Abstract This essay examines the complex relationships between American writer Paul Bowles and Moroccan writers/storytellers whose works he translated (Ahmed Yacoubi, Larbi Layachi, Mohammed Mrabet, and Mohamed Choukri), with attention to reasons for Bowles’s turn to translation, the unique character of his translations of oral stories, the status of the “original” in these cases, as well as the surrounding postcolonial and Orientalist contexts of this translation activity. It advances the notion that Bowles’s translation activity is at once collaborative, dialogic, and mutually beneficial, motivated by the translator’s genuine interest in preserving and making more widely available local cultural production that might otherwise have gone unnoticed and unrecorded.

Résumé Cet essai examine les relations complexes existant entre l’écrivain américain Paul Bowles et les écrivains ou conteurs marocains, notamment Ahmed Yacoubi, Larbi Layachi, Mohammed Mrabet, and Mohamed Choukri, dont Bowles a traduit les textes. Tout en prenant en compte les contextes postcoloniaux et orientalistes qui président à cette traduction, l’auteur de cet essai porte une attention particulière aux raisons ayant amené Bowles à la traduction, au caractère unique de ses traductions d’histoires orales, et au statut d’“originaux” de ces textes. Cet essai propose que l’activité de traduction de Bowles est à la fois collaborative, dialogique, et mutuellement avantageuse, ainsi que motivée par l’intérêt sincère du traducteur de préserver et de disseminer cette production culturelle locale qui sinon aurait pu demeurer inaperçue et non documentée.

ABSTRACT Objective: Many patients who undergo inflatable penile prosthesis (IPP) replacement are often upsized to larger cylinders, suggesting the IPP may serve as a tissue expander and increase internal penile length. The objective of this study is to evaluate whether cylinder length increases with subsequent IPP insertion. Materials and Methods: We queried American Medical Systems and Coloplast Patient Information Form databases to identify patients who underwent IPP placement and replacement between 2004-2013. Patients were grouped by device type and time to replacement (<2 or ≥2 years). We selected the 2-year mark for subgroup analysis to allow time for tissue expansion to occur and to exclude patients who underwent early explantation (e.g. erosion or infection). Results: Two thousand, seven hundred and forty nine patients (1,532 AMS 700 LGX, 717 AMS 700 CX, and 500 Coloplast Titan) met the inclusion criteria. Mean time between implants was earlier for LGX (29 months) than CX (39 months) and Titan (48 months) patients (p<0.001). Patients who underwent device replacement at <2 years did not experience an increase in mean cylinder length. On the contrary, patients who underwent device replacement at ≥2 years did experience significant increases in mean cylinder length (LGX 1.2 cm, CX 1.1 cm, and Titan 0.9 cm, p<0.001). The mean increases in length at ≥2 years were similar between the 3 devices (p=0.20). Sixty percent of patients demonstrated increases of >0.5 cm and 40% demonstrated increases of ≥1 cm. Conclusions: As demonstrated, the IPP may provide tissue expansion over time. Further evaluation is needed to determine if increased cylinder length correlates to increased functional length and patient satisfaction.

O poder de penetração das raízes no solo tem sido estudado com vistas a cultivos agrícolas, porém não há dados no que se refere a substratos em recipientes. Neste trabalho avalia-se a impedância mecânica de: areia, perlita, turfa, fibra-de-coco e misturas do mercado internacional: Fafard nº 2, Fafard 2P, Jiffy 7 e Oasis. Amostras secas e saturadas foram analisadas sob quatro níveis de compactação. Jiffy 7 e Oasis foram analisados na densidade original, conforme fabricação. Avaliou-se a impedância através de um pino metálico acoplado em micropenetrômetro digital. A pressão de penetração correlaciona-se com a compactação do substrato, apresentando interação significante entre grau de compactação e nível de umidade.

The penetration power of the roots into the soil has been studied in relation to field crops but not to container media. In this work the mechanical impedance of sand, perlite, peat, coir and commercial mixtures were evaluated: Fafard, no 2, Fafard 2P, Jiffy 7 and Oasis. Dry and saturated samples were analyzed under four levels of compactation. Jiffy 7 and Oasis were analyzed only in the original density of the manufactured products. The impedance was measured by a metal probe and a digital micropenetrometer. The penetration pressure is correlated to the level of compactation of the media, with significant interaction between compactation and moisture level.

Os níveis de catecolamina plasmática foram medidos em 20 crianças (idade média de 6,00 ± 5,86 meses; peso médio 5,3 ± 1,82 kg), durante a correção de defeitos cardíacos congênitos, usando-se a hipotermia de superfície (26ºC), perfusão cardiopulmonar limitada e parada circulatória (15ºC). Adrenalina e noradrenalina plasmática foram dosadas em amostras sangüíneas arteriais seriadas, usando-se a cromatografia. A hipotermia de superfície produziu um significante aumento de ambas as catecolaminas. Durante o resfriamento central, os níveis caíram devido à hemodiluição. Após o período de parada circulatória (23/64 minutos, média de 41,3), ocorreu um aumento das catecolaminas plasmáticas, que persistiu durante o reaquecimento. Após o reaquecimento, as catecolaminas plasmáticas permaneceram elevadas até o final do ato cirúrgico. Nossos resultados mostram que a técnica de hipotermia de superfície, perfusão cardiopulmonar limitada e parada circulatória, sob as nossas condições de anestesia, produziu significante aumento da concentração de adrenalina e noradrenalina plasmática, porém o significado biológico é, ainda, inseguro.

Plasma catecholamine levels were measured in 20 infants (mean age 6.0 ± 5.86 months; mean weigh 5.3 ± 1.82 Kg), undergoing correction of congenital heart defects using surface cooling (26ºC), limited cardiopulmonary bypass and circulatory arrest (15ºC). Plasma adrenaline and noradrenaline were assayed in serial arterial blood samples using cromatography and electrochemical techniques. Surface cooling produced a significant rise in adrenaline and noradrenaline: the levels of both catecholamines fell, however, during core-cooling on cardiopulmonary bypass. Following the period of circulatory arrest (23/64 min, mean 41.3 min), there was a further increase in plasma catecholamines, which persisted during rewarming. Following rewarming, plasma catecholamines remained elevated untill the end of the surgical procedure. Our data show the technique of surface cooling, limited cardiopulmonary bypass and circulatory arrest produces a major sympathoadrenal response. The biological significance of high levels of circulating catecholamines under hypothermic conditions is uncertain.