ABSTRACT The development of new technologies and uses of electrical energy, such as distributed energy resources, pose new challenges and business opportunities for the electricity industry. In favor of making better use of information so that companies can efficiently manage their assets (minimizing investment and operating costs while improving service quality) and users rationally managing their demand (making efficient use of available energy resources). In this sense, Chile is experiencing a paradigm shift in the electricity sector, mainly seeking to improve energy efficiency. In this work, a survey of particularities and problems of the Electricity Distribution Systems is carried out so that these are considered as inputs in the Transmission Planning models used in Chile, specifically of the Zonal Transmission.

RESUMEN El desarrollo de nuevas tecnologías y usos de la energía eléctrica, como los recursos energéticos distribuidos, plantean nuevos desafíos y oportunidades de negocio para la industria eléctrica. Ello en pro de realizar un mejor uso de la información para que las empresas puedan gestionar de forma eficiente sus activos (minimizando los costes de inversión y operación, mejorando a su vez la calidad del servicio) y que los usuarios gestionen racionalmente su demanda (haciendo un uso eficiente de los recursos energéticos disponibles). En este sentido, Chile está experimentando un cambio de paradigma en el sector eléctrico, buscando principalmente mejorar la eficiencia energética. En este trabajo se presenta un análisis de las principales problemáticas de los recursos presentes en los Sistemas de Distribución Eléctrica, y se proponen algunas métricas con el fin de que estos sean considerados como insumos (inputs) en los modelos de Planificación de la Transmisión, específicamente en la Transmisión Zonal (o subtransmisión) en Chile.

Abstract Objective To describe the clinical results of patients admitted and managed as cases of placenta accreta spectrum (PAS) at a Central American public hospital and the influence of the prenatal diagnosis on the condition. Materials and Methods A retrospective analysis of PAS patients treated at Hospital Bertha Calderón Roque, in Managua, Nicaragua, between June 2017 and September 2021. The diagnostic criteria used were those of the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (Fédération Internationale de Gynécologie et d'Obstétrique, FIGO, in French). The population was divided into patients with a prenatal ultrasonographic diagnosis of PAS (group 1) and those whose the diagnosis of PAS was established at the time of the caesarean section (group 2). Results During the search, we found 103 cases with a histological and/or clinical diagnosis of PAS; groups 1 and 2 were composed of 51 and 52 patients respectively. Regarding the clinical results of both groups, the patients in group 1 presented a lower frequency of transfusions (56.9% versus 96.1% in group 2), use of a lower number of red blood cell units (RBCUs) among those undergoing transfusions (median: 1; interquartile range: [IQR]: 0–4 versus median: 3; [IQR]: 2–4] in group 2), and lower frequency of 4 or more RBCU transfusions (29.4% versus 46.1% in group 2). Group 1 also exhibited a non-significant trend toward a lower volume of blood loss (1,000 mL [IQR]: 750–2,000 mL versus 1,500 mL [IQR]: 1,200–1,800 mL in group 2), and lower requirement of pelvic packing (1.9% versus 7.7% in group 2). Conclusion Establishing a prenatal diagnosis of PAS is related to a lower frequency of transfusions. We observed a high frequency of prenatal diagnostic failures of PAS. It is a priority to improve prenatal detection of this disease.

ABSTRACT Rheumatic diseases constitute a group of conditions whose etiopathogenic mechanism focuses on the persistence of an inflammatory process that generates joint and systemic manifestations. Although it is not frequent, sometimes the inflammatory process generates serious complications that require surgical intervention, as is the case with acute cholecystitis. The case of a 36-year-old female patient is presented, with a diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus of 5 years of evolution who was admitted due to symptoms compatible with COVID-19 and after 6 days of hospitalization she began with a clear picture of acute abdomen that required emergency surgical intervention. The picture is presented due to the coexistence of rheumatic disease, COVID-19 infection and the acute event secondary to the inflammatory process that both conditions generate.

RESUMEN Las enfermedades reumáticas constituyen un grupo de afecciones cuyo mecanismo patogénico se enfoca en la persistencia de un proceso inflamatorio que origina manifestaciones articulares y sistémicas. Aunque no es frecuente, en ocasiones el proceso inflamatorio genera complicaciones graves que requieren intervención quirúrgica como es el caso de la colecistitis aguda. Se presenta el caso de una paciente femenina de 36 años de edad, con diagnóstico de lupus eritematoso sistémico de 5 años de evolución que ingresa con COVID-19 y a los 6 días de hospitalización comienza con un cuadro franco de abdomen agudo que requirió intervención quirúrgica de urgencia. Se presenta el cuadro por la coexistencia de la enfermedad reumática, la infección por COVID-19 y el evento agudo secundario al proceso inflamatorio que causan ambas afecciones.

ABSTRACT Throughout the 20th century, the construction industry has been using large quantities of concrete. Consequently, the demand for natural aggregates has increased, making it necessary to counteract their use. In this context, this work aims at presenting a literature review of the use of lightweight materials to produce low-density concrete, whose thermal insulation is mainly made using lightweight aggregates. In this framework, 52 articles indexed between 2017 and 2021 in the Scopus database were reviewed. The results revealed that, by employing ceramsite sludge as an aggregate, a density of 1,251 kg/m3 can be obtained and, with expanded clay aggregates, compressive strengths from 17.7 to 66.1 MPa can be obtained. In conclusion, it was determined that the use of lightweight materials in concrete production can reduce its density, in addition to contributing to the reduction of environmental damage.

RESUMEN A lo largo del siglo XX la industria de la construcción viene empleando grandes cantidades de hormigón, en consecuencia, ha aumentado la demanda de los agregados naturales, de manera que se hace necesario contrarrestar el uso de estos. Frente a tal contexto, el presente trabajo tiene como objetivo presentar una revisión literaria del uso de materiales ligeros para producir hormigón de baja densidad, el cual posee aislamiento térmico que se produce principalmente con agregados ligeros. En ese marco, se revisaron 52 artículos indexados entre los años 2017 y 2021 en la base de datos de Scopus. Los resultados revelaron que, empleando ceramsite de lodo como árido, se puede obtener una densidad de 1251 kg/m3 y, con agregados de arcilla expandida, se puede obtener resistencias a la compresión desde 17.7 a 66.1 MPa. En conclusión, se logró determinar que con el uso de materiales livianos en la producción de hormigón se puede disminuir su densidad, además de contribuir en la reducción de daños que se generan al medio ambiente.

Abstract COVID-19 has caused massive disruption at different levels. Scholars around the world have produced a significant number of studies to understand, reduce and predict the effects of this pandemic. Prediction models are crucial at this time of uncertainty and labor indicators are key macroeconomics variables to plan the recovery of the effects of COVID-19. This study aims to model and predict the trend of the Ecuadorian labor system. The statistical analysis model applied for this study was the X-13ARIMA to predict the behavior of four indicators of the Ecuadorian labor system and establish their natural tendency by isolating the COVID-19 variable and determine the quantitative impact of the pandemic. The results show that the labor system was greatly affected by the COVID-19 outbreak; however, a deterioration was already observed in full employment and expanded underemployment. The study concludes that the pandemic altered seasonality of the labor indicators.

Resumen El COVID-19 ha causado una interrupción masiva en diferentes niveles. Académicos de todo el mundo han producido una cantidad significativa de estudios para comprender, reducir y predecir los efectos de esta pandemia. Los modelos de predicción son cruciales en este momento de incertidumbre y los indicadores laborales son variables macroeconómicas clave para planificar la recuperación de los efectos del COVID-19. Este estudio tiene como objetivo modelar y predecir la tendencia del sistema laboral ecuatoriano. El modelo de análisis estadístico aplicado para este estudio fue el X-13ARIMA para predecir el comportamiento de cuatro indicadores del sistema laboral ecuatoriano y establecer su tendencia natural aislando la variable COVID-19 y determinar el impacto cuantitativo de la pandemia. Los resultados muestran que el sistema laboral se vio muy afectado por el brote de COVID-19; sin embargo, ya se observaba un deterioro en el pleno empleo y el subempleo ampliado. El estudio concluye que la pandemia alteró la estacionalidad de los indicadores laborales.

RESUMO As hortaliças estão expostas a constantes infecções por inúmeras doenças, incluindo as causadas pelo oomiceto Phytophthora capsici. Este microrganismo é um patógeno vegetal polífago, capaz de infectar dezenas de espécies de plantas cultivadas ou invasoras. O objetivo desta revisão é abordar tópicos relacionados à etiologia e sintomas das doenças causadas por este oomiceto (queima de folhas, podridão da raiz, podridão da coroa e podridão dos frutos), bem como também a integração e aplicação de diferentes alternativas de controle como genética, cultural, física, biológica e química. É assim que, culturas como pimentão (Capsicum annuum), pimenta (Capsicum spp.), tomate (Solanum lycopersicum), berinjela (S. melongena), cucurbitáceas (Cucumis sativus, Cucurbita spp.), entre outras, estão sujeitas a perdas econômicas consideráveis. Elevada umidade do solo, altas temperaturas, estruturas de resistência do patógeno (oósporos), baixa disponibilidade de cultivares resistentes e reduzida disponibilidade de fungicidas eficazes são condições que dificultam o manejo de doenças causadas por P. capsici no campo. Apesar da importância irrefutável deste patógeno, as informações existentes sobre seu manejo integrado são limitadas. Portanto, uma gestão bem sucedida das lavouras dependerá em grande parte de seu conhecimento e controle. Assim, a aplicação conjunta de diferentes estratégias de controle visa manter o patógeno em níveis populacionais baixos e também manter a epidemia sob o limiar de danos econômicos. No final, um manejo integrado para P. capsici poderá gerar maiores retornos econômicos, colheitas sustentáveis de longo prazo, redução do impacto ambiental e produtos de melhor qualidade para os consumidores.

ABSTRACT Vegetable crops are exposed to constant infection by numerous diseases, including those caused by the oomycete Phytophthora capsici. This microorganism is a polyphagous plant pathogen, capable of infecting dozens of plant species, including cultivated plants and weeds. The aim of this review is to address topics related to etiology and symptoms of the diseases caused by this oomycete (leaf blight, root rot, crown rot and fruit rot), as well as the integration and application of different control alternatives, such as genetics, cultural, physical, biological, and chemical. Crops such as sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum), chili pepper (Capsicum spp.), tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), eggplant (S. melongena), cucurbits (Cucumis sativus, Cucurbita spp.), among others, are subject to considerable economic losses induced by this pathogen. High soil humidity, high temperatures, resistance structures of the pathogen (oospores), scarce availability of resistant cultivars and a reduced range of effective fungicides are conditions that difficult the management of diseases caused by P. capsici in the field. Despite the irrefutable importance of this pathogen, the existing information regarding its integrated management is limited. Therefore, a successful management will depend to a great extent on its knowledge and its control. Thus, the joint application of different control strategies seeks to maintain the pathogen at low population levels and also keeping the epidemics under the threshold of economic loss. At the end, an integrated pest management approach for P. capsici could result in higher economic returns, long-term sustainable harvests, reduction of the environment impact and better quality products for consumers.

Resumen La temperatura es la principal variable ambiental de la que dependen las lagartijas para mantener sus procesos metabólicos, esta influencia el desempeño locomotor. Debido a esto, si la temperatura ambiental aumenta como consecuencia del cambio climático, los lacertilios podrían verse afectados fisiológica y ecológicamente. Evaluamos la eficiencia térmica y el desempeño locomotor de 3 poblaciones de Microlophus indefatigabilis. Registramos las temperaturas corporales, seleccionadas y críticas de los organismos, su desempeño locomotor y temperaturas operativas durante la temporada fría de 2017. Analizamos las temperaturas ambientales durante el fenómeno de El Niño de 1997 y 2015. Calculamos sus horas de restricción térmica durante el muestreo y ante los posibles aumentos en la temporada fría durante El Niño. Encontramos que las temperaturas corporales variaron significativamente entre poblaciones, pero conservan sus temperaturas seleccionadas, las cuales son cercanas a su temperatura óptima. Microlophus indefatigabilis tiende a termorregular y el extremo superior de su amplitud térmica está cercano a la temperatura crítica máxima. En años sin influencia de El Niño, la población con escasa cobertura vegetal presentó horas de restricción, pero con el aumento de las temperaturas ambientales, la especie podría incrementar sus horas de restricción, limitando sus horas de alimentación.

Abstract Temperature is the main environmental variable that lizards depend on to maintain their metabolic processes, this influence locomotor performance. Thereafter, if the environmental temperature increases, because of climate change, the lizards could be affected physiologically and ecologically. We evaluated the thermal efficiency and locomotor performance of 3 populations of Microlophus indefatigabilis. We recorded body, selected and critical temperatures of the organisms, their locomotor performance, and operative temperatures during the cold season of 2017. We obtained the environmental temperatures during the El Niño 1997 and 2015 events. We calculated their restriction hours during the sampling year and in possible increases in the cold season during El Niño. We found that body temperatures varied significantly among populations, but keep their selected temperatures, which are close to their optimum temperature for locomotor performance. Microlophus indefatigabilis is a thermoregulator in which its maximum values are close to its critical maximum temperature. Under normal years without El Niño event, the population with scarce vegetation cover presented hours of restriction, but with the increase in environmental temperatures, the species could increase its hours of restriction, limiting its feeding hours.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Beta-lactam antibiotics are the most used in the treatment of urinary infections in Peru. Bacterial resistance is frequently produced by the presence of Extended Spectrum Betalactamases (ESBL) in Enterobacteriaceae. Objective: To determine the multi-resistance in E. coli associated to extended spectrum beta-lactamases in urine cultures from adults residing in the province of Tambopata-Madre De Dios. The study: Non-experimental, descriptive study, detection and confirmation of ESBL was performed with the double disc technique using ceftazidime, cefotaxime, cefepime, aztreonam and amoxicillin plus clavulanic acid. Microbial resistance and susceptibility was identified using the diffusion disk technique. Findings: 162 strains of E. coli were isolated. Strains with resistance to the antibiotics ampicillin (71%), trimethoprine sulfamethoxazole (49%), ciprofloxacin acid (37%), nalidixic acid (37%) and aztreonam (31%) were identified. Conclusion: There is antimicrobial resistance mediated by ESBL-producing strains of E. coli.

RESUMEN Introducción: Los antibióticos betalactámicos son los más utilizados en el tratamiento de las infecciones urinarias en el Perú. La resistencia bacteriana se produce frecuentemente por la presencia de Betalactamasas de Espectro Extendido (BLEE) en enterobacterias. Objetivo: Determinar la multirresistencia en E. coli asociada a betalactamasas de espectro extendido en urocultivos de adultos que residen en la provincia de Tambopata-Madre De Dios. El estudio: Estudio no experimental, descriptivo, la detección y la confirmación de BLEE se realizó con la técnica de doble disco usando ceftazidima, cefotaxima, cefepime, aztreonam y amoxicilina más ácido clavulánico. La resistencia y susceptibilidad microbiana se identificó usando la técnica de disco de difusión. Hallazgos: Se aislaron 162 cepas de E. coli. Se identificaron cepas con resistencia a los antibióticos ampicilina (71%), trimetoprim sulfametoxazol (49%), ácido ciprofloxacino (37%), ácido nalidíxico (37%) y aztreonam (31%). Conclusión: Existe resistencia antimicrobiana mediada por cepas de E. coli productoras BLEE.

Abstract Introduction: COVID-19, caused by the betacoronavirus SARS-CoV-2, has overwhelmed the world's health systems. Objective: To describe the epidemiological characteristics of patients treated in a tertiary care hospital. Methods: A retrospective cohort study of patients diagnosed with or suspected of having COVID-19 from March 23 to July 31, 2020 was conducted. Results: 4,401 patients were hospitalized at the Central Military Hospital, out of which 35 % were beneficiaries, 26 % civilians, 28 % active military, and only 11%, retired military. Male gender predominated, both in hospitalized patients and in those who died, as well as the O+ group and absence of comorbidities; among the observed comorbidities, the main ones were overweight and diabetes. Hospitalized patients' median age was 49 years, while median age of those who died was 62 years; women older than 51 years had a higher risk of dying. Adjusted case fatality rate was 18.5 %; 50 % died within the first six days. Conclusions: In this study, the epidemiological characteristics and main comorbidities in Mexican patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection were identified.

Resumen Introducción: COVID-19, causada por el betacoronavirus SARS-CoV-2, ha saturado los sistemas de salud del mundo. Objetivo: Describir las características epidemiológicas de los pacientes atendidos en un hospital de tercer nivel. Métodos: Se realizó una cohorte retrospectiva de pacientes con diagnóstico o sospecha de COVID-19, del 23 de marzo al 31 de julio de 2020. Resultados: En el Hospital Central Militar se hospitalizaron 4401 pacientes, 35 % derechohabientes, 26 % civiles, 28 % militares en activo y solo 11 %, militares retirados. Predominó el sexo masculino, tanto en los pacientes hospitalizados como en los que fallecieron, el grupo O+ y la ausencia de comorbilidades; entre las comorbilidades que se observaron, las principales fueron el sobrepeso y la diabetes. La mediana de edad de los pacientes hospitalizados fue de 49 años, mientras que 62 años fue la edad de quienes fallecieron; las mujeres mayores de 51 años tuvieron mayor riesgo de fallecer. La tasa de letalidad ajustada fue de 18.5 %; 50 % falleció durante los primeros seis días. Conclusiones: En este estudio se lograron identificar las características epidemiológicas y se destacaron las principales comorbilidades en pacientes mexicanos con infección por SARS-CoV-2.

Resumen El objetivo de este artículo es investigar teóricamente la aplicabilidad del modelo de precios de activos de capital en mercados emergentes. El modelo mide el riesgo utilizando el coeficiente beta, que se deriva de un equilibrio, mismo que el modelo asume como constante. Sin embargo, el uso del modelo CAPM en mercados emergentes resulta complejo e incluso controversial. Mediante una revisión teórica y sistemática, este estudio recoge las contribuciones publicadas desde el año 1964 hasta el año 2021 en las bases de datos Scopus, JSTOR, red Redalyc y el sistema Dialnet. Se exploró analítica y cronológicamente las contribuciones destacando la literatura a favor y en contra del modelo, lo que permitió concluir que existen varias fórmulas con diferentes variables propuestas por autores que han tratado de acomodar el modelo a las condiciones que presentan los mercados emergentes, sin embargo, queda claro que no existe una fórmula universal.

Abstract The objective of this paper is to theoretically investigate the applicability of the capital asset pricing model in emerging markets. The model measures risk by beta, which follows from an equilibrium, in which the CAPM model assumes that equilibrium conditions do not change. However, the use of the CAPM model in emerging markets has proved challenging and even controversial. Using a theoretical and systematic review, this study acknowledges contributions published from 1964 to 2021 in databases such as Scopus, JSTOR, Redalyc and Dialnet. In addition, this study analytically and chronologically explores those contributions highlighting the literature in favor of the model and the literature against the model, which allowed to conclude that there are several formulas with different variables proposed by authors who have tried to accommodate the model to the conditions of emerging markets, however, it is clear that there is no a universal formula.

ABSTRACT Objective. To analyze the changes in the density of human resources in health (DHRH), in the Ministry of Health at the regional and provincial level in Peru, in order to describe the response of the health system on this component during the COVID-19 epidemic. Methods. Descriptive study based on the analysis of the INFORHUS national database of the Ministry of Health. To calculate the DHRH, the health personnel registered in the INFORHUS database were considered as the numerator and the population assigned to the Seguro Integral de Salud - SIS as the denominator. Health personnel who died and were still registered, and personnel diagnosed with COVID-19 by rapid or molecular testing during the months considered in the analysis, were excluded. The percentage changes of DHRH between the months of april to august 2020 were analyzed at the regional and provincial level in Peru. Results. In the april-august 2020 period, in response to the first phase of the COVID-19 pandemic, Peru increased the DHRH by 5,1%. At the regional level, this increase was achieved in 15 of the 25 regions with a variation from 0,2% to 12,3%, and a sharp and sustained reduction in appointed personnel was observed, together with an increase in personnel with temporary contracts. In the rest of the regions, a reduction in DHRH was observed, which ranged from -0,7% to -7,7%. Conclusions. DHRH in Peru showed a slight increase at the national level during the first quarantine period due to the COVID-19 pandemic, however, this result has not been equitable in the different regions and provinces at the national level. This suggests a limitation in the scope of the measures taken by the government, and the need to take actions to strengthen the health situation and deployment of human resources in health in the most disadvantaged sectors.

RESUMEN Objetivo. Analizar los cambios en la Densidad de Recursos Humanos en Salud (DRHS) en el Ministerio de Salud a nivel regional y provincial en el Perú; a fin de describir la respuesta del sistema de salud sobre este componente durante la epidemia de COVID-19. Métodos. Estudio descriptivo basado en el análisis de la base de datos nacional de INFORHUS del Ministerio de Salud. Para el cálculo de la DRHS, se consideró como numerador al personal de salud registrado en la base de INFORHUS y como denominador a la población adscrita al Seguro Integral de Salud - SIS. Se excluyó a personal de salud que falleció y aún estaba registrado, y a personal diagnosticado de COVID-19 por prueba rápida o molecular durante los meses considerados en el análisis. Se analizaron los cambios porcentuales de DRHS entre los meses de abril hasta agosto de 2020 a nivel regional y provincial en el Perú. Resultados. En el periodo abril-agosto la DRHS a nivel nacional se incrementó en un 5,1%. A nivel regional este incremento se logró en 15 de las 25 regiones con una variación desde 0,2% hasta 12,3%, y se visualizó una reducción brusca y sostenida del personal nombrado, juntamente con un incremento del personal con contratos temporales. En el resto de las regiones se visualizó una reducción de DRHS la cual varió entre -0,7% hasta -7,7%. Conclusiones. La DRHS en el Perú mostró un leve incremento a nivel nacional durante el primer periodo de cuarentena por la pandemia de COVID-19; sin embargo, este resultado no ha sido equitativo en las diferentes regiones y provincias a nivel nacional. Esto sugiere una limitación en el alcance de las medidas tomadas por el gobierno, y la necesidad de tomar acciones para el fortalecimiento de la situación de salud y despliegue de RHUS en los sectores más desfavorecidos.

Abstract: Accessibility is a fundamental right of people with physical disabilities. The general objective of the work is to address the rights of people with disabilities and their violation regarding their access to public transportation in the period of the COVID-19 pandemic. In this period, this problem has been accentuated due to non-compliance with the regulations that establish these rights or the security measures to face the pandemic.

Resumen: La accesibilidad es un derecho fundamental en las personas con discapacidad física. El objetivo general del trabajo es abordar los derechos de las personas con discapacidad y su vulneración respecto a su acceso a los medios de transporte público en el periodo de la pandemia por COVID - 19. En este periodo se ha acentuado este problema debido al incumplimiento de las regulaciones que establecen estos derechos ni las medidas de seguridad para el enfrentamiento a la pandemia.

RESUMO: O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o efeito da suplementação na dieta de cobaias com inulina, em níveis crescentes (0,1%, 0,2%, 0,4%) como substituto para um antibiótico promotor de crescimento (AGP, bacitracina de zinco) além do grupo controle (dieta padrão). Foram utilizados 50 porquinhos-da-índia machos com 14 dias de idade. Os parâmetros produtivos foram avaliados do desmame aos 70 dias de idade e os parâmetros morfológicos intestinais foram avaliados no duodeno, jejuno e íleo no momento do abate. Foi encontrado um efeito linear do nível de inulina sobre na taxa de conversão alimentar (FCR; P = 0,006), indicando que em níveis mais elevados de inulina o FCR diminui. Não houve diferença significativa entre os grupos quando avaliado o efeito dos diferentes tratamentos sobre o consumo de ração e ganho de peso corporal (P > 0,05). Um efeito linear do nível de inulina foi encontrado no comprimento das vilosidades (VL), na largura das vilosidades (VW) e na relação comprimento / profundidade (VL/DC) no duodeno, sobre a VW no jejuno; e no VL no íleo (P < 0,05). Em conclusão, um efeito linear do aumento do nível de inulina foi encontrado na taxa de conversão alimentar e nos parâmetros morfológicos da integridade do duodeno, além disso, não houve diferença entre a adição de inulina na dieta e o tratamento com um antibiótico promotor de crescimento.

ABSTRACT: This study evaluated the effect of the three inulin levels (0.1%, 0.2%, 0.4%) supplemented as a substitute for an antibiotic growth promoter (AGP, zinc bacitracin) and control in guinea pigs raised for human consumption. Fifty 14-day-old male guinea pigs were used. Productive parameters (weight gain, total dry matter intake, and feed conversion ratio (FCR)) and intestinal morphology of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum at slaughter (70 days of age) were evaluated. An inverse relationship was observed between inulin levels and FCR (linear effect; P = 0.006). There was no statistically significant effect of the treatments on total dry matter intake and weight gain (P > 0.05). A linear effect of the inulin level on the villi’s length (VL), villi’s width (VW), and length/depth ratio (VL/DC) in the duodenum; VW in the jejunum; and VL in the ileum (P <0 .05) was reported. In conclusion, a linear effect of the increasing doses of inulin was found on the FCR and the morphological parameters of the duodenum’s integrity, and no differences in the effects of the inulin added to the diet and the treatment with AGP were found.

Abstract Introduction Systemic administration of pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) causes brain damage (BD), and triggers a series of morphological and neurochemical changes, which in turn bring about behavioral, cognitive, and motor deficits. Serotonin (5-HT), dopamine (DA), and noradrenaline (NA) levels are controlled by various brain structures and these levels are related to motor activity; however, the concentration of these neurotransmitters during the postictal process remains unknown. Objective We investigated the concentration of 5-HT, NA and DA in the hippocampus, cerebellum, and cortex on motor deficit during the postictal stage. Method Eighteen male Wistar rats (300 g) assigned to two groups: control (n = 9, saline solution) and experimental (n = 9, PTZ) were used. Myoclonic shakes were counted and motor behavior assessments were recorded during three hours post PTZ injection (90 mg/kg). The cortex, cerebellum, and hippocampus of each rat were dissected to determine the 5-HT, DA, and NA concentration by high performance liquid chromatography. Results PTZ induced a significant increase in total 5-HT and DA levels in the hippocampus and cortex; in the cerebellum there was a significant increase in the concentration of 5-HT and NA. The presence of myoclonic shakes as well as a marked motor deficit in the experimental group were significantly different in comparison to the control. Discussion and conclusion 5-HT modifies the concentration of other monoamines directly involved in motor aspects such as NA and DA in the hippocampus, cerebellum, and cortex during the postictal process.

Resumen Introducción La administración sistémica de pentilentetrazol (PTZ) causa daño cerebral y desencadena una serie de cambios morfológicos y neuroquímicos que a su vez provocan déficits conductuales, cognitivos y motores. Los niveles de serotonina (5-HT), dopamina (DA) y noradrenalina (NA) son modulados por varias estructuras cerebrales y sus concentraciones se relacionan con la actividad motora; sin embargo, se desconoce la concentración de estos neurotransmisores durante el proceso postictal. Objetivo Evaluar la manera en que la concentración de 5-HT, NA y DA en el hipocampo, el cerebelo y la corteza influye en el déficit motor durante la etapa postictal. Método Se utilizaron 18 ratas macho Wistar (300 g), divididas en dos grupos: control (n = 9, solución salina) y experimental (n = 9, PTZ). Se registraron las sacudidas mioclónicas y se evaluó el comportamiento motor durante tres horas después de la inyección de PTZ (90 mg/kg). Se extrajeron la corteza, el cerebelo y el hipocampo de cada rata para determinar la concentración de 5-HT, DA y NA mediante cromatografía líquida de alta resolución. Resultados La administración de PTZ indujo un aumento significativo en los niveles totales de 5-HT y DA en el hipocampo y la corteza; en el cerebelo hubo un aumento significativo en la concentración de 5-HT y NA. Se encontró una diferencia significativa entre el grupo experimental y control con respecto a las sacudidas mioclónicas; asimismo, los animales del grupo experimental mostraron un marcado déficit motor. Discusión y conclusión La 5-HT modula la concentración de otras monoaminas involucradas directamente en aspectos motores tal como NA y DA en el hipocampo, el cerebelo y la corteza durante el proceso postictal.

Objective: To measure the time (days), before and after implementing a breast surveillance unit, for following-up patients with a mammography suspicious for breast cancer, until they had an anatomopathological diagnosis or a clinical intervention. Materials and methods: A quasi-experimental pre-post study was designed to compare the median times (days) for referral and diagnosis of breast cancer without the implementation of a breast surveillance unit in 2014-2015 and after its implementation in 2017, in third-level Suarez-Angamos Hospital - EsSalud (Peruvian Social Security). A nonparametric analysis was performed using the Mann-Whitney U test. Results: Ninety-nine patients were included. The time interval for referral without the breast surveillance unit had a 37.0 days median, compared to 33 days when the unit had been implemented (p= 0.003). With respect to the time for achieving a diagnosis, the median was 189 days without the unit and 56 days with the implementation of the breast surveillance unit (p<0.001). Conclusion: The implementation of a breast surveillance unit reduces the time for achieving an adequate and timely diagnosis of breast cancer in patients with suspicious mammography in the Rebagliati - EsSalud Healthcare Network.

Objetivo: Medir los tiempos (días) antes y después de la implementación de una unidad de mamovigilancia, para el seguimiento de las pacientes con sospecha mamográfica de cáncer, hasta su diagnóstico anatomopatológico o intervención clínica. Materiales y métodos: Se diseñó un estudio cuasi experimental pre-post, para comparar la mediana de los tiempos (días) en los intervalos de referencia y diagnóstico, sin la implementación de una unidad de mamovigilancia en el 2014-2015 y con su implementación en el 2017, en el Hospital III Suarez Angamos - EsSalud. Se realizó un análisis no paramétrico con la prueba U de Mann- Whitney. Resultados: Se incluyeron 99 pacientes. El intervalo de referencia sin la unidad de mamovigilancia, tuvo una mediana de 37 días, en comparación a 33 días con la unidad implementada (p=0,003). Sobre el intervalo de diagnóstico, su mediana fue de 189 días sin la unidad y de 56 días con la unidad de mamovigilancia implementada (p<0,001). Conclusión: La implementación de una unidad de mamovigilancia disminuye los tiempos en días en beneficio del diagnóstico oportuno del cáncer en pacientes con sospecha mamográfica en la Red Asistencial Rebagliati-EsSalud.