Abstract: The present study aimed to characterize the chemical elements and cytotoxicity of Carnoy's solution (CS) by comparing two different trademarked products (one Brazilian [NCS] and another imported [ICS]) using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and human keratinocyte (HaCaT) cultures. For performing ICP-MS, the solutions were diluted according to calibration curves, and the chemical elements were analyzed with a spectrometer. HaCaT cells were exposed to CS concentrations ranging from 0.10% to 20% for 3 or 5 min. Cell viability was evaluated immediately (T0), 24 h (T1), and 7 days (T2) after exposure to CS using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) reduction assay. Data were analyzed using a t-test for ICP-MS and analysis of variance followed by Tukey's post-hoc test for MTT assay, both considering statistical significance at p<0.05. ICP-MS results revealed that ICS presented significantly lower concentrations of 12 chemical elements than NCS. The results of MTT assay revealed that at T0, ICS was more cytotoxic than NCS regardless of the time of exposure (p < 0.05). At T1, the only difference between the groups was at a concentration of 0.10% after 5 min of exposure. At T2, at a concentration of 0.5%, ICS resulted in a significant reduction in cell viability compared to NCS (p < 0.05). Thus, the results showed that ICS was more cytotoxic than NCS. Collectively, our findings suggest that the individual compositions of different CS formulations should be investigated.

Abstract Objective To verify the internal consistency and stability of the Charing Cross Venous Ulcer Questionnaire - Brazil (CCVUQ-Brazil). Methods This was a methodological study conducted in two cities from different regions of Brazil (Goiania and Niteroi), from June 2016 to June 2018. The sample for internal consistency was composed of 112 individuals and for stability 74 participants were evaluated. All the individuals presented with a venous ulcer and received care in the public health network. For internal consistency analysis the Cronbach's alpha was calculated. The questionnaire was administered twice with a 30 minutes interval and for the stability analysis the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was calculated. Results The CCVUQ-Brazil presented a Cronbach's alpha score of 0.92, and for the domains (social interaction, domestic activities, aesthetics and emotional state) it was above 0.70. The stability was excellent (ICC = 0.96) for total score of the questionnaire and for the majority of the domains. Conclusion The CCVUQ- Brazil showed good internal consistency, considering the two locations analyzed, and excellent stability in the Goiania.

Resumen Objetivo: Verificar la consistencia interna y estabilidad del Charing Cross Venous Ulcer Questionnaire - Brasil (CCVUQ-Brasil). Métodos: Se trata de una investigación metodológica realizada en dos regiones de Brasil (Goiânia y Niterói), en el período de junio de 2016 a junio de 2018. La muestra para la consistencia interna fue compuesta por 112 personas y, para la estabilidad, 74 pacientes fueron estudiados, todos con úlcera venosa atendidos en la red pública de salud. Para analizar la consistencia interna se calculó el alfa de Cronbach. Para la estabilidad, se aplicó el cuestionario dos veces con un intervalo de 30 minutos y para analizarlo se calculó el coeficiente de correlación intraclase (CCI). Resultados: El CCVUQ-Brasil presentó alfa de Cronbach igual a 0,92 en la puntuación total del cuestionario y en los dominios (interacción social, actividades domésticas, estética y estado emocional) fue superior a 0,70. La estabilidad fue excelente (CCI=0,96) en la puntuación total del cuestionario y en la mayoría de los dominios. Conclusión: El CCVUQ - Brasil obtuvo una buena consistencia interna considerando los dos escenarios estudiados y una excelente estabilidad en el escenario Goiânia.

Resumo Objetivo: Verificar a consistência interna e estabilidade do Charing Cross Venous Ulcer Questionnaire - Brasil (CCVUQ-Brasil). Métodos: Trata-se de uma pesquisa metodológica realizada em duas regiões do Brasil (Goiânia e Niterói), no período de junho de 2016 a junho de 2018. A amostra para a consistência interna foi composta por 112 pessoas e para a estabilidade foram avaliados 74 participantes, todos com úlcera venosa atendidas na rede pública de saúde. Para análise da consistência interna foi calculado o alfa de Cronbach. Para estabilidade, o questionário foi aplicado duas vezes com intervalo de 30 minutos e para sua análise foi calculado o coeficiente de correlação intraclasse (CCI). Resultados: O CCVUQ-Brasil apresentou alfa de Cronbach para pontuação total do questionário igual 0,92 e para os domínios (interação social, atividades domésticas, estética e estado emocional) foi acima de 0,70. A estabilidade foi excelente (CCI=0,96) para pontuação total do questionário e para a maioria dos domínios. Conclusão: O CCVUQ - Brasil obteve boa consistência interna considerando os dois cenários estudados e excelente estabilidade no cenário Goiânia.

Resumo Objetivo: Verificar a consistência interna e estabilidade do Charing Cross Venous Ulcer Questionnaire - Brasil (CCVUQ-Brasil). Métodos: Trata-se de uma pesquisa metodológica realizada em duas regiões do Brasil (Goiânia e Niterói), no período de junho de 2016 a junho de 2018. A amostra para a consistência interna foi composta por 112 pessoas e para a estabilidade foram avaliados 74 participantes, todos com úlcera venosa atendidas na rede pública de saúde. Para análise da consistência interna foi calculado o alfa de Cronbach. Para estabilidade, o questionário foi aplicado duas vezes com intervalo de 30 minutos e para sua análise foi calculado o coeficiente de correlação intraclasse (CCI). Resultados: O CCVUQ-Brasil apresentou alfa de Cronbach para pontuação total do questionário igual 0,92 e para os domínios (interação social, atividades domésticas, estética e estado emocional) foi acima de 0,70. A estabilidade foi excelente (CCI=0,96) para pontuação total do questionário e para a maioria dos domínios. Conclusão: O CCVUQ - Brasil obteve boa consistência interna considerando os dois cenários estudados e excelente estabilidade no cenário Goiânia.

Abstract Objective To verify the internal consistency and stability of the Charing Cross Venous Ulcer Questionnaire - Brazil (CCVUQ-Brazil). Methods This was a methodological study conducted in two cities from different regions of Brazil (Goiania and Niteroi), from June 2016 to June 2018. The sample for internal consistency was composed of 112 individuals and for stability 74 participants were evaluated. All the individuals presented with a venous ulcer and received care in the public health network. For internal consistency analysis the Cronbach's alpha was calculated. The questionnaire was administered twice with a 30 minutes interval and for the stability analysis the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was calculated. Results The CCVUQ-Brazil presented a Cronbach's alpha score of 0.92, and for the domains (social interaction, domestic activities, aesthetics and emotional state) it was above 0.70. The stability was excellent (ICC = 0.96) for total score of the questionnaire and for the majority of the domains. Conclusion The CCVUQ- Brazil showed good internal consistency, considering the two locations analyzed, and excellent stability in the Goiania.

Resumen Objetivo: Verificar la consistencia interna y estabilidad del Charing Cross Venous Ulcer Questionnaire - Brasil (CCVUQ-Brasil). Métodos: Se trata de una investigación metodológica realizada en dos regiones de Brasil (Goiânia y Niterói), en el período de junio de 2016 a junio de 2018. La muestra para la consistencia interna fue compuesta por 112 personas y, para la estabilidad, 74 pacientes fueron estudiados, todos con úlcera venosa atendidos en la red pública de salud. Para analizar la consistencia interna se calculó el alfa de Cronbach. Para la estabilidad, se aplicó el cuestionario dos veces con un intervalo de 30 minutos y para analizarlo se calculó el coeficiente de correlación intraclase (CCI). Resultados: El CCVUQ-Brasil presentó alfa de Cronbach igual a 0,92 en la puntuación total del cuestionario y en los dominios (interacción social, actividades domésticas, estética y estado emocional) fue superior a 0,70. La estabilidad fue excelente (CCI=0,96) en la puntuación total del cuestionario y en la mayoría de los dominios. Conclusión: El CCVUQ - Brasil obtuvo una buena consistencia interna considerando los dos escenarios estudiados y una excelente estabilidad en el escenario Goiânia.

Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of periodontal treatment on the salivary cytokine levels and clinical parameters of individuals with cerebral palsy (CP) with gingivitis. A non-randomized, clinical trial was conducted in individuals diagnosed with spastic CP. Thirty-eight individuals were enrolled in the study and were categorized according to gingival index scores between 0-1 or 2-3, assigned to groups G2 or G1, respectively. Periodontal treatment comprised oral hygiene instructions, conventional mechanical treatment and 0.12% chlorhexidine applied as an adjunct. Clinical parameters and saliva samples were collected at baseline and at the 15-day follow-up visit. Bleeding on probing and periodontal screening and recording were determined. Non-stimulated saliva samples were obtained, and the salivary flow rate, the osmolality and the levels of cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, TNF-α and IL-12p70 were evaluated by a cytometric bead array. The Wilcoxon test, the Mann-Whitney test, Spearman correlation analysis, Poisson regression analysis and an adjusted analysis were performed (α = 0.05). The groups differed significantly in periodontal clinical parameters at baseline and at follow-up. Salivary flow rate and osmolality were similar in both groups at both timepoints. However, TNF-α and IL-1β levels were higher in G1 than in G2 at baseline. Mechanical treatment resulted in improved clinical parameters for both groups. Furthermore, mechanical treatment resulted in a significant reduction in salivary IL-1β and IL-8 levels for both groups after treatment. Periodontal treatment performed in individuals with CP and gingivitis reduces the levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-8.

Abstract Objective The rDNA-based method is unable to distinguish between alive and dead cells. Alternatively, bacterial viability can be assessed by molecular methods based on ribosomal RNA (rRNA). Therefore, this study aimed to detect viable streptococci in root canal samples using rRNA-based reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), compared to an rDNA-based PCR assay. Methodology Microbiological root canal samples were obtained from 32 teeth with primary endodontic infections before (S1) and after chemomechanical preparation (S2), and after removal of intracanal medication (S3). RNA and DNA were extracted, and complementary DNA (cDNA) was synthesized from RNA using RT reaction. cDNA and genomic DNA were subjected to PCR with primers complementary to the 16S rRNA sequences of Streptococcus spp. McNemar’s test was used to compare the detection rate of both assays (P<0.05). Results Streptococci were detected in 28.12% (9/32) and 37.5% (12/32) of S1 samples using rRNA- and rDNA-based PCR assays, respectively. In contrast, they were detected in only 6.25% (2/32) of S2 samples using rRNA-based RT-PCR, compared to 15.62% (5/32) using rDNA-based PCR. Finally, in S3 samples, streptococci were not detected by rRNA, whereas rDNA-based PCR still detected the bacteria in 12.5% (4/32) of the samples. The total number of PCR-positive reactions in the rDNA-based PCR was higher than in the rRNA-based assay (P<0.05). Conclusions The rRNA-based RT-PCR showed a lower detection rate of streptococci when compared to the rDNA-based PCR, suggesting that the latter may have detected dead cells of streptococci in root canal samples.

Abstract Porphyromonas gingivalis is one of the most important Gram-negative anaerobe bacteria involved in the pathogenesis of periodontitis. P. gingivalis has an arsenal of specialized virulence factors that contribute to its pathogenicity. Among them, fimbriae play a role in the initial attachment and organization of biofilms. Different genotypes of fimA have been related to length of fimbriae and pathogenicity of the bacterium. Objectives The aim of this study was to identify 5 types of fimA genotype strains in smokers and nonsmokers with periodontitis, before and after periodontal therapy. Material and Methods Thirty-one patients with periodontitis harboring P. gingivalis were selected: 16 nonsmokers (NS) and 15 smokers (SM). Clinical and microbiological parameters were evaluated at baseline and 3 months after periodontal treatment, namely: plaque index, bleeding on probe, probing depth, gingival recession and clinical attachment level. The frequency of P. gingivalis and fimA genotype strains were determined by polymerase chain reaction. Results Type I fimA was detected in the majority of SM and NS at baseline, and the frequency did not diminish after 3 months of treatment. The frequency of type II genotype was higher in SM than NS at baseline. After 3 months, statistical reduction was observed only for types II and V fimA genotypes in SM. The highest association was found between types I and II at baseline for NS (37.5%) and SM (53.3%). Conclusion The most prevalent P. gingivalis fimA genotypes detected in periodontal and smoker patients were genotypes I and II. However, the presence of fimA genotype II was higher in SM. Periodontal treatment was effective in controlling periodontal disease and reducing type II and V P. gingivalis fimA.

Resumen Introducción La capacitación de los ciudadanos en la ayuda a las víctimas en riesgo de vida es fundamental en cualquier sociedad. Objetivo evaluar los conocimientos sobre Soporte Básico de Vida de los trabajadores de una Cámara Municipal del Norte de Portugal, antes y después de la implementación del programa de intervención "Capacitar para Salvar" y evaluar las competencias demostradas, después de la participación en el programa de intervención. Materiales y Métodos Se trata de un estudio de tipo cuasi-experimental y longitudinal, donde se utilizó un cuestionario, constituido por 2 partes (caracterización sociodemográfica y evaluación de conocimientos) y una plantilla de evaluación de competencias. En el 1° momento fueron evaluados los conocimientos sobre Soporte Básico de Vida e implementado un programa de intervención, siendo que en el 2º momento fueron evaluados los conocimientos y competencias sobre Soporte Básico de Vida. Resultados Participaron en el estudio 97 trabajadores. Los resultados mostraron que los trabajadores poseen conocimientos y competencias insuficientes en Soporte Básico de Vida. Discusión y Conclusiones Se verificaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en los conocimientos y competencias en Soporte Básico de Vida. Implicaciones para la práctica: implementación de estrategias que promuevan la formación en Soporte Básico de Vida a todos los ciudadanos, tanto en el nivel de la transmisión de conocimientos como en la formación práctica.

Abstract Introduction Training citizens to help victims in life-threatening situations is fundamental in any society. Objective to evaluate the knowledge on Basic Life Support by workers in a Municipal Council of the north of Portugal, before and after implementing the intervention program "Train to Save" and assess the skills shown after participating in the intervention program. Materials and Methods This was a quasi-experimental longitudinal study, using a questionnaire, which comprised two parts (sociodemographic characterization and evaluation of knowledge) and a skills-assessment grid. In the first moment, knowledge on Basic Life Support was evaluated and an intervention program was implemented; the second moment evaluated the knowledge and skills on Basic Life Support. Results The study had the participation of 97 workers. The results revealed that the workers had insufficient knowledge and skills in Basic Life Support. Discussion and Conclusions Statistically significant differences were verified of knowledge and skills in Basic Life Support. Implications for the practice: implementation of strategies that promote training in Basic Life Support for all citizens at knowledge transmission level and in practical formation.

Resumo Introdução A capacitação dos cidadãos no auxílio a vítimas em risco de vida é fundamental em qualquer sociedade. Objetivo avaliar os conhecimentos sobre Suporte Básico de Vida dos trabalhadores de uma Câmara Municipal do norte de Portugal, antes e após a implementação do programa de intervenção "Capacitar para Salvar" e avaliar as competências demonstradas, após a participação no programa de intervenção. Materiais e Métodos Trata-se de um estudo do tipo quase-experimental e longitudinal, onde foi utilizado um questionário, constituído por 2 partes (caraterização sociodemográfica e avaliação de conhecimentos) e uma grelha de avaliação de competências. No 1º momento foram avaliados os conhecimentos sobre Suporte Básico de Vida e implementado um programa de intervenção, sendo que no 2º momento, foram avaliados os conhecimentos e competências sobre Suporte Básico de Vida. Resultados Participaram no estudo 97 trabalhadores. Os resultados mostraram que os trabalhadores possuem conhecimentos e competências insuficientes em Suporte Básico de Vida. Discussão e Conclusões Verificaram-se diferenças estatisticamente significativas nos conhecimentos e competências em Suporte Básico de Vida. Implicações para a prática: implementação de estratégias que promovam a formação em Suporte Básico de Vida a todos cidadãos, quer ao nível da transmissão de conhecimentos, quer da formação prática.

Abstract Introduction Training citizens to help victims in life-threatening situations is fundamental in any society. Objective to evaluate the knowledge on Basic Life Support by workers in a Municipal Council of the north of Portugal, before and after implementing the intervention program "Train to Save" and assess the skills shown after participating in the intervention program. Materials and Methods This was a quasi-experimental longitudinal study, using a questionnaire, which comprised two parts (sociodemographic characterization and evaluation of knowledge) and a skills-assessment grid. In the first moment, knowledge on Basic Life Support was evaluated and an intervention program was implemented; the second moment evaluated the knowledge and skills on Basic Life Support. Results The study had the participation of 97 workers. The results revealed that the workers had insufficient knowledge and skills in Basic Life Support. Discussion and Conclusions Statistically significant differences were verified of knowledge and skills in Basic Life Support. Implications for the practice: implementation of strategies that promote training in Basic Life Support for all citizens at knowledge transmission level and in practical formation.

Resumen Introducción La capacitación de los ciudadanos en la ayuda a las víctimas en riesgo de vida es fundamental en cualquier sociedad. Objetivo evaluar los conocimientos sobre Soporte Básico de Vida de los trabajadores de una Cámara Municipal del Norte de Portugal, antes y después de la implementación del programa de intervención "Capacitar para Salvar" y evaluar las competencias demostradas, después de la participación en el programa de intervención. Materiales y Métodos Se trata de un estudio de tipo cuasi-experimental y longitudinal, donde se utilizó un cuestionario, constituido por 2 partes (caracterización sociodemográfica y evaluación de conocimientos) y una plantilla de evaluación de competencias. En el 1° momento fueron evaluados los conocimientos sobre Soporte Básico de Vida e implementado un programa de intervención, siendo que en el 2º momento fueron evaluados los conocimientos y competencias sobre Soporte Básico de Vida. Resultados Participaron en el estudio 97 trabajadores. Los resultados mostraron que los trabajadores poseen conocimientos y competencias insuficientes en Soporte Básico de Vida. Discusión y Conclusiones Se verificaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en los conocimientos y competencias en Soporte Básico de Vida. Implicaciones para la práctica: implementación de estrategias que promuevan la formación en Soporte Básico de Vida a todos los ciudadanos, tanto en el nivel de la transmisión de conocimientos como en la formación práctica.

Resumo Introdução A capacitação dos cidadãos no auxílio a vítimas em risco de vida é fundamental em qualquer sociedade. Objetivo avaliar os conhecimentos sobre Suporte Básico de Vida dos trabalhadores de uma Câmara Municipal do norte de Portugal, antes e após a implementação do programa de intervenção "Capacitar para Salvar" e avaliar as competências demonstradas, após a participação no programa de intervenção. Materiais e Métodos Trata-se de um estudo do tipo quase-experimental e longitudinal, onde foi utilizado um questionário, constituído por 2 partes (caraterização sociodemográfica e avaliação de conhecimentos) e uma grelha de avaliação de competências. No 1º momento foram avaliados os conhecimentos sobre Suporte Básico de Vida e implementado um programa de intervenção, sendo que no 2º momento, foram avaliados os conhecimentos e competências sobre Suporte Básico de Vida. Resultados Participaram no estudo 97 trabalhadores. Os resultados mostraram que os trabalhadores possuem conhecimentos e competências insuficientes em Suporte Básico de Vida. Discussão e Conclusões Verificaram-se diferenças estatisticamente significativas nos conhecimentos e competências em Suporte Básico de Vida. Implicações para a prática: implementação de estratégias que promovam a formação em Suporte Básico de Vida a todos cidadãos, quer ao nível da transmissão de conhecimentos, quer da formação prática.

RESUMO O transplante dentário autógeno (autotransplante dentário) é uma opção de tratamento para pacientes que perdem dentes precocemente. Os elementos mais comumente extraídos são os primeiros molares permanentes e a falta dos mesmos pode acarretar em diversos agravos para a saúde bucal do paciente. O autotransplante dentário consiste na transposição cirúrgica e reposicionamento de um elemento dentário, de um local da boca para outro, no mesmo indivíduo. O tratamento com implantes possui elevado índice de sucesso, mas o transplante apresenta maior praticidade e menor custo, uma vez que utiliza um órgão do próprio paciente. Assim, como a reabilitação protética, tem como função o restabelecimento da mastigação e estética. As taxas de sucesso são variáveis, mas em sua maioria ultrapassam os 80%. O presente trabalho relata o caso clínico de uma paciente submetida ao transplante do germe dental do elemento 28 para o alvéolo do elemento 16. O ato cirúrgico foi realizado com a técnica de dois estágios e após o acompanhamento clínico e radiográfico de três anos, obteve-se um resultado satisfatório e o elemento transplantado apresentou saúde pulpar e periodontal, restabelecendo a função e a estética à paciente.

ABSTRACT Tooth autotransplantation is an option for treating patients presenting early tooth loss. The teeth most commonly removed are the first molars, and their absence could lead to several oral health problems in patients. This transplant technique consists of the transposition and repositioning of a tooth from one area to another, in the same patient. Dental implants have high success rates, but tooth autotransplantation is less complex and less expensive, because the patient’s own tooth is used. In the context of dental rehabilitation, tooth transplantation is focused on re-establishing masticatory function and esthetics. Success rates are variable, but in the majority of cases they exceed 80%. This article aims to report the case of a patient who underwent autotransplantation of the maxillary left third molar into the maxillary right first molar position. The surgical procedure was performed on two stages. After a 3-year clinical and radiographic follow-up period, a satisfactory result was achieved with the transplanted tooth presenting a healthy pulp and periodontal tissues, reestablishing the patient’s function and esthetics.

Abstract The development of a biodegradable material with antimicrobial properties for local applications is required in the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases. The objective of this study was to produce blends of poly-L-lactide acid (PLLA) synthetic polymer associated with several antimicrobials, as an alternative in the prevention and treatment of infections, as well as to evaluate its cytotoxicity, release of antimicrobials and inhibit bacteria growth. Blends of PLLA added with 20% Amoxicillin, Metronidazole, Clindamycin or Azithromicyn were used to produce Films (F) or Meshs (M) by casting and electrospinning methods, respectively. Standardized discs of the films and meshs were stored in buffer solutions (pH 5 or 7.4) and aliquots were analyzed by high performance chromatography (HPLC) during 168 hours. Cytotoxicity on human gingival fibroblasts was tested after 24, 48 and 72h by MTT reaction. The antimicrobial capacity was determined against P. gingivalis and S. pyogenes. The specimens were weighed after 3 and 6 months of storage for degradation analysis. SEM was performed to control interfaces and degradation. Antimicrobials presented a continuous and exponential drug release. Analysis showed that both M and F were able to inhibit S. pyogenes and P. gingivalis growth, indicating the release of active antimicrobial agents. The products were not toxic to the fibroblasts. Amoxicillin-film showed more degradation than PLLA at both pHs (p < 0.05), whereas Azithromycin-meshes were more degraded than PLLA at pH 7.4 (p < 0.05). PLLA association with antimicrobials is biocompatible and may represent a potential tool for the local delivery of antimicrobials.

Resumo O peridontopatógeno Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans coloniza a cavidade oral aderindo e invadindo as células epiteliais e participando da formação de biofilme em superfícies duras. Aae, uma proteína autotransportadora está relacionada com a adesão bacteriana às células epiteliais. Devido às múltiplas funções desempenhadas por proteínas bacterianas autotransportadoras, este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o papel de aae de A. actinomycetemcomitans tanto na capacidade de aderir à hidroxiapatita recoberta por saliva (SHA), quanto a de formar biofilme. Um mutante nulo aae foi construído. Suas propriedades hidrofóbicas, bem como a sia capacidade para aderir às células epiteliais, à SHA e para formar biofilme foram avaliadas e comparadas com a cepa -mãe, A. Actinomycetemcomitans VT1169. O mutante nulo aae apresentou redução de hidrofobicidade, assim como diminuição da adesão à SHA e na formação de biofilme, quando comparado à cepa parental. Estes dados sugerem que aae media a adesão de A. Actinomycetemcomitans às células epiteliais e pode também estar envolvida na formação de biofilme e na interação com proteínas salivares adsorvidas.

Abstract The periodontopathogen Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans colonizes oral cavity by binding to and invading epithelial cells as well as by participating in biofilms formed on hard surfaces. Aae, an autotransporter protein, is implicated in bacterial adhesion to epithelial cells. Due to the multiple functions of bacterial autotransporter proteins, this study aimed to evaluate the role of aae in A. actinomycetemcomitans ability to adhere to both saliva-coated hydroxyapatite (SHA) and biofilm. An aae null mutant was constructed. Its hydrophobic properties as well as its ability to adhere to epithelial cells, SHA and to form biofilm were evaluated and compared with the parental strain, A. actinomycetemcomitans VT1169. The aae null mutant showed reduced hydrophobicity, as well as decreased binding to SHA and biofilm formation compared to the parental strain. These data suggest that aae mediates A. actinomycetemcomitans adhesion to epithelial cells and may be involved in biofilm formation and interaction with adsorbed salivary proteins.

Abstract The aim of this study was to explore the bacterial diversity of 10 root canals with acute apical abscess using clonal analysis. Samples were collected from 10 patients and submitted to bacterial DNA isolation, 16S rRNA gene amplification, cloning, and sequencing. A bacterial genomic library was constructed and bacterial diversity was estimated. The mean number of taxa per canal was 15, ranging from 11 to 21. A total of 689 clones were analyzed and 76 phylotypes identified, of which 47 (61.84%) were different species and 29 (38.15%) were taxa reported as yet-uncultivable or as yet-uncharacterized species. Prevotella spp., Fusobacterium nucleatum, Filifactor alocis, and Peptostreptococcus stomatis were the most frequently detected species, followed by Dialister invisus, Phocaeicola abscessus, the uncharacterized Lachnospiraceae oral clone, Porphyromonas spp., and Parvimonas micra. Eight phyla were detected and the most frequently identified taxa belonged to the phylum Firmicutes (43.5%), followed by Bacteroidetes (22.5%) and Proteobacteria (13.2%). No species was detected in all studied samples and some species were identified in only one case. It was concluded that acute primary endodontic infection is characterized by wide bacterial diversity and a high intersubject variability was observed. Anaerobic Gram-negative bacteria belonging to the phylum Firmicutes, followed by Bacteroidetes, were the most frequently detected microorganisms.

An increasing amount of research has been conducted on immunoglobulin Y (IgY) because the use of IgY offers several advantages with respect to diagnostic testing, including its easy accessibility, low cost and translatability to large-scale production, in addition to the fact that it can be ethically produced. In a previous work, immunoglobulin was produced and purified from egg yolks (IgY) reactive to hepatitis A virus (HAV) antigens. In the present work, this anti-HAV-specific IgY was used in an indirect immunofluorescence assay to detect viral antigens in liver biopsies that were obtained from experimentally infected cynomolgus monkeys. Fields that were positive for HAV antigen were detected in liver sections using confocal microscopy. In conclusion, egg yolks from immunised hens may be a reliable source for antibody production, which can be employed for immunological studies.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of strict supragingival biofilm control on serum inflammatory markers and on periodontal clinical parameters in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients with chronic severe periodontitis. Twenty-four individuals with T2DM and periodontitis were randomly allocated to two treatment groups. The supragingival therapy group (ST, n = 12) received supragingival scaling, whereas the intensive therapy group (IT, n = 12) underwent supra- and subgingival scaling, as well as root planing. Patients from both groups received professional oral hygiene instructions every month. Data regarding visible plaque index (VPI), gingival bleeding index (GBI), bleeding on probing (BOP), probing pocket depth (PPD), clinical attachment level (CAL), serum levels of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-17A, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels were obtained at baseline and at 6 months post-therapy. Both therapies resulted in the improvement of almost all clinical periodontal parameters (p < 0.05). There were no differences in TNF-α, IL-8, IL-17A and HbA1c levels in either group (p >0.05), between the two periods. However, MCP-1 levels were significantly reduced in both the ST (p = 0.034) and the IT (p = 0.016) groups, whereas the serum IL-6 levels were significantly reduced only in the IT group (p = 0.001). Strict control of supragingival biofilm has a limited effect on systemic inflammatory markers, and a moderate effect on periodontal clinical parameters.

Diabetes has been associated with periodontitis, but the mechanisms through which periodontal diseases affect the metabolic control remain unclear. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate serum leveis of inflammatory markers, IL-8, IL-6 and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1), in type 2 diabetic patients in the presence of chronic periodontitis. Material and Methods: Forty two individuals were enrolled in this study and assigned to one of five groups: diabetes mellitus with inadequate glycemic control and periodontitis (DMI+P, n = 10), diabetes mellitus with adequate glycemic control and periodontitis (DMA+P, n = 10), diabetes mellitus without periodontitis (DM, n = 10), periodontitis without diabetes (P, n=6), and neither diabetes nor periodontitis (H, n = 6). Periodontal clinical examination included visible plaque index (PL), gingival bleeding index (GB), probing depth (PD), attachment level (AL) and bleeding on probing (BP). Glycemic control was evaluated by serum concentration of glycated hemoglobin (HbAlc). Inflammatory serum markers IL-8, IL-6 and (MCP-1) were measured by ELISA. Results: DMI+P and DMA+P groups presented higher PD (p=0.025) and AL (p=0.003) values when compared to the P group. There were no significant differences among groups for IL-6, IL-8 and MCP-1 serum levels. Conclusions: Although periodontitis was more severe in diabetic patients, the serum levels of the investigated inflammatory markers did not differ among the groups.