Abstract Aim: Cardiovascular physiology learned by exercise science students is often quickly forgotten. We tested whether a state rotation model would help students to recall key principles of Cardiovascular Physiology (CV). Methods: Seventy-one undergraduate students enrolled in the Exercise Physiology Course at the School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, participated in the study. The students were randomly assigned into one of 4 stations, dedicated to recalling the concepts of the heart as a pump (e.g. preload, post-load, and contractility; station 1) and hemodynamics (e.g. serial and parallel conductance; station 2) by using the educational tool. Heart rate (HR) control by sympathetic nervous system activation (station 3) and HR control by vagal activation (station 4) were assessed by quantifying HR response to the Stroop color and word test and during face immersion in cold water, respectively. To evaluate the efficacy of the intervention, we used a Socrative app to launch eight multiple-choice questions before (PRE) and after (POST) the student's station rotation. The questions were related to the basic principles of exercise physiology and its consequences on the cardiovascular system. Results: The 4-station average score (% of corrected answers) achieved after the station rotation was higher than the score achieved before (71.21%, SD 14.50 vs. 31.07%, SD 18.04; for POST and PRE, respectively p < 0.005). Considering specific stations, the lowest score of corrected answers before the rotation was observed at station 2- hemodynamics when compared with station 1-heart as a pump and station 3/4 - autonomic control (18.9%, SD 0.9 vs. 46.5, SD 24.1 and 34.8, SD 2.1 for hemodynamics, heart as a pump and autonomic control, respectively). Interestingly, after the rotation, there was a significant increase in corrected scores for all stations (33.9, SD 9.8; 80.5, SD 4.6 and 90.2, SD 2.3, for hemodynamics, heart as a pump, and autonomic control, respectively). Conclusion: Our results suggest that the use of the educational tool was effective to recall CV principles that are essential to a better understanding of the CV responses to exercise and applying the concepts in exercise testing and prescription for different populations.

RESUMO Introdução O consumo de derivados de tabaco e álcool é apontado como importante causa de doenças e agravos no mundo. No Brasil, há um aumento no consumo dessas drogas entre os jovens, principalmente estudantes universitários. Objetivo Conhecer a prevalência e os fatores associados ao tabagismo e consumo de bebidas alcoólicas entre estudantes de Medicina, além do nível de conhecimento acerca das técnicas de cessação do hábito tabagista em diferentes momentos da vida acadêmica. Métodos Estudo analítico, de prevalência, envolvendo estudantes de Medicina de Fortaleza, Ceará, Brasil. Foram selecionadas todas as escolas médicas e os estudantes do primeiro ano (S1/S2), quarto ano (S7/S8) e aqueles do último ano do internato (I3/I4). A amostra foi calculada considerando uma frequência esperada de 10% de pessoas fumantes, com um erro de 3%, estimando 726 estudantes das quatro instituições. Foi aplicado um questionário estruturado, com 46 perguntas. Os dados foram analisados pelo software Stata 11.2. Resultados Foram entrevistados 1.035 estudantes, distribuídos proporcionalmente nos três períodos, 392 (37,9%) do primeiro ano (S1-S2), 319 (30,8%) do quarto ano (S7-S8) e 324 (31,3%) do internato (I3-I4). Quinhentos e cinquenta e três (53,4%) eram do sexo feminino, a maioria era solteira (993; 96,3%), nascidos em Fortaleza (748; 72,4%), residiam com os pais (896; 86,8%) e com renda familiar acima de dez salários mínimos (652; 61,8%). Ao todo, 533 (51,5%) eram alunos de instituições particulares. Do total, 254 (24,6%) já haviam fumado. Esse consumo foi significativamente maior entre o sexo masculino (p = 0,025), sem diferença em relação ao estado civil (p = 0,247) ou renda familiar (p = 0,191). Todos os acadêmicos que experimentaram alguma substância derivada do tabaco já haviam ingerido bebida alcoólica alguma vez na vida (p < 0,000). O consumo de álcool foi referido por mais de 80% dos estudantes, sendo maior entre aqueles cuja família apresentou renda superior a nove salários mínimos (p = 0,001). Houve relato de embriaguez em mais de 70% dos estudantes, tendo esse fato ocorrido antes dos 18 anos. Cerveja e vodca são as bebidas mais consumidas. Apenas 39,5% afirmaram estar aptos a aconselhar um paciente a não ingerir bebidas alcoólicas e apenas 28,4% receberam algum treinamento sobre o assunto em sua universidade. Conclusão A prevalência do consumo de álcool é muito elevada entre os estudantes de Medicina, principalmente entre aqueles que relataram fumar. Esses temas são abordados de forma incipiente em sua formação. É preciso reforçar esses aspectos na formação desses futuros profissionais de saúde.

ABSTRACT Introduction Tobacco and alcohol consumption is considered a major cause of diseases and disorders in the world. In Brazil, there has been increased consumption of these drugs among young people, especially university students. Objective To discover the prevalence of and factors associated to smoking and alcohol consumption among medical students, as well as their level of knowledge about techniques to stop smoking at different times of their academic life. Methods Analytical study of prevalence among medical students in Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil. The study sample included all the city’s medical schools and their first year (S1/S2) and fourth year (S7/S8) students and students in the final year of their internship (I3/I4). The sample was calculated considering an expected smoker frequency of 10%, with a 3% margin of error, estimating 726 students in the four institutions. A structured questionnaire containing 46 questions was applied. Data were analyzed using Stata 11.2 software. Results 1,035 students were interviewed, distributed proportionally in the three periods: 392 (37.87%) from the first year (S1 / S2), 319 (30.82%) from the fourth year (S7/S8) and 324 (31.30%) interns (I3/I4). 553 students (53.4%) were female; most of the students were single (993; 96.3%), born in Fortaleza (748; 72.4%), living with their parents (896; 86.8%) and with a household income of more than 10 minimum wages (652; 61.8%). In total, 533 (51.5%) were students at private institutions. Of the total, 254 (24.6%) had smoked. This consumption was significantly higher among males (p = 0.025), with no difference in relation to marital status (p = 0.247) or household income (p = 0.191). All the students who reported having experienced any tobacco derivative also reported using alcohol in their lifetime (p < 0.000). Alcohol consumption was reported by more than 80% of the students, and was higher among those whose family income was more than nine times the minimum wage (p = 0.001). Alcoholic intoxication was reported by over 70% of the students – where this had occurred before the age of 18 years. Beer and vodka are the most consumed beverages. Only 39.5% said they were inclined to advise a patient to avoid alcoholic beverages and only 28.4% had received training on the subject at their university. Conclusion The prevalence of alcohol consumption is very high among medical students, especially among those who reported smoking. These issues are addressed in a primitive manner in their training. We must strengthen these aspects in the training of future health professionals.

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar a incidência de lesões na coluna vertebral entre 2000 e 2010 devido a acidente motociclístico e sua relação com o aumento da venda de motos nesse período, assim como a distribuição anatômica dessas lesões na coluna. Métodos: Trata-se de estudo retrospectivo, no qual foram coletados dados de 1.295 prontuários de pacientes que sofreram lesão da coluna decorrente de acidente motociclístico internados na enfermaria de TRM (Trauma Raquimedular) do Hospital Geral do Estado da Bahia no período de 2000 a 2010. Foram selecionados 110 prontuários e catalogadas as informações com relação ao sexo, idade, déficit neurológico na apresentação (de acordo com a escala de Frankel), diagnóstico e nível da lesão. Resultados: Entre os anos de 2000 e 2010 houve um aumento de quase cinco vezes na incidência de pacientes que sofreram lesão da coluna devido a acidente motociclístico. Mais da metade (51,4%) apresentou lesão na coluna cervical, 37,2% na torácica e 11,4% na lombar. Somente 34,3% dos pacientes não tinham déficit neurológico na admissão e pacientes com fratura da coluna torácica tiveram maior incidência e gravidade de lesão medular. A média de idade dos pacientes foi de 30 anos. Conclusões: O aumento da incidência de lesões na coluna devido acidente motociclístico ocorreu no mesmo período em que houve aumento das vendas de motos no país. Os pacientes que sofreram essas lesões eram jovens, com incidência maior nos níveis cervical e torácico e altos índices de déficit neurológico.

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze the incidence of spinal injuries between 2000-2010 due to motorcycle accidents and the relation to the increase in motorcycle sales in the same period, as well as the anatomical distribution of these spinal injuries. Methods: Data were collected from 1,295 records of patients who have suffered spinal injury resulting from motorcycle accidents admitted to the ward TRM (Spinal Cord Trauma) of the Hospital Geral do Estado da Bahia from 2000 to 2010 in this retrospective study. We selected 110 medical records and collected information on sex, age, neurological deficit on admission (according to Frankel scale), diagnosis, and level of injury. Results: Between 2000 and 2010 there was an increase of almost five times in the incidence of patients who have suffered spinal injury due to motorcycle accidents. More than half (51.4%) had cervical spine injury, 37.2% thoracic spine injury and 11.34% had lumbar spine injury. Only 34.3% of patients had no neurological deficit on admission and patients with thoracic spine fracture had a higher incidence and severity of lesion. The average age of patients was 30 years. Conclusions: The increased incidence of spinal injuries due motorcycle accidents occurred in the same period in which there was an increase in motorcycle sales in the country. Patients who have suffered those injuries were young, with higher incidence in the cervical and thoracic spinal levels and high rates of neurological deficit.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Analizar la incidencia de lesiones de la columna entre 2000-2010 debido a los accidentes de motocicleta y su relación con el aumento de las ventas de motocicletas en ese período, y la distribución anatómica de las lesiones de la columna vertebral. Métodos: Estudio retrospectivo en el que se recogieron datos de 1.295 registros de pacientes que han sufrido lesiones de la columna resultantes de accidentes de motocicleta ingresados en la sala de hospital TRM (Trauma de la Médula Espinal) del Hospital Geral do Estado da Bahia entre 2000 y 2010.Se seleccionaron 110 historiales médicos y se recogió información sobre el sexo, edad, déficit neurológico al ingreso (según la escala de Frankel), el diagnóstico y el nivel de la lesión. Resultados: Entre 2000 y 2010 hubo un aumento de casi cinco veces en la incidencia de pacientes que han sufrido lesiones de la columna debido a los accidentes de motocicleta. Más de la mitad (51,4%) tuvo lesiones de la columna cervical, el 37,2% tenían lesión en la columna torácica y el 11,4%, en la lumbar. Sólo el 34,3% de los pacientes no tuvieron déficit neurológico al ingreso y los pacientes con fractura de la columna torácica tuvieron una mayor incidencia y severidad de la lesión de la médula espinal. La edad promedio de los pacientes fue 30 años. Conclusiones: El aumento de la incidencia de lesiones en la columna debido a los accidentes de motocicleta se produjo en el mismo período en que hubo un aumento en las ventas de motocicletas en el país. Los pacientes que han sufrido esas lesiones eran jóvenes, con mayor incidencia en los niveles cervicales y torácicos y altas tasas de déficit neurológico.

Com o objetivo de avaliar a influência de massa de sementes e profundidades de semeadura sobre o vigor e o desenvolvimento vegetativo de mudas de tamarindeiro (Tamarindus indica L.), conduziu-se um experimento em viveiro telado, de malha 0,38 mm², no Setor de Fruticultura da Fazenda Experimental Água Limpa, município de Uberlândia (MG), no período de 26 de dezembro de 2006 a 04 de junho de 2007. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado, com os tratamentos distribuídos em esquema fatorial 2 x 3, com 5 repetições e 5 mudas por parcela, sendo os fatores: duas massas de sementes, leves e pesadas (65,60 g/100 sementes; 94,54 g/100 sementes), respectivamente, e três profundidades de semeadura (1; 2 e 3 cm). Avaliaram-se o número de folhas, diâmetro do caule, altura da muda, comprimento da raiz principal, massas secas da parte aérea e de raízes. Os resultados demonstraram que sementes de maior massa proporcionam melhor desenvolvimento inicial das mudas. E quanto à profundidade de semeadura, não houve diferença significativa entre todas as características avaliadas.

The effect of seeds weight and different sowing depths on tamarind (Tamarindus indica L.) seedling vigor and vegetative growth was evaluated in a trial done in a screened nursery, with 0.38 mm² opening, at the experimental farm Água Limpa, in a nursery with anti-aphid screens, in the county of Uberlândia. The farm is located at 18º55'33''S and 48º17'19''W, at 872 m altitude, Minas Gerais, from December 26 2006 to June 4 2007. The experimental design was randomized blocks, in a 2 x 3 factorial, with 5 repetitions and 5 plants per plot. The factors were two seeds weight, slight and weighty (65.60 g and 94.54 g respectively), defined according to the weight of 100 seeds and three sowing depths (1cm; 2cm or 3cm). The number of leaves, stem diameter, plant height, root length, fresh and dry weight of roots and above ground matter were evaluated. The results indicated that the weighty seeds yield the best seedlings initial development. There were no significant differences in the parameters evaluated as a function of sowing depth.

O implante transhepático de cateteres de diálise de longa permanência é um procedimento de exceção, utilizado para obter um acesso em pacientes com oclusão de veias centrais de membros superiores e inferiores. O caso descrito relata um paciente jovem, com história de 15 anos de diálise, que foi submetido no passado a um transplante renal sem sucesso. Esse paciente encontrava-se em urgência dialítica e oclusão comprovada de veias centrais de membros superiores e de veias ilíacas. Foi realizado o implante do cateter de longa permanência pelo acesso transparietohepático sob anestesia geral. A ponta do cateter foi posicionada ao nível do átrio direito. A diálise foi realizada satisfatoriamente no mesmo dia.

Transhepatic insertion of long-term dialysis catheter is an exception procedure used to obtain access in patients with central vein occlusion of lower and upper limbs. We report on a case of a young patient with history of dialysis for 15 years, who was submitted to an unsuccessful renal transplantation. This patient was in dialytic emergency and had confirmed occlusion of upper limb central veins and iliac veins. Transhepatic insertion of a long-term catheter was performed under general anesthesia. The catheter tip was placed at the level of the right atrium. Dialysis was satisfactorily performed on the same day.