Abstract Amazonian biodiversity is increasingly threatened due to the weakening of policies for combating deforestation, especially in Brazil. Loss of animal and plant species, many not yet known to science, is just one among many negative consequences of Amazon deforestation. Deforestation affects indigenous communities, riverside as well as urban populations, and even planetary health. Amazonia has a prominent role in regulating the Earth’s climate, with forest loss contributing to rising regional and global temperatures and intensification of extreme weather events. These climatic conditions are important drivers of emerging infectious diseases, and activities associated with deforestation contribute to the spread of disease vectors. This review presents the main impacts of Amazon deforestation on infectious-disease dynamics and public health from a One Health perspective. Because Brazil holds the largest area of Amazon rainforest, emphasis is given to the Brazilian scenario. Finally, potential solutions to mitigate deforestation and emerging infectious diseases are presented from the perspectives of researchers in different fields.

ABSTRACT Corn grain yield, nitrogen (N) fertilizer efficiency and distribution to corn alone and three forms of corn and palisadegrass (Urochloa spp.) intercropping implantation was investigated. A field experiment with 15N labeling fertilizer was performed in randomized block design. No form of palisadegrass intercropping implantation affected corn grain yield, total N accumulation and N use efficiency (NUE), which were 8.7 t ha-1, 205 kg ha-1 and 37% respectively. The palisadegrass produced on average 1.9 t of dry mass, absorbing a maximum of 6 kg ha-1 or 5.5% of N fertilizer during corn growing. Furthermore, the palisadegrass did not affect N fertilizer distribution in soil-plant system, in which 28.2% was recovered in the soil and 40.4% in the plants (corn + palisadegrass). The results show that for the three intercropping implantation methods the palisadegrass did not compete with corn for N fertilizer.

The genetic diversity of a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) at the exon 20 (T945M) of the leptin receptor gene (LEPR) and of three short tandem repeats (STRs BM7225, BMS694, and BMS2145) linked to LEPR was investigated in three beef cattle herds (Brangus Ibagé, Charolais, and Aberdeen Angus). A cheap and effective new method to analyze the T945M polymorphism in cattle populations was developed and the possible role of these polymorphisms in reproduction and weight gain of postpartum cows was evaluated. High levels of genetic diversity were observed with the average heterozygosity of STRs ranging from 0.71 to 0.81. No significant association was detected between LEPR markers and reproductive parameters or daily weight gain. These negative results suggest that the LEPR gene polymorphisms, at least those herein described, do not influence postpartum cows production.

Este trabalho teve por objetivo selecionar isolados de fungos entomopatogênicos, visando sua utilização no controle do cascudinho, Alphitobius diaperinus (Panzer). Larvas e adultos foram inoculados com suspensões de conídios de 99 isolados de Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill. e Metarhizium anisopliae (Metsch.) Sorok. em concentrações variáveis de 10(5) a 10(9) conídios/ml. Avaliou-se também o crescimento vegetativo em meio-de-cultura, produção de conídios em colônias, arroz e em cadáveres de larvas e adultos do inseto. Os isolados de B. bassiana foram mais eficientes que os isolados de M. anisopliae e as larvas foram mais suscetíveis que os adultos. Os isolados UNIOESTE 04 e UNIOESTE 02, ambos obtidos em cadáveres de cascudinho, foram mais eficientes. Além disso, UNIOESTE 04 apresentou elevada produção em diferentes meios-de-cultura, evidenciando o seu potencial para aplicação em aviários no controle do cascudinho.

This study was carried out to evaluate entomopathogenic fungi isolates as microbial control agents of the lesser mealworm, Alphitobius diaperinus (Panzer). Larvae and adults were inoculated with conidial suspension of 99 isolates of Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill. and Metarhizium anisopliae (Metsch.) Sorok. (10(5) to 10(9) conidia/ml). Vegetative growth on culture media and sporulation on culture media, cooked rice and lesser mealworm cadavers were also evaluated. Isolates of B. bassiana were more effective than the M. anisopliae isolates and larvae were more susceptible than adults. The isolates UNIOESTE 04 and UNIOESTE 02 were originally obtained from adults of the lesser mealworm and were the most efficient isolates. In addition, UNIOESTE 04 showed high level of sporulation on different culture media and is considered a potential useful tool to lesser mealworm control.

O corte mecanizado da cana-de-açúcar resulta num acúmulo da palhada depositada no solo, proporcionando temperatura e umidade favoráveis à cigarrinha-da-raiz, Mahanarva fimbriolata (Stål), que provoca sérios problemas devido a sua ocorrência generalizada e altas populações. A patogenicidade de 79 isolados do fungo Metarhizium anisopliae (Metsch.) Sorok, provenientes de diferentes hospedeiros e regiões do País, foi testada em laboratório. Dez ninfas da cigarrinha foram colocadas em placas de Petri (9 cm de diâmetro) contendo folhas de cana lavadas e pulverizadas com 1 ml de uma suspensão contendo 5 x 10(7) conídios/ml. Cada tratamento foi composto por cinco repetições. Após a pulverização, as placas foram colocadas em câmara climatizada a 25 ± 1ºC, 70 ± 10% de UR e fotofase de 12h. A mortalidade foi avaliada diariamente, calculando-se os índices de mortalidade acumulada total, confirmada e corrigida de cada tratamento. Os melhores isolados testados foram: IBCB 348, IBCB 351, IBCB 363, IBCB 408, IBCB 410, IBCB 418, IBCB 425 e IBCB 482, os quais apresentaram mortalidade confirmada igual ou superior a 70% seis dias após a pulverização.

The accumulated mulch on the soil resultant from the mechanized cutting of sugarcane promotes favorable temperature and moist to Mahanarva fimbriolata (Stål), a pest that causes serious problems due to its widespread occurrence and high populations. Seventy nine isolates of Metarhizium anisopliae (Metsch.) Sorok. from different hosts and regions were tested for their pathogenicity. Ten spitlebugs were put in petri dishes (9 cm of diameter) containing sugarcane leaves sprayed with 1 ml of a suspension containing 5 x 10(7) conidia/ml. Five replicates were used per treatment. The petri dishes were kept at 25 ± 1ºC, 70 ± 10% RH and 12h photophase. Insects were monitored daily to calculate total cumulative mortality, as well as corrected and confirmed mortality for each treatment. The best tested isolates were: IBCB 348, IBCB 351, IBCB 363, IBCB 408, IBCB 410, IBCB 418, IBCB 425 and IBCB 482, which showed confirmed mortality equal or higher than 70%, six days after spraying.

A compatibilidade de microrganismos entomopatogênicos com tiametoxam e outros inseticidas foi estudada através de ensaios in vitro e em campo. Os microrganismos testados foram: Aschersonia aleyrodis, Bacillus thuringiensis, Baculovirus anticarsia (VPNAg), Beauveria bassiana, Hirsutella thompsonii, Metarhizium anisopliae, Nomuraea rileyi, Paecilomyces farinosus, Sporothrix insectorum e Verticillium lecanii. Em laboratório, foram testadas duas concentrações de cada produto, o que envolveu as recomendações máxima e mínima para uso em condições de aplicação no campo. Os produtos foram adicionados em meio de cultura específico para crescimento dos entomopatógenos. Foram avaliados os crescimentos reprodutivo e vegetativo para fungos e unidades formadoras de colônias (UFC) para bactérias. Para os testes conduzidos em campo foram consideradas as UFC para fungos e bactéria e a mortalidade de lagartas para o NPV de Anticarsia gemmatalis (Hueb.). Os resultados mostraram que: (1) a ação dos produtos fitossanitários sobre o crescimento vegetativo e a esporulação dos microrganismos variou em função da natureza química dos produtos, da concentração e da espécie do agente microbiano; (2) thiametoxam foi compatível com todos os microrganismos estudados; (3) endosulfam, monocrotofós e deltametrina foram os inseticidas que mais afetaram B. thuringiensis, B. bassiana, M. anisopliae e S. insectorum; (4) tiametoxam não interferiu no potencial de inóculo de B. thuringiensis, B. bassiana e M. anisopliae quando aplicado em lavoura de feijão (Phaseolus vulgaris); e (5) tiametoxam não afetou a eficiência do vírus de poliedrose nuclear de A. gemmatalis.

The compatibility of entomopathogenic microorganisms with thiamethoxam and other insecticides was studied in vitro and under field conditions. The microorganisms tested were: Aschersonia aleyrodis, Bacillus thuringiensis, Baculovirus anticarsia (NPVAg), Beauveria bassiana, Hirsutella thompsonii, Metarhizium anisopliae, Nomuraea rileyi, Paecilomyces farinosus, Sporothrix insectorum and Verticillium lecanii. Two concentrations of each product were tested in the laboratory, based on the maximum and minimum recommended rates for application in the field. The products were added to specific culture medium for growth of the entomopathogens. Reproductive and vegetative growth were evaluated for fungi, and colony forming units (CFU) were evaluated for bacteria. For the field test, CFUs were considered for both fungi and bacteria and caterpillar mortality for the NPV of Anticarsia gemmatalis (Hueb.). Results showed that: (1) the action of the pesticides on the vegetative growth and sporulation of the microorganisms varied as a function of the chemical nature of the products, its concentration and the microbial species; (2) thiamethoxam was compatible with all microorganisms studied; (3) endosulfan, monocrotophos and deltamethrin were the insecticides that most affected B. thuringiensis, B. bassiana, M. anisopliae and S. insectorum; (4) thiamethoxam did not affect the inoculum potential of B. thuringiensis, B. bassiana or M. anisopliae when applied to bean crop (Phaseolus vulgaris); and (5) thiamethoxam did not affect the efficiency of the nuclear polyhedral virus of A. gemmatalis.