg-1 de sementes) e quatro períodos de armazenamento (30; 60; 90 e 120 dias). De acordo com resultados obtidos, observou-se que o dióxido de carbono foi extremamente tóxico para os fungos Aspergillus sp., Fuzarium sp., Coletrochium sp e Penicilium sp., com 100% de inibição na concentração de 5 g de CO2 kg-1 de sementes nas temperaturas de 25 e 31 ºC. A germinação e o vigor das sementes foi preservado pelo dióxido de carbono, com germinação de 92% após o período de 120 dias de armazenamento. Enquanto, sementes armazenadas sem CO2 na temperatura de 31 ºC, a germinação foi de 44,66%. A manutenção do vigor e da germinação foi dependente da concentração do CO2 e da temperatura. O CO2 poderá ser uma tecnologia viável a ser usada para manutenção da qualidade das sementes de soja pelas unidades de beneficiamento de sementes no estado do Tocantins.

The vegetative and reproductive development of the soybean is related to the production technology of good quality seeds which are vigorous and free of pathogens. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of carbon dioxide (CO2) associated with temperature on mycoflora and seed quality for different periods of storage. The design used was a completely randomized factorial (2 x 3 x 4), at two temperatures (25 and 31 ºC), three CO2 concentrations (0.0, 2.5 and 5.0 g CO2 kg-1of seed), and four storage periods (30, 60, 90 and 120 days). According with results, it was observed that carbon dioxide was extremely toxic to the fungi Aspergillus sp., Fuzarium sp., Coletrochium sp. and Penicillium sp., with 100% inhibition at a concentration of 5 g CO2 kg-1 of seed, and at temperatures of 25 and 31 ºC. Seed germination and vigor were preserved by the carbon dioxide, with 92% germination after 120 days of storage, while for seeds stored without CO2 at a temperature of 31 ºC, germination was 44.66%. The preservation of vigor and germination was dependent on the concentrations of CO² and on temperature. CO2 may be a viable technology for the preservation of the quality of soybean seeds for seed-processing units in the state of Tocantins.

A planta de arroz caracteriza-se por apresentar alta demanda por nutrientes, sendo o nitrogênio o principal fator limitante à sua produtividade. Objetivou-se, com este trabalho, verificar a existência de diferenças entre variedades locais e melhoradas de arroz, quanto à eficiência do uso de nitrogênio, em solo de Cerrado, no município de Gurupi (TO). Os tratamentos envolveram sete cultivares de arroz (BRS-Caiapó, BRS-Bonança, Epagri-114, BRS-Sertaneja, BRS-Primavera, BRSMG-Conai e BRSMG-Curinga), cultivadas em dois ambientes distintos. Para simular ambientes com baixo e alto nível de nitrogênio, foram utilizados 20 kg ha-1 e 120 kg ha-1 de N, respectivamente. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. Os caracteres avaliados foram produtividade de grãos, dias para florescimento, dias para maturação, acamamento, altura de plantas e massa de cem grãos. Concluiu-se que o ambiente com alto teor de nitrogênio promoveu maiores alturas de planta, que o ambiente com menor nível de nitrogênio retardou o florescimento das cultivares e que a cultivar BRSMG-Curinga foi a única que respondeu ao acréscimo de adubação, com aumento significativo na produtividade de grãos.

Rice plants present a high demand for nutrients, being nitrogen the main limiting factor to their yield. The objective of this study was to verify the existence of differences among local and improved rice genotypes, concerning the nitrogen efficiency use, in a Brazilian Savannah soil, in Gurupi, Tocantins State, Brazil. Seven rice cultivars (BRS-Caiapó, BRS-Bonança, Epagri-114, BRS-Sertaneja, BRS-Primavera, BRSMG-Conai, and BRSMG-Curinga) were cultivated in two distinct environments. In order to simulate environments with high and low nitrogen contents, 20 kg ha-1 and 120 kg ha-1 of N were respectively applied. The experiments were carried out in a completely randomized blocks design, with four replications. The features evaluated were grain yield, days for flowering and ripening, lodging, plants height, and 100 grains weight. It was possible to conclude that the environment with high nitrogen content was responsible for the highest plants height, the environment with low nitrogen content delayed the cultivars flowering stage, and the BRSMG-Curinga cultivar was the only one that reacted to the fertilization increase, with a significant increase in grains yield.

A brusone do arroz, causada pelo fungo Magnaporthe grisea, é uma das mais importantes doenças orizícolas no Brasil e no mundo, principalmente em arroz de terras altas. Objetivou-se, neste trabalho, identificar as raças fisiológicas de M. grisea nas lavouras comerciais de arroz, cultivadas em sistema de terras altas, na região sul do Estado do Tocantins. Para isso, realizaram-se amostragens de plantas de arroz com sintomas de brusone, no campo experimental da Universidade Federal do Tocantins/Campus de Gurupi e em lavouras comerciais dos municípios de Aliança, Dueré, Figueirópolis e Peixe. Para identificação das raças de M. grisea, foram feitos isolamentos monospóricos em laboratório e plantio das linhagens diferenciadoras em casa de vegetação. Constataram-se 21 raças fisiológicas de M. grisea, distribuídas em seis grupos de raças da Série Internacional Diferenciadora, sendo IA e ID os grupos de maior prevalência, que apresentaram 52,38 e 14,28% dos isolados, respectivamente. As quatro raças mais prevalentes foram IA-1, IA-33, IC-1 e ID-9, sendo a IA-1 considerada muito agressiva. Maior número de raças foi encontrado no cultivar Primavera.

The rice blast, caused by the fungus Magnaporthe grisea, is one of the most important rice diseases in Brazil and in the world, mainly in upland conditions. This work aimed to identify the physiological races of M. grisea in commercial fields of rice cultivated in the upland system in Southern Tocantins State. Samples of rice plants containing blast symptoms were collected in the experimental field of the Federal University of Tocantins, Campus of Gurupi and commercial fields in the following municipalities: Aliança, Dueré, Figueirópolis and Peixe. For the identification of M. grisea races, monosporic isolates were prepared in the laboratory and differential lineages were planted in a greenhouse. A total of 21 physiological races of M. grisea distributed in six groups of races from the International Standard Differential (ISD), where the most prevalent groups were IA and ID, comprising 52.38% and 14.28% of all isolates, respectively. The four most prevalent races were IA-1, IA-33, IC-1 and ID-9, of which IA-1 is considered the most aggressive. The highest number of races was found in the cultivar Primavera.