RESUMO: A decomposição de resíduos culturais é controlada pela composição química do tecido vegetal. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar as alterações que ocorrem nos componentes do tecido vegetal, separados pelo fracionamento de Van Soest, durante a decomposição de plantas de cobertura. A fração solúvel foi a primeira a ser liberada dos resíduos culturais, seguida pela celulose e hemicelulose. A lignina foi o componente dos resíduos culturais de menor degradação, sendo que em alguns resíduos culturais não foi possível detectar a degradação deste componente. A degradação dos principais componentes dos resíduos culturais (fração solúvel, celulose, hemicelulose e lignina) é determinada pela composição química e estrutural de cada uma destas frações.

ABSTRACT: Crop residues decomposition are controlled by chemical tissue components. This study evaluated changes on plant tissue components, separated by the Van Soest partitioning method, during cover crop decomposition. The Van Soest soluble fraction was the first to be released from the crop residues, followed by cellulose and hemicellulose. Lignin was the crop residue component that suffered the least degradation, and for certain crop residue types, lignin degradation was not detected. The degradation of the main components of crop residues (soluble fraction, cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin) is determined by the chemical and structural composition of each fraction.

Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a mineralização de carbono e nitrogênio no solo após a aplicação de compostos produzidos numa planta de compostagem automatizada, tendo-se utilizado dejetos líquidos de suínos (DLS), com e sem a adição de xisto retortado (XR) e dicianodiamida (DCD) durante a compostagem. Estudos laboratoriais foram conduzidos durante 180 dias, em dois solos com características contrastantes: Argissolo franco-arenoso e Latossolo argiloso, que foram manejados por mais de 10 anos em sistema plantio direto. Os compostos foram completamente misturados com os solos. A mineralização do C e do N do composto foi avaliada pela medição contínua do CO2 emitido e periódica do conteúdo de N mineral (NH4+ + NO3-) dos solos, respectivamente. A mineralização do C do composto sem a adição de XR e DCD foi maior no solo franco-arenoso (20.5%) do que no argiloso (13.9%). Similarmente, 19.4% do N total do composto foi mineralizado no solo franco-arenoso e 10.9% no solo argiloso. A presença do XR no composto reduziu a mineralização do C em 54%, comparado ao tratamento sem aditivos, no solo franco-arenoso e causou imobilização líquida de N em ambos os solos durante a incubação. A adição de DCD durante a compostagem dos DLS não afetou a mineralização do C e do N do composto em ambos os solos. A adição de XR durante a compostagem dos DLS favorece a retenção do C do composto no solo, principalmente no franco-arenoso, porém resulta em imobilização líquida de N.

Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate carbon and nitrogen mineralization in the soil after the application of composts produced in an automated composting plant, using pig slurry (PS) with and without the addition of retorted oil shale (ROS) and dicyandiamide (DCD) during composting. Laboratory studies were carried out for 180 days on two soils with contrasting characteristics: sandy-loam Typic Paludalf and clay Rhodic Hapludox, which were managed for more than 10 years under a no-tillage system. The composts were thoroughly mixed with the soils. The mineralization of the C and N from the compost was evaluated by measuring continuously CO2 emissions and periodically mineral N (NH4+ + NO3-) content in the soils, respectively. The mineralization of the C from the compost without ROS and DCD was higher in the sandy-loam soil (20.5%) than in the clay soil (13.9%). Similarly, 19.4% of the total N from the compost was mineralized in the sandy-loam soil and 10.9% in the clay soil. The presence of ROS in the compost reduced C mineralization by 54%, compared with the treatment without additives, in the sandy-loam soil and caused net N immobilization in both soils during incubation. The addition of DCD during PS composting did not affect the mineralization of the C and N from the compost in both soils. The addition of ROS during the composting of PS favors the retention of the C from the compost in the soil, especially in the sandy-loam one, but results in a net N immobilization.

RESUMO O estudo foi desenvolvido para avaliar o fornecimento de nitrogênio (N) à rúcula através de compostos obtidos por compostagem automatizada de dejetos líquidos de suínos (DLS). Durante a compostagem, xisto retortado (XR) e dicianodiamida (DCD) foram adicionados aos DLS para mitigar as perdas gasosas de N. O estudo foi realizado em casa de vegetação, com quatro tratamentos, sendo três com aplicação dos compostos (composto DLS, composto DLS + XR e composto DLS + XR + DCD) e um sem aplicação de composto (testemunha), em dois solos contrastantes . O melhor resultado foi obtido com o composto sem aditivos (composto DLS), o qual aumentou a produção de matéria seca da rúcula em 2,2 vezes no Latossolo e 6,1 vezes no Argissolo, comparado ao tratamento testemunha. A presença do XR nos compostos reduziu a produção de rúcula em 27% no Latossolo e em 35% no Argissolo, enquanto a presença de DCD não afetou a produção de matéria seca da rúcula. Os resultados deste estudo indicam que a adição de XR aos DLS durante a compostagem diminui o fornecimento de N à rúcula, tanto no efeito imediato (1º corte) quanto residual (2º corte).

ABSTRACT This study was developed to evaluate nitrogen (N) supply to arugula from composts produced by automated composting of pig slurry (PS). During the composting process, retorted oil shale (ROS) and dicyandiamide (DCD) were added to PS to mitigate gaseous N losses. The study was developed in a greenhouse where four treatments were evaluated, three with compost addition (PS compost, PS compost + ROS, and PS compost + ROS + DCD) and one without compost (control) in two contrasting soils (clayey and sandy-loam). The best result was obtained with the compost without additives (PS compost), which increased the arugula dry matter yield 2.2 times in clayey soil and 6.1 times in sandy-loam soil compared to the control treatment. The presence of ROS in composts reduced arugula dry matter yield in 27% in clayey soil and 35% in sandy-loam, while DCD did not affect arugula dry matter yield. The results of this study show that the addition of ROS to PS during composting reduces N supply to arugula, both in the immediate (first cut) and residual effect (second cut).

ABSTRACT Cover crops have numerous benefits when used in a no-till system. Understanding the processes of decomposition and N release of summer cover crops (SCC) may help select species and management to be used in cropping systems. This study aimed to evaluate C and N loss of SCC shoots. Six SCCs were evaluated: velvet bean (Mucuna aterrima), pearl millet (Pennisetum americanum), dwarf pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan), sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea), showy rattlebox (Crotalaria spectabilis), and jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis). The experiment was conducted for two years under no-till in soil classified as Typic Hapludalf (Argissolo). The C and N remaining of crop shoots were evaluated for 140 days using litter bags and the results were fitted with a simple nonlinear regression model. Elevated air temperature and rainfall volume accelerated C and N loss in the first year. Carbon and N loss was characterized by a rapid initial phase followed by a slower one. Jack bean had the highest C loss rates, while the lowest rates were found in pearl millet. Velvet bean and pearl millet had the lowest N loss rates in the first year, together with showy rattlebox in the second year. The rates of C (kC) and N (kN) loss were positively correlated with total N and water-soluble C and N in crop shoots. During the 35 days after cover crop termination, SCCs released 35 to 137 kg ha-1 N in 2010 and 5 to 66 kg ha-1 N in 2011. Velvet bean and showy rattlebox showed more gradual N release, which may favor the synchronization between N release and N uptake by the succeeding crop. The sunn hemp was the legume species that combined higher remaining residues on the soil surface, releasing less N but preventing soil erosion.

ABSTRACT Isotopic labeling of plants is useful in tracking the fate of carbon (C) from different plant parts in a soil-plant system when these parts decompose simultaneously. Pulse labeling is a relatively simple technique and is amenable for use in the field. Therefore, we evaluated a 13CO2 pulse-labeling method to label crop plants under subtropical field conditions for simultaneous root and shoot decomposition studies. Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), pea (Pisum sativum L.), and vetch (Vicia sativa L.) plants were grown inside polyvinyl chloride (PVC) cylinders and pulse labeled once a week for a total of 11 times. After harvest, “paired” treatments were designed by combining 13C-labeled shoots with unlabeled roots and unlabeled shoots with 13C-labeled roots, resulting in six treatments (2 combinations × 3 species), plus an unamended control treatment. The 13C enrichment of plant parts, chemical fractions, 13C recovery, and distribution in roots, shoots, and soil were determined. Soil CO2 emissions were measured continuously by the alkaline trap method for 180 days. Plant dry matter production and chemical composition were not modified by 13C labeling. The maximum level of 13C enrichment (δ13C) in plants was +495 %o in wheat, +426 %o in pea, and +378 ‰ in vetch plants. All three crops showed similar patterns of 13C distribution in the following order: shoots > roots > soil. On average, 81 to 89 % of the recovered 13C was in the shoots, 7 to 14 % was in the roots, and 2.7 to 4.3 % was in the soil. The rate of C mineralization and cumulative C mineralization were not different between “paired” treatments of the three crops, showing that the paired treatments were equally degradable. The pulse-labeling technique used under field conditions allowed for production of sufficiently labeled wheat, pea, and vetch plants. Therefore, it is a practical approach with respect to resource demand (tracer and labor costs), and it is suitable for in situ labeling.

ABSTRACT: The impact on nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions caused by combining dairy slurry (DS) and urea to supply crops with nitrogen (N) is still not well characterized. The main objective of this study was to compare the differences between N2O emissions in the cases of exclusive use of urea and the combined use of DS and urea as N sources to no-tillage wheat and corn. We also compared N2O emissions between two DS application methods (surface-broadcast vs. injection), as well as the addition of dicyandiamide (DCD) to DS. The experiment was conducted under no-tillage and six treatments were applied at sowing as follows: no fertilization (control), surface-broadcast urea (urea-N), surface-broadcast DS (DSs), surface-broadcast DS with DCD (DSs + DCD), shallow-injected DS (DSi), and shallow-injected DS with DCD (DSi + DCD). Urea was applied at side-dressing in all treatments with DS and urea-N. The N2O emissions were evaluated from the application of the treatments to wheat until 22 days after corn harvest, resulting in a total of 364 days. The partial supply of the N demand of wheat and corn, by DS application at sowing, and the posterior complement of N demand by side-dressing urea increased the annual N2O emissions only when DS was shallow-injected without DCD (DSi). Although the amount of N2O-N emitted from the DSi treatment was 1.04 kg ha-1 (91.2 %) higher than from DSs in corn, the annual N2O-N emissions did not differ between the two methods of DS application to the soil. The emission factors of N2O-N were low, ranging from 0.49 % (DSi + DCD) to 1.27 % (DSi). The results of this study suggest that the combined use of DS with urea in N fertilization of no-tillage wheat and corn (DS applied at sowing and urea at side-dressing) caused no changes in the annual N2O-N emissions compared to crops fertilized exclusively with urea (1/3 at sowing + 2/3 at side-dressing). However, DCD should be added if DS is shallow-injected.

ABSTRACT Recycling of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) from plants into soils is decisive for maintaining soil organic matter and soil fertility. Therefore, we quantified plant biomass and C and N in the shoots and roots from the topsoil layer for a wide range of annual crops grown under subtropical conditions. We grew 26 species, 13 main crops, and 13 cover crops, in the field in standard sowing arrangements. Root biomass was recovered from the 0.00-0.20 m soil layer at flowering, and shoot biomass was measured at flowering for all crops and at maturity only for the main crops. Root dry matter (DM) exhibited an average of 14.9 ± 5.7 % of the total shoot biomass at flowering, and the mean shoot DM to root DM ratio was 6.9 (2.8-15.0) for the 26 crops considered. Leguminous species had less root DM (0.5 to 1.0 Mg ha-1) than grass species (1.1 to 2.3 Mg ha-1). The shoot C to root C ratio varied consistently with DM, while the root N to shoot N ratio varied considerably among species. Proportionally more biomass, C, and N was allocated to the root systems of grasses (Poaceae species) than non-grass species (especially Fabaceae species). The findings of this study contribute to designing rotations to include species that promote cycling of N and have high potential for adding C to the soil through roots. In this sense, the use of intercropped grasses and legumes is a promising strategy, especially for cover crops.

RESUMO: A inibição da nitrificação do nitrogênio amoniacal dos dejetos de suínos, após sua aplicação no solo, poderá mitigar as perdas de nitrogênio (N) por desnitrificação e lixiviação de nitrato (NO3 -), com benefícios econômicos e ambientais. Todavia, o uso dessa estratégia é incipiente no Brasil e, por isso, necessita ser avaliada. O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar a eficiência do inibidor de nitrificação dicianodiamida (DCD) em retardar a nitrificação do N amoniacal aplicado ao solo com dejetos líquidos de suínos (DLS). Para isso, foi realizada uma incubação no laboratório, quando a nitrificação foi avaliada através do acúmulo de NO3 - no solo. Foram comparadas as doses de 2,8, 5,7 e 11,3kg de DCD ha-1, aplicadas ao solo no momento da adição dos DLS. A nitrificação foi inibida pela DCD, sendo que a magnitude e a duração da inibição foram dependentes da dose de DCD aplicada. Na dose de 11,3kg de DCD ha-1, a nitrificação foi completamente inibida nos primeiros 12 dias. Durante o primeiro mês após a aplicação dos dejetos, cada incremento de 2,8kg de DCD aplicado por hectare promoveu uma redução no aparecimento de N-NO3 - no solo de 13,3kg ha-1, o que permite a manutenção de N amoniacal por mais tempo no solo.

ABSTRACT: Inhibition of nitrification of ammoniacal nitrogen pig slurry after its application to the soil can mitigate nitrogen (N) losses by nitrate (NO3 -) denitrification and leaching, with economical and environmental benefits. However, the use of this strategy is incipient in Brazil and, therefore, requires further assessment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of dicyandiamide (DCD) nitrification inhibitor in slowing the nitrification of ammoniacal N applied to the soil with pig slurry (PS). For this, incubation was performed in laboratory, where nitrification was assessed by NO3 - accumulation in the soil. Rates of 2.8, 5.7 and 11.3kg DCD ha-1 were compared, being applied to the soil during PS addition. Nitrification was inhibited by DCD, and inhibition magnitude and duration depended on DCD applied rate. At a dose of 11.3kg ha-1 DCD, nitrification was completely inhibited in the first 12 days. During the first month after PS application, each 2.8kg of DCD increase applied per hectare promoted NO3 --N reduction in the soil of 13.3kg ha-1, allowing longer ammoniacal N maintenance in the soil.

The goal of this study was to investigate the effect of composted pig slurry (PS) on the organic matter concentration and distribution of humic acid (HA), fulvic acid (FA) and humin (HU) fractions. The fractions were quantified following the addition of composted PS to the soil, which was produced with no acidification (T2) or with acidification with H3PO4 (T3); and in soil without compost addition (T1). The HA chemical composition was analyzed by FTIR spectroscopy. The addition of the two composts did not change the soil carbon concentration but affected the distribution of the humic fractions. For the three treatments, the carbon concentration of humic substances increased until 52 days following compost addition, with more pronounced increases with the addition of non-acidified PS compost (14.5 g kg-1) and acidified PS compost (15.1 g kg-1). This increase was reflected in both the FA and HA concentrations. The addition of compost with PS acidification resulted in the formation of larger humic micelles (HA) with higher aromatic content and fewer functional groups than the non-acidified PS compost. These findings, together with a lower proportion of carbohydrate-type structures, indicated the presence of more stable humic micelles in the soil treated with acidified PS compost.

RESUMO A incorporação conjunta de lodo de esgoto (LE) e palha ao solo pode aumentar a mineralização do carbono da palha e a imobilização microbiana de nitrogênio. Essa hipótese foi avaliada em dois experimentos de laboratório em que o LE foi incorporado ao solo na presença e na ausência de palha de aveia. Um tratamento com somente palha incorporada e um tratamento-controle apenas com solo também foram avaliados. Durante 110 dias, foi avaliada a liberação de CO2 e o N mineral no solo, após a aplicação dos materiais orgânicos. A mineralização acumulada do C atingiu valor de 30,1 % no LE e de 54,7 % na palha. Quando esses materiais orgânicos foram incorporados juntos ao solo, a mineralização do C da palha não foi alterada. Aproximadamente 60 % do N orgânico presente no LE foi mineralizado em 110 dias. Esse índice de mineralização do N é duas vezes maior do que aquele definido pela Resolução 375/2006 do Conselho Nacional do Meio Ambiente (Conama). A incorporação combinada de LE e palha no solo provocou imobilização microbiana de N de 5,9 kg Mg-1 de palha de aveia (média de 3,5 kg Mg-1). Os resultados deste estudo indicaram que o LE não aumentou a mineralização do C da palha, porém a dose de LE deve ser ajustada para compensar a imobilização microbiana de N induzida pela palha.

ABSTRACT The combined incorporation of sewage sludge (SS) and oat straw (OS) to the soil can increase straw carbon mineralization and microbial nitrogen immobilization. This hypothesis was tested in two laboratory experiments, in which SS was incorporated in the soil with and without OS. One treatment in which only straw was incorporated and a control with only soil were also evaluated. The release of CO2 and mineral N in the soil after organic material incorporation was evaluated for 110 days. The cumulative C mineralization reached 30.1 % for SS and 54.7 % for OS. When these organic materials were incorporated together in the soil, straw C mineralization was not altered. About 60 % of organic N in the SS was mineralized after 110 days. This N mineralization index was twice as high as that defined by Resolution 375/2006 of the National Environmental Council. The combined incorporation of SS and OS in the soil caused an immobilization of microbial N of 5.9 kg Mg-1 of OS (mean 3.5 kg Mg-1). The results of this study indicated that SS did not increase straw C mineralization, but the SS rate should be adjusted to compensate for the microbial N immobilization caused by straw.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a eficiência das zeólitas naturais clinoptilolita e estilbita em mitigar as perdas de amônia (NH3) na fase inicial da compostagem de dejetos líquidos de suínos (DLS). Foram conduzidos três experimentos em escala piloto, com duração de 14 dias cada um. As zeólitas foram adicionadas aos DLS em doses crescentes, de 5 a 20% (m/v), sobre substrato constituído pela mistura de serragem (70%) e maravalha (30%). Foram realizadas três aplicações de DLS + zeólitas por experimento, seguidas de revolvimento. O substrato passou por outros três revolvimentos entre as aplicações. As zeólitas reduziram as emissões de NH3 e a sua eficiência foi diretamente relacionada à dose aplicada. A clinoptilolita apresentou maior eficiência do que a estilbita. Na média dos três experimentos, a clinoptilolita reduziu em 24 a 76% as emissões de NH3. Os resultados evidenciam o alto potencial de zeólitas naturais, principalmente da clinoptilolita, em mitigar a volatilização de NH3 durante a compostagem de DLS.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the efficiency of the natural zeolites clinoptilolite and stilbite to mitigate ammonia (NH3) losses during the initial phase of pig slurry (PS) composting. Three experiments were performed in pilot scale, each lasting 14 days. The zeolites were added to the PS in increasing rates, from 5 to 20% (w/v), on a substrate consisting of a mixture of sawdust (70%) and shavings (30%). Three applications of PS + zeolites were performed per experiment, followed by a turning. The substrate went through three additional turnings, between applications. The zeolites reduced NH3 emissions and their efficiency was directly related to the applied rate. Clinoptilolite was more efficient than stilbite. In the average of the three experiments, clinoptilolite reduced in 24 to 76% NH3 emissions. The results show the high potential of natural zeolites, mainly clinoptilolite, in mitigating NH3 volatilization during PS composting.

As perdas de nitrogênio (N) através de emissões gasosas de amônia (NH3) e óxido nitroso (N2O) após a aplicação de dejetos líquidos de suínos (DLS) no solo é um assunto ainda pouco estudado no Brasil, sobretudo em plantio direto. Diante disso, o objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar, em condições de campo, a volatilização de NH3 e a emissão de N2O após a aplicação de DLS no milho, com e sem a presença de palha de aveia preta na superfície do solo. Os tratamentos avaliados para medir a emissão de N2O, durante 90 dias, foram: T1 - Solo (testemunha); T2 - Solo + DLS; T3 - Solo + Palha; T4 - Solo + Palha + DLS. Já a volatilização de NH3 foi quantificada durante 12 dias, somente nos três últimos tratamentos. Os DLS, na dose de 60m³ ha-1, foram aplicados ao solo, antecedendo a semeadura do milho, em delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso, com três repetições. A presença da palha na superfície do solo reduziu as perdas de NH3 em 34%, porém potencializou as emissões de N2O após a aplicação dos DLS, as quais aumentaram em 167%. Os maiores fluxos de N2O ocorreram durante os primeiros 40 dias após a aplicação dos DLS sempre após a ocorrência de chuvas e/ou irrigações.

The nitrogen (N) losses through gaseous emissions of ammonia (NH3) and nitrous oxide (N2O) after pig slurry (PS) application in soil is a subject still little studied in Brazil, especially under no-till conditions. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate, under field conditions, the NH3 volatilization and the N2O emission after PS application in corn, with and without surface oat straw. The treatments for measuring N2O emissions, during 90 days, were: T1-unamended soil (control), T2 - Soil + PS, T3 - Soil + oat straw and T4 - Soil + PS + oat straw. The NH3 volatilization was quantified only in the last three treatments. PS, at the dose 60m³ ha-1, was applied prior the sowing of corn, in a randomized design, with three replications. Oat straw on the soil surface reduced NH3 volatilization by 34%, but enhanced N2O emission by 167%. The higher N2O fluxes occurred during the first 40 days after PS addition, always after rain and/or irrigation events.

A rápida nitrificação do nitrogênio (N) amoniacal de fontes orgânicas e minerais no solo pode resultar em perdas de nitrato (NO3-) para o ambiente. Uma estratégia para a redução dessas perdas envolve o uso de inibidores de nitrificação. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi o de avaliar, em condições de laboratório, a eficiência da dicianodiamida (DCD), presente no produto Agrotain® Plus (AP), em inibir a nitrificação do N amoniacal de cama de aviário (CA) no solo. Foram avaliados cinco tratamentos, sendo um com CA incorporada ao solo, três com CA incorporada ao solo com AP, nas doses de 3,5, 7,0 e 14,0kg ha-1, além de um tratamento somente com solo. A nitrificação foi monitorada através da determinação periódica dos teores de NH4+ e NO3 no solo durante 69 dias. A maior taxa de nitrificação ocorreu no tratamento em que a CA foi incorporada ao solo sem AP. As doses de 3,5 e 7,0kg de AP ha-1 inibiram parcialmente a nitrificação do N amoniacal da CA na fase inicial da incubação, perdendo a eficiência em inibir esse processo no período entre 12 e 27 dias. O tratamento com a maior dose de AP (14kg ha-1) foi aquele em que a DCD exerceu maior efeito inibitório da nitrificação, preservando maior quantidade de NH4+ e retardando o aparecimento de NO3- no solo. Os resultados deste trabalho indicam que a DCD, contida no Agrotain® Plus, reduz a taxa de nitrificação do N amoniacal da CA no solo, o que poderá contribuir à redução das perdas de NO3- para o ambiente.

The fast nitrification of ammoniacal nitrogen (N) of organic and mineral sources in soil can result in losses of nitrate (NO3-) to the environment. One strategy to reduce these losses involves the use of nitrification inhibitors. The objective of this study was to evaluate, in laboratory conditions, the efficiency of Agrotain® Plus (AP), which contains dicyandiamide (DCD), as a nitrification inhibitor of ammoniacal nitrogen from poultry manure (PM) in soil. Were evaluated five treatments, one with PM incorporated into the soil, three with PM incorporated into the soil with AP at the doses of 3.5, 7.0 e 14.0kg ha-1 and one treatment without PM and AP. Nitrification was monitored by measuring changes in soil mineral N (NH4+ and NO3-) periodically over 69 days. The highest rate of nitrification occurred in the treatment in which PM was incorporated into the soil without AP. The doses of 3.5 and 7.0kg ha-1 of AP inhibited partially the nitrification of ammoniacal nitrogen of PM in the initial phase of incubation, losing the ability to inhibit this process in the period between 12 and 27 days. The treatment with the higher dose of AP (14kg ha-1) was on in which the DCD exerted more inhibitory effect on nitrification, preserving most NH4+ and delaying the onset of NO3- in soil. The results of this study indicate that the DCD, contained in the Agrotain® Plus, reduces the nitrification rate of ammoniacal nitrogen from PM in soil, that may contribute to reduce NO3- losses to the environment.

Nas áreas com produção intensiva de suínos, os dejetos líquidos dos animais constituem importante fonte de nitrogênio (N) às culturas; entretanto, esses dejetos são uma das principais causas de poluição do solo, do ar e da água. É preciso buscar estratégias que reduzam as perdas de N desse resíduo orgânico para o ambiente e que melhorem a sua eficiência agronômica, relativa ao fornecimento de N às culturas comerciais. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do uso de inibidor de nitrificação (IN) e da aplicação parcelada de dejetos líquidos de suínos (Dls) sobre o acúmulo de N e a produtividade de milho e trigo em plantio direto. Os tratamentos avaliados constaram da aplicação da dose recomendada de Dls em aplicação única e parcelada (1/3 em pré-semeadura e 2/3 em cobertura), com e sem IN. Além desses quatro tratamentos, foi avaliado um tratamento com adubação mineral (NPK) recomendada ao milho e ao trigo e outro sem IN e sem fertilizantes (testemunha). O IN, à base de dicianodiamida (DCD), foi misturado aos dejetos na dose de 7 kg ha-1. A aplicação de Dls, em dose única ou parcelada, aumentou o acúmulo de N e a produtividade de milho e trigo, proporcionando resultados similares aos observados com a adubação mineral recomendada às duas culturas. As estratégias de parcelar a dose recomendada de Dls ao milho e ao trigo e de usar a DCD para inibir a nitrificação não influenciaram o acúmulo de N e a produtividade do milho e trigo em plantio direto.

In areas of intensive pig production, pig slurry is used as an important nitrogen (N) source of crops, but is also a major cause of soil, air and water pollution. Strategies are required to reduce N losses from this organic material to the environment and to improve the agronomic efficiency as plant N source. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of the use of a nitrification inhibitor (NI) and the split application of pig slurry (PS) on N accumulation and yield of no-till corn and wheat. The treatments consisted of the application of the recommended dose of PS in single and split applications (1/3 at prior to planting and 2/3 side dressed), with and without NI. Aside from these four treatments, one treatment with mineral fertilizer (NPK) recommended for corn and wheat was evaluated and another treatment without IN and fertilizer (control). The NI, containing dicyandiamide (DCD), was mixed with pig slurry, at a dose of 7 kg ha-1. The application of PS, prior to planting and after emergence, increased N accumulation and corn and wheat yield, providing similar results to those observed with mineral fertilization recommended for these two crops. The strategies of dividing the application of recommended PS doses to corn and wheat and to use DCD to inhibit nitrification did not affect N accumulation or yield of no-till corn and wheat.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as transformações do N no solo após a aplicação de dejeto líquido (DLS) e cama sobreposta (CSS) de suínos, com e sem palha de aveia, e com e sem incorporação ao solo. Os tratamentos avaliados foram: solo (S), S + palha incorporada (S + Pi), S + palha em superfície (S + Ps), S + CSS incorporada (S + CSSi), S + CSS em superfície (S + CSSs), S + DLS incorporado (S + DLSi), S + DLS em superfície (S + DLSs), S + Pi + DLSi e S + Ps + DLSs. Avaliaram-se a volatilização de amônia, a nitrificação e a mineralização do N do DLS e da CSS. A incorporação do DLS reduziu a volatilização de amônia em 93%, em comparação à aplicação na superfície do solo. O N amoniacal da CSS foi nitrificado nos cinco primeiros dias. A taxa de nitrificação líquida foi duas vezes maior com a incorporação do DLS ao solo do que na superfície. A mineralização do N orgânico não diferiu com o modo de aplicação do DLS e da CSS no solo. Na CSS, 14,6% do N foi mineralizado, contra 34,9% no DLS. A aplicação do DLS com a palha de aveia na superfície do solo favorece a imobilização microbiana de N, mas não reduz as perdas de N por volatilização de amônia.

The objective of this work was to evaluate soil N transformations after the application of pig slurry (PS) and pig deep‑litter (PDL), with and without oat straw, and with and without incorporation into the soil. The evaluated treatments were: soil (S), S + incorporated straw (S + Sti), S + straw on surface (S + Sts), S + incorporated PDL (S + PDLi), S + PDL on surface (S + PDLs), S + incorporated PS (S + PSi), S + PS on surface (S + PSs), S + Sti + Psi, and S + Sts + PSs. The following were evaluated: ammonia volatilization, nitrification and N mineralization of PS and PDL. Incorporation of PS reduced ammonia volatilization in 93% when compared to surface application. The ammoniacal N in PDL was nitrified within the first five days. The net nitrification rate was two times higher with the incorporation of PS into the soil than at surface. Organic N mineralization did not differ with the application methods for PS and PDL to the soil. In PDL, 14.6% N was mineralized, against 34.9% in PS. The application of PS with oat straw to soil surface favors microbial N immobilization but it does not reduce N losses by ammonia volatilization.