Resumen El objetivo de este artículo es revisar el contexto mundial, y especialmente el colombiano, respecto al manejo de los residuos de equipos eléctricos y electrónicos, su aprovechamiento, recuperación y los principales métodos para la extracción de metales base y preciosos de alto valor agregado. Para ello, se realizó una revisión bibliográfica para obtener las cantidades de residuos, sus componentes principales y los métodos de extracción de metales base y preciosos; para Colombia, se realizó un estudio de caso, en el que, mediante un proceso de hidrometalurgia aplicado a teléfonos celulares, se calcularon las cantidades de metales base y preciosos que se pueden obtener. Se encontró que solo se aprovecha el 15,5 % de los residuos electrónicos en el mundo, que los principales componentes reciclables son el hierro (Fe), el cobre (Cu), el aluminio (Al), el plomo (Pb), el níquel (Ni), la plata (Ag), el oro (Au) y el paladio (Pd), y que el uso de los residuos electrónicos como fuente de metales podría reducir el consumo de energía entre 60 % y 95 %. Para el estudio de caso en Colombia, se encontró que se podrían obtener 3,8 t/año de Cu, 3,5 t/año de Fe, 56,5 kg/año de Ag, 6 kg/año de Pd y 10 kg/año de Au. Se concluye que es viable la recuperación de metales a partir de residuos eléctricos y electrónicos y que se deben buscar alternativas para aprovecharlos debido a su potencial valor agregado.

Abstract This article aims to review the global context, and especially the Colombian context, regarding the management of waste electrical and electronic appliances, their use, recovery and the main extraction methods for high added-value base and precious metals. A literature review was carried out to obtain the quantities of residues, their main components and the extraction methods for base and precious metals; for Colombia, a case study was carried out in which, through a hydrometallurgy process applied to cellular phones, the quantities of base and precious metals that can be obtained were calculated. Only 15.5 % of e-waste in the world is recycled, the main recyclable components are iron (Fe), copper (Cu), aluminum (Al), lead (Pb), nickel (Ni), silver (Ag), gold (Au) and palladium (Pd), and that using e-waste as a source of metals could reduce energy consumption by 60-95 %. For the case study in Colombia, it was found that 3.8 t/year of Cu, 3.5 t/year of Fe, 56.5 kg/year of Ag, 6 kg/year of Pd and 10 kg/year of Au could be obtained. The conclusion is that recovering metals from electrical and electronic waste is feasible and that alternatives should be sought to take advantage of them due to their potential added value.

Abstract Introduction: In high-volume trauma centers, especially in developing countries, penetrating cardiac box injuries are frequent. Although many aspects of penetrating chest injuries have been well established, video-assisted thoracoscopy is still finding its place in cardiac box trauma and algorithmic approaches are still lacking. The purpose of this manuscript is to provide a streamlined recommendation for penetrating cardiac box injury in stable patients. Methods: Literature review was carried out using PubMed/MEDLINE and Google Scholar databases to identify articles describing the characteristics and concepts of penetrating cardiac box trauma, including the characteristics of tamponade, cardiac ultrasound, indications and techniques of pericardial windows and, especially, the role of video-assisted thoracoscopy in stable patients. Results: Penetrating cardiac box injuries, whether by stab or gunshot wounds, require rapid surgical consultation. Unstable patients require immediate open surgery, however, determining which stable patients should be taken to thoracoscopic surgery is still controversial. Here, the classification of penetrating cardiac box injury used in Colombia is detailed, as well as the algorithmic approach to these types of trauma. Conclusion: Although open surgery is mandatory in unstable patients with penetrating cardiac box injuries, a more conservative and minimally invasive approach may be undertaken in stable patients. As rapid decision-making is critical in the trauma bay, surgeons working in high-volume trauma centers should expose themselves to thoracoscopy and always consider this possibility in the setting of penetrating cardiac box injuries in stable patients, always in the context of an experienced trauma team. Introduction highvolume high volume countries frequent established videoassisted video assisted lacking Methods PubMedMEDLINE PubMed MEDLINE tamponade ultrasound Results wounds consultation however controversial Here detailed Conclusion decisionmaking decision making bay team

Resumen Introducción: Un Análisis de Ciclo de Vida (ACV), permite establecer las entradas y salidas de materia, y energía de un proceso, producto, servicio, persona y/o organización, a lo largo de su vida útil o dependiendo de la delimitación del objeto de estudio. Este análisis, junto con la Huella de Carbono (HC), posibilitan estandarizar la información, para realizar análisis, comparaciones y determinar el impacto ambiental del objeto de estudio en una misma unidad (KgCO2eq), sin importar el contexto. Objetivo: Presentar un ACV y la determinación de la HC, para una empresa de reciclaje de botellas de plástico tipo PET, ubicada en la ciudad de Medellín. Materiales y métodos: Este estudio se realizó siguiendo las metodologías establecidas en las normas internacionales ISO 14040-14044 y la ISO 14064, desde que el PET es acopiado en las instalaciones de la empresa hasta que este material es procesado y considerado apto, para su entrega. Además, se incluyen el inventario de las emisiones de GEI asociadas al metabolismo del personal de la empresa, durante el desarrollo de sus actividades al interior de esta. Resultados: Del proceso de reciclaje PET analizado se obtuvo una HC de 1,4026 KgCO2eq/ton, donde el consumo de energía eléctrica es el que más aporta a este indicador; con un 63,32%. Conclusiones: la HC de EKORED puede ser establecida como indicador de gestión y de sostenibilidad, y como la línea base, para emprender estrategias y acciones que vayan encaminadas la construcción de una industria carbono neutro.

Abstract Introduction: A Life Cycle Analysis (LCA), allows to establish the inputs and outputs of matter, and energy of a process, product, service, person and/or organization, throughout its useful life or depending on the delimitation of the object of study This analysis, together with the Carbon Footprint (HC), makes it possible to standardize the information, to perform analyzes, comparisons and determine the environmental impact of the object of study in the same unit (KgCO2eq), regardless of the context. Objective: To present LCA and the determination of the HC, for a PET plastic bottle recycling company, located in the city of Medellín. Materials and methods: This study was carried out following the methodology established in the international standards ISO 14040-14044 and ISO 14064, since the PET is collected in the company's facilities until this material is processed and considered suitable, for delivery. In addition, the inventory of GHG emissions associated with the metabolism of the company's personnel is included, during the development of its activities within it. Results: From the PET recycling process analyzed, an HC of 1.4026 KgCO2eq / ton was obtained, where the consumption of electric energy is the one that contributes most to this indicator; with 63.32%. Conclusions: the EKORED HC can be established as a management and sustainability indicator, and as the baseline, to undertake strategies and actions that are aimed at building a carbon neutral industry.

Resumo Introdução: Uma Análise do Ciclo de Vida (ACV) permite estabelecer as entradas e saídas de matéria e energia de um processo, produto, serviço, pessoa e / ou organização, ao longo de sua vida útil ou dependendo da delimitação do objeto de estudo. Essa análise, juntamente com a Pegada de Carbono (HC), permite padronizar as informações, realizar análises, comparações e determinar o impacto ambiental do objeto de estudo na mesma unidade (KgCO2eq), independentemente do contexto. Objetivo: Apresentar uma ACV e a determinação do HC, para uma empresa de reciclagem de garrafas PET, localizada na cidade de Medellín. Materiais e métodos: Este estudo foi realizado seguindo a metodologia estabelecida nas normas internacionais ISO 14040-14044 e ISO 14064, uma vez que o PET é coletado nas instalações da empresa até que este material seja processado e considerado adequado, para entrega . Além disso, é incluído o inventário das emissões de GEE associadas ao metabolismo do pessoal da empresa, durante o desenvolvimento de suas atividades. Resultados: A partir do processo de reciclagem de PET analisado, foi obtido um HC de 1,4026 KgCO2eq / tonelada, onde o consumo de energia elétrica é o que mais contribui para esse indicador; com 63,32%. Conclusões: o EKORED HC pode ser estabelecido como um indicador de gestão e sustentabilidade e como linha de base para empreender estratégias e ações que visam a construção de uma indústria neutra em carbono.

Resumen La producción de cacao Theobroma cacao L. en Colombia evidencia un crecimiento promedio de 6,48 % en los últimos 10 años, lo cual ha desencadenado problemáticas ambientales, debido a que solo el 10 % del fruto es utilizado para la industria agronómica. El objetivo de esta investigación fue aprovechar el residuo derivado de la producción de cacao en la obtención de hongos Pleurotus ostreatus como técnica de biorremediación con la implementación de un análisis multicriterio del cultivo. La cáscara se caracterizó fisicoquímicamente con los parámetros de pH, lignina y celulosa, entre otros. Posteriormente, se empleó como sustrato para el cultivo de hongos y se realizó la evaluación del flujo de lixiviados del cultivo a través del análisis multicriterio con ponderaciones de variables físico-ambientales. La caracterización fisicoquímica de la cáscara reportó un pH de 5,47±0,004; un porcentaje de humedad del 84,345±0,002 y de lignina y celulosa del 45,227±0,184 y 30,700±0,753; respectivamente; en la obtención del hongo, se observó la aparición de los primordios a los 16 días y del hongo para cosechar a los 21 días, lo cual redujo los residuos en un 60 %. En el análisis multicriterio, las ponderaciones arrojaron un flujo medio de lixiviados en el tercer trimestre del año 2018, lo que indica que los lixiviados fluyen por medio del drenaje hidrológico. Para concluir, la caracterización y el crecimiento del hongo determinan que la cáscara funciona como sustrato para la obtención de hongos Pleurotus ostreatus, y es una alternativa de biorremediación de uso agronómico, donde la información del análisis multicriterio permite decisiones oportunas sobre el cultivo.

Abstract Theobroma cacao L. cocoa production in Colombia shows an average growth of 6.48 % in the last 10 years; triggering environmental problems, because only 10 % of the fruit is used for the agronomic industry. The objective of this research was to take advantage of the residue derived from cocoa production in obtaining Pleurotus ostreatus fungi as a bioremediation technique with the implementation of a multicriteria crop analysis. The shell was characterized physicochemically with the parameters of pH, lignin and cellulose, among others. Subsequently, it was used as a substrate for the cultivation of fungi and the evaluation of the leachate flow of the culture was carried out through multicriteria analysis with weights of physical-environmental variables. The physicochemical characterization of the shell reported a pH of 5.47 ± 0.004, a moisture percentage of 84.345 ± 0.002 and of lignin and cellulose of 45.227 ± 0.184 and 30.700 ± 0.753, respectively; in obtaining the fungus, the appearance of the primordia was observed at 16 days and the fungus to harvest at 21 days, reducing waste by 60 %. In the multicriteria analysis, the weights showed an average flow of leachate in the third quarter of 2018, indicating that leachate flows through hydrological drainage. To conclude, the characterization and growth of the fungus determine that the shell works as a substrate for obtaining Pleurotus ostreatus fungi, being an alternative of bioremediation for agronomic use, where the information from the multicriteria analysis allows timely decisions on the crop.

Resumo Produção de cacau Theobroma cacao L. na Colômbia mostra um crescimento médio de 6,48 % nos ultimos 10 anos; desencadeando problemas ambientais, porque apenas 10 % da fruta é utilizada na indústria agronômica. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi aproveitar o resíduo derivado da produção de cacau na obtenção de fungos Pleurotus ostreatus como técnica de biorremediação com a implementação de uma análise multicritério de colheita. A concha foi caracterizada físico-quimicamente com os parâmetros de pH, lignina e celulose, entre outros. Posteriormente, foi utilizado como substrato para o cultivo de fungos e a avaliação do fluxo de lixiviados da cultura foi realizada por meio de análise multicritério com pesos das variáveis físico-ambientais. A caracterização físico-química da concha relatou um pH de 5,47 ± 0,004, porcentagem de umidade de 84,345 ± 0,002 e lignina e celulose da 45,227 ± 0,184 e 30,700 ± 0,753; respectivamente; na obtenção do fungo, observou-se o aparecimento dos primórdios aos 16 dias e o fungo a colher aos 21 dias, reduzindo o desperdício em 60 %. Na análise multicritério, os pesos mostraram um fluxo médio de lixiviado no terceiro trimestre de 2018, indicando que o lixiviado flui através da drenagem hidrológica. Concluindo, a caracterização e crescimento do fungo determinam que a concha funcione como substrato para a obtenção de fungos Pleurotus ostreatus, sendo uma alternativa de biorremediação para uso agronômico, onde as informações da análise multicritério permitem decisões oportunas sobre a colheita.

Resumen Colombia es un país productor de café y se estima que el 60 % son residuos, donde la cereza es uno de ellos; este material orgánico al entrar en descomposición puede ser dañino para la población, el ambiente y los cultivos aledaños. El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar la biomasa residual (cereza) de café como sustrato para el cultivo del hongo comestible Pleurotus ostreatus, con el fin de otorgar un mayor valor agregado a estos residuos. La biomasa residual (cereza) de café fue suministrada por agricultores del departamento del Quindío, la cual se caracterizó fisicoquímicamente, analizando parámetros como pH, humedad, fibra, grasa, celulosa, lignina, cenizas, materia orgánica y nitrógeno, para luego ser empleada como sustrato en el cultivo del hongo y finalmente establecer si se puede emplear como medida de reducción de residuos. La caracterización fisicoquímica de la biomasa reportó pH del 6,693 ± 0,041, porcentaje de humedad del 82,875 ± 0,209, contenido de lignina y celulosa del 28,954 ± 0,046 y 48,390 ± 0,326, respectivamente y materia orgánica del 13,249 ± 0,187. En el cultivo del hongo, se observó la aparición de los primordios a los 15 días y el hongo para cosechar a los 20 días, reduciendo el volumen de residuos en un 80 %. Para concluir, la caracterización fisicoquímica del residuo reportó componentes adecuados para emplearlo como sustrato en el cultivo de hongos Pleurotus ostreatus, siendo importante que estos residuos sean empleados para la generación de un nuevo producto y/o la disminución de este, lo que lograría un equilibrio entre el ambiente y los residuos que se generan.

Abstract Colombia is a coffee producing country and it is estimated that 60 % are residues, where cherry is one of them; this organic material when decomposing can be harmful to the population, the environment and surrounding crops. The objective of this investigation was to evaluate the residual biomass (cherry) of coffee as a substrate for the cultivation of edible fungus Pleurotus ostreatus, in order to give greater added value to these residues. The residual biomass (cherry) of coffee was supplied by farmers in the department of Quindío, which was characterized physicochemical, analyzing parameters such as pH, humidity, fiber, fat, cellulose, lignin, ashes, organic matter and nitrogen; to then be used as a substrate in the cultivation of the fungus and finally establish if it can be used as a measure of waste reduction. The physicochemical characterization of biomass reported pH of 6.693 ± 0.041, humidity percentage of 82.875 ± 0.209, lignin and cellulose content of 28.954 ± 0.046 and 48.390 ± 0.326, respectively and organic matter of 13.249 ± 0.187. In the cultivation of the fungus, the appearance of the primordia was observed at 15 days and the fungus to harvest at 20 days, reducing the volume of waste by 80 %. To conclude, the physicochemical characterization of the residue reported adequate components to be used as a substrate in the cultivation of Pleurotus ostreatus fungi, it is important that these wastes are used for the generation of a new product and/or the reduction of this, which would achieve a balance between the environment and the waste that is generated.

Resumo A Colômbia é um país produtor de café e estima-se que 60 % sejam resíduos, onde a cereja é um deles; esse material orgânico ao se decompor pode ser prejudicial à população, ao meio ambiente e às cultivos vizinhas. O objetivo desta investigação foi avaliar a biomassa residual (cereja) do café como substrato para o cultivo do fungo comestível Pleurotus ostreatus, a fim de agregar maior valor agregado a esses resíduos. A biomassa residual (cereja) do café foi fornecida pelos agricultores do departamento de Quindío, que foi caracterizada físico-quimicamente, analisando parâmetros como pH, umidade, fibra, graxa, celulose, lignina, cinzas, matéria orgânica e nitrogênio; para despois ser usado como substrato no cultivo do fungo e finalmente estabelecer se ele pode ser usado como medida de redução de resíduos. A caracterização físico-química da biomassa reportou pH 6,693 ± 0,041, porcentagem de umidade de 82,875 ± 0,209, teor de lignina e celulose de 28,954 ± 0,046 e 48,390 ± 0,326, respectivamente, e matéria orgânica de 13,249 ± 0,187. No cultivo do fungo, observou-se o aparecimento dos primórdios aos 15 dias e o fungo colhendo aos 20 dias, reduzindo o volume de resíduos em 80 %. Concluindo, a caracterização físico-química do resíduo relatou componentes adequados para serem utilizados como substrato no cultivo de fungos Pleurotus ostreatus, é importante que esses resíduos sejam utilizados para a geração de um novo produto e/ou a redução deste, o que alcançaria um equilíbrio entre o meio ambiente e os resíduos gerados.

Resumo Neste trabalho avaliou-se a biorremediação da água com conteúdos de cloretos utilizando microalgas nativas (MCA) fornecidas pelo Centro de Estudos e Pesquisas em Biotecnologia (CIBIOT) da Universidad Pontifícia Bolivariana. As microalgas empregadas apresentaram uma adaptação ao meio de cultura e as condições operacionais avaliadas atingindo uma produção de CO2 em mg L-1 de 53,0, 26,6, 56,0, 16,0 e 30,0 e eficiências de remoção de cloretos de 16,37, 26,03, 40,04, 25,96 e 20,25% para MCA1, MCA2, MCA3, MCA4 e MCA5 respectivamente. A biorremediação da água com conteúdos de cloretos foi realizada em modo batelada alimentada (Feed Batch) com uma concentração inicial de cloretos de 20585 mg L-1. A alimentação foi realizada a cada 2 dias. A variável manipulada foi: ensaio um, uma vazão de MCA3 (10% de inoculo); ensaio dois, uma vazão de NPK e ensaio três, uma vazão de MCA3+0,5 g L-1 NPK. As eficiências de remoção foram 66,88%, 63,41% e 66,98% para os ensaios um, dois e três, respectivamente num tempo do bioprocesso total de 55 dias.

Abstract In this work it was carried out the bioremediation of water containing chlorides with native microalgae (MCA) provided by the Centre for study and research in biotechnology (CIBIOT) at Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana. Microalgae presented an adaptation to the water and so the conditions evaluated reaching a production of CO2 in mg L-1 of 53.0, 26.6, 56.0, 16.0 and 30.0 and chloride removal efficiencies of 16.37, 26.03, 40.04, 25.96 and 20.25% for microalgae1, microalgae2, microalgae3, microalgae4 and microalgae5 respectively. Water bioremediation process was carried out with content of chlorides in fed batch system with an initial concentration of chlorides of 20585 mg L-1 every 2 days. The Manipulated variables were: the flow of MCA3 (10% inoculum) for test one; NPK flow for test two, and flow of flow of MCA3+0.5 g L-1 NPK. Chloride removal efficiencies were 66.88%, 63.41% and 66.98% for test one, two and three respectively, for a total bioprocess time of 55 days.

Abstract We present an open-source software package, Vegas, for the atomistic simulation of magnetic materials. Using the classical Heisenberg model and the Monte Carlo Metropolis algorithm, Vegas provides the required tools to simulate and analyze magnetic phenomena of a great variety of systems. Vegas stores the history of the simulation, i.e. the magnetization and energy of the system at every time step, allowing to analyze static and dynamic magnetic phenomena from results obtained in a single simulation. Also, standardized input and output file formats are employed to facilitate the simulation process and the exchange and archiving of data. We include results from simulations performed using Vegas, showing its applicability to study different magnetic phenomena.

Resumen Introducción: Se espera que pacientes con lupus pediátrico próximos a la transición asuman responsabilidades de su cuidado, pero muchos no están preparados, lo cual empobrece su pronóstico. Según el modelo autorregulatorio, las percepciones de la enfermedad determinan las respuestas emocionales, guían las conductas de afrontamiento, su evaluación, retroalimentación y estrategias de asimilación. Objetivo: Describir las percepciones sobre el lupus en adolescentes próximos a la transición. Materiales y métodos: Desde un enfoque hermenéutico y utilizando técnicas de la teoría fundada, se realizaron 11 entrevistas semiestructuradas entre junio de 2013 y septiembre de 2014 a 9 adolescentes con diagnóstico de lupus. Resultados: Se obtuvieron 1.800 códigos. Emergieron como categorías preliminares: «Intentando explicar el origen», donde se interpreta la causa de la enfermedad en términos de inmunosupresión y autoinmunidad, asociación con cáncer, culpa e influencia de factores emocionales, además el proceso diagnóstico. «Lo que se pierde», enmarcado en cambios, trato diferencial y límites. Finalmente, los «aspectos positivos»: enfermedad como modulador de la conducta, adquisición de cualidades, aprendizaje sobre el funcionamiento corporal y ganancia secundaria. Conclusión: Las percepciones de la enfermedad en estos adolescentes, expresan en la experiencia de cambio las implicaciones del diagnóstico, las cuales impactan múltiples aspectos de sus vidas y traen consigo incertidumbre y necesidad de ajustes que les llevan a la búsqueda de explicaciones. Se requiere mayor conciencia sobre estas percepciones, debido a que, junto con otros factores, determinarán las estrategias que los adolescentes desarrollen para garantizar su autocuidado y adaptación a situaciones derivadas del vivir con la enfermedad.

Abstract Introduction: Patients with paediatric lupus nearing transition to adult care are expected to take responsibility for their care. Nevertheless, many are not prepared for this, and thus have a poorer prognosis. Using the self-regulation model, the perception of a condition determines the emotional responses and guides coping efforts, appraisal, feedback, and assimilation strategies. Objective: To describe how adolescents nearing transition perceive lupus. Materials and methods: Eleven semi-structured interviews were conducted using a hermeneutic approach with techniques from grounded theory. Interviews took place between July 2013 and September 2014. The participants were nine adolescents with diagnosed lupus. Results: A total of 1,800 codes were obtained that emerged as the following preliminary categories: "Attempting to explain the origin", where the cause of the disease is interpreted as immunosuppression, autoimmunity, association with cancer, guilt and influence of emotional factors, along with the diagnosis process. "What is lost", which includes changes, being treated differently, and having limitations. The last category was "positive aspects" deals with illness as a behavioural moderator, acquiring qualities, learning about bodily functioning and secondary gain. Conclusion: Adolescents perceive their condition based on the implications of the changes experienced in their lives as a result of the diagnosis. Lupus affects several aspects of their lives and brings uncertainty and a need to adjust, leading them to look for explanations. More awareness of these perceptions is required because the latter, along with other factors, determine the strategies that adolescents develop to ensure their self-care and adaptation to any situations arising from living with the condition.

Abstract The antioxidant properties and physicochemical composition of 21 genotypes of diploid potato (Solanum tuberosum Phureja Group) were studied. The content of moisture, ash, proteins, starch, total and reducing sugars, antioxidant activity (ABTS and FRAP), total phenols and vitamin C were determined. The physicochemical analysis showed significant genotypic variations in raw sample. Humidity between 72.06% - 77.07%; Ash 0.96% - 2.56%; Proteins 6.95% - 11.38% DB; Starch 14.44% - 22.4%; Total sugars WB 16,38% -23,67% and reducing sugars WB 0,88% -3,8%. The antioxidant profile showed genotypic differences. ABTS between 4408 - 12543 (raw) and 6644 to 14492 (cooked) μmol Trolox / 100g DB. FRAP from 76.4 to 203.2 (raw) and from 121.6 to 324.8 (cooked) ascorbic acid / 100 g DB. The phenols in cooked samples were higher than in crude (245.2 -524.8 and 161.6 - 442.7 mg gallic acid/100 g BS, respectively, vitamin C decreased from 33.07% to 68.8 % after cooking.

Resumen Se han estudiado las propiedades antioxidantes y composición fisicoquímica de 21 genotipos de papas criollas Solanum tuberosum (Phureja). Se determinó el contenido de humedad, cenizas, proteínas, almidón, azúcares totales y reductores, actividad antioxidante (ABTS y FRAP), fenoles totales y vitamina C. El análisis fisicoquímico mostró variaciones genotípicas significativas en muestra cruda. La humedad entre 72,06% - 77,07%; cenizas 0,96% - 2,56%; proteínas 6,95% - 11,38% BS; almidón 14,44% - 22,4%; azúcares totales BH 16,38%-23,67% y azúcares reductores BH 0,88%-3,8%. El perfil antioxidante evidenció diferencias genotípicas. ABTS entre 4408 - 12543 (crudo) y 6644 a 14492 (cocidas) µmol de Trolox/100g BS. FRAP de 76,4 a 203,2 (crudo) y de 121,6 a 324,8 (cocidas) mg ácido ascórbico/100 g BS. Los fenoles en muestras cocidas fueron mayores que en crudo (245,2 -524,8 y 161,6 - 442,7 mg de ácido gálico/100 g BS, respectivamente, la vitamina C disminuyó entre 33,07% a 68,8% luego de cocción.

RESUMEN Objetivo Caracterizar la microbiota bacteriana presente en los biosólidos generados en una de las plantas de tratamiento de aguas residuales más grande de Colombia. Materiales y Métodos Se utilizó la plataforma de secuenciamiento 454 de la compañía Roche para secuenciar las regiones variables V1-V3 y V6-V9 del marcador molecular 16S rRNA y caracterizar la microbiota. Adicionalmente, se aplicaron estrategias filogenéticas para la identificación de especies bacterianas de importancia. Resultados Nuestros análisis muestran que los Phyla más abundantes son Chloro-flexi, Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria y Firmicutes. Los géneros clasificados más abundantes fueron Pseudomonas, Dysgonomonas y Proteiniphilum. Sin embargo, el grupo dominante según la región variable V1-V3 es una Anaerolineaceae que no se ajusta a las especies descritas para esta familia. Conclusiones En las muestras de biosólido analizadas predominan bacterias ambientales que participan en los procesos de estabilización de la materia orgánica durante los tratamientos biológicos de tipo secundario y la digestión anaerobia. Se detectaron secuencias de especies dentro de la familia Anaerolineaceae, los análisis filogenéticos muestran que probablemente se trata de especies no descritas. En el momento del estudio, se encontró que en el sistema de digestión anaerobia se genera biosolido con una baja carga de bacterias potencialmente patógenas.

ABSTRACT Objective To describe bacterial microbiota in the biosolids generated in one of the largest wastewater treatment plants of Colombia. Materials and Methods Using NGS technology, 16S rRNA Gene Amplicon libraries were amplified and sequenced. The Roche 454 FLX Titanium platform was used, while the V1-V3 and V6-V9 hypervariable regions were amplified and analyzed independently. Amplicon processing and bacterial classification were performed using the AmpliconNoise pipeline and the RDP Classifier tool. Results The analysis showed that the most dominant Phyla in the biosolids were Chlo-roflexi, Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria and Firmicutes. The most dominant genera were Pseudomonas, Dysgonomonas and Proteiniphilum; however, the dominant group according in the V1-V3 variable region was Anaerolineaceae, which does not conform to the species described for this family. Pathogenic bacteria such as Salmonella and E. coli/Shigella were not detected in the studied biosolid sample. Conclusions In the biosolids samples analyzed, environmental bacteria involved in organic matter stabilization processes during secondary biological treatments and anaerobic digestion were predominant. One of the dominant species in this sludge is a novel species of the Anaerolineaceae group. At the time of the study, it was found that the anaerobic digester system was able to maintain pathogenic bacteria at very low concentrations.

ABSTRACT Objective To describe bacterial microbiota in the biosolids generated in one of the largest wastewater treatment plants of Colombia. Materials and Methods Using NGS technology, 16S rRNA Gene Amplicon libraries were amplified and sequenced. The Roche 454 FLX Titanium platform was used, while the V1-V3 and V6-V9 hypervariable regions were amplified and analyzed independently. Amplicon processing and bacterial classification were performed using the AmpliconNoise pipeline and the RDP Classifier tool. Results The analysis showed that the most dominant Phyla in the biosolids were Chlo-roflexi, Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria and Firmicutes. The most dominant genera were Pseudomonas, Dysgonomonas and Proteiniphilum; however, the dominant group according in the V1-V3 variable region was Anaerolineaceae, which does not conform to the species described for this family. Pathogenic bacteria such as Salmonella and E. coli/Shigella were not detected in the studied biosolid sample. Conclusions In the biosolids samples analyzed, environmental bacteria involved in organic matter stabilization processes during secondary biological treatments and anaerobic digestion were predominant. One of the dominant species in this sludge is a novel species of the Anaerolineaceae group. At the time of the study, it was found that the anaerobic digester system was able to maintain pathogenic bacteria at very low concentrations.

RESUMEN Objetivo Caracterizar la microbiota bacteriana presente en los biosólidos generados en una de las plantas de tratamiento de aguas residuales más grande de Colombia. Materiales y Métodos Se utilizó la plataforma de secuenciamiento 454 de la compañía Roche para secuenciar las regiones variables V1-V3 y V6-V9 del marcador molecular 16S rRNA y caracterizar la microbiota. Adicionalmente, se aplicaron estrategias filogenéticas para la identificación de especies bacterianas de importancia. Resultados Nuestros análisis muestran que los Phyla más abundantes son Chloro-flexi, Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria y Firmicutes. Los géneros clasificados más abundantes fueron Pseudomonas, Dysgonomonas y Proteiniphilum. Sin embargo, el grupo dominante según la región variable V1-V3 es una Anaerolineaceae que no se ajusta a las especies descritas para esta familia. Conclusiones En las muestras de biosólido analizadas predominan bacterias ambientales que participan en los procesos de estabilización de la materia orgánica durante los tratamientos biológicos de tipo secundario y la digestión anaerobia. Se detectaron secuencias de especies dentro de la familia Anaerolineaceae, los análisis filogenéticos muestran que probablemente se trata de especies no descritas. En el momento del estudio, se encontró que en el sistema de digestión anaerobia se genera biosolido con una baja carga de bacterias potencialmente patógenas.

The time independent Schrödinger equation is a differential equation of great interest in computational physics. In many cases, it is impossible to reach an analytical solution for it, due to the potential function complexity, therefore numerical methods play an important role in its solution for practical cases. By means of numerical methods it is possible to solve the stationary Schrödinger equation for arbitrary potentials, allowing the study of interesting potentials that exhibit fascinating phenomena. Some of these potentials are the Kronig-Penney and pseudo-Coulomb potential functions, or more single like barrier potential function. Nevertheless, in many cases, the implementation of the sequence of steps needed to solve the differential equation is not straightforward. In this work we present and explain a sequence of steps to solving the time independent Schrödinger equation by means of the variational method, and apply it to solve non-periodic potential functions, like the harmonic oscillator potential well and rectangular potential barrier, and periodic potential functions like the Kronig-Penney and pseudo-Coulomb. Our main purpose is for this work to be an introduction to the computational quantum mechanics field.

El presente artículo aborda el control de circuitos convertidores de potencia empleando control óptimo conmutado. Se realiza el diseño y la simulación para un convertidor CC-CC tipo reductor (Buck) y posteriormente se ajusta para el mismo un lazo realimentado en el cual se verifica el efecto de una acción de tipo proporcional de alta ganancia (encendido-apagado) a manera de punto de referencia convencional, para atenuar la incidencia de perturbaciones aplicadas en el sistema. Posteriormente y empleando un enfoque basado en el principio del máximo de Pontryagin, se diseña e implementa, a través de simulación, una técnica de control óptimo conmutado (bang-bang) que permite obtener un desempeño comparable con la acción encendido-apagado en términos de características dinámicas. Pruebas adicionales permiten cuantificar la optimalidad de la técnica propuesta y verificar el desempeño del sistema controlado en términos energéticos, mostrando que un control óptimo conmutado presenta además de la minimización del funcional de costo (mínima energía del error), una menor incidencia en la generación de ruidos por conmutación de alta frecuencia, en comparación con la técnica convencional. Trabajo adicional incluye la verificación experimental en laboratorio para los resultados de simulación presentados.

In this work, switching-based control is applied on regulation of power conversion circuits. In particular, a DC-DC Buck-type power converter has been designed and simulated, both for nominal conditions and under disturbances. First of all, a classical On-Off controller was employed to compensate the effects of disturbances in the loop, in order to check the correctness of the operational conditions for the controlled system. Then, an optimal-switching bang-bang controlled was designed and implemented, taking into account the Pontryagin's Maximum principle, showing a good performance for disturbance rejection, improvement of dynamical features in the response and reduction of error's energy by mean of verification of optimality criteria. Results show that despite the fact both techniques analyzed; i.e. On-Off and bang-bang, are switching-based laws, the performance index on the optimal controller allows to obtain a cleaner shape with less energy consumption. Ongoing work includes the experimental verification of the optimal technique in laboratory.

Este artigo descreve os conversores de energia de controle circuito empregando optivo de controle. Se realiza o projeto e a estimulação para um convertedor CC-CC tipo redutor (buck) e posteriormente se ajusta para o mesmo um laço realimentado no qual se verifica o efeito de uma ação de tipo proporcional de alto ganho (ligado-desligado) o título de referência convencional reduzir a incidência de distúrbios aplicado sistema. Posteriormente e usando um foco baseado no principio do máximo de Pontryagin, se projeta e implementa, através de simulação, uma técnica de ótimo controle comutado (bang-bang) que permite obter um desempenho comparável com a ação ligado-desligado em términos de características dinâmicas. Testes adicionais permitem que o Optimalidade da proposta técnica para quantificar e verificar o desempenho do sistema de energia controlada, mostrando que um ótimo controle apresenta além da minimização do funcional de custo (potência mínima do erro), uma menor incidência na geração de ruídos por comutação de alta frequência, em comparação com a técnica convencional. Trabalho adicional inclui a verificação experimental em laboratório para os resultados de simulação apresentados.

Vinasse is used in crop fertigation indiscriminately, however, this wastewater generates serious environmental damage as the reduction in crop yield or even its death in the short-term and acidification, decreased oxygenation, increased organic load, accumulation of phenols in soil in the medium and long term. The aim of this study was the fertigation sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) in laboratory (bioassays germination) and growth in nursery treated with hydrated ethanol stillage from a UASB modified, in order to improve its chemical properties and use them to 50, 75% (diluted) and 100% of treated vinasse (TV50, TV75 and TV100 respectively). The raw vinasse (RV) had the lowest percentage of germination in seeds of sweet sorghum in laboratory tests (14% in 8 days) compared to the control treatment where 94% of germinated seeds. Growth of seedlings in the nursery with RV treatment was lower than in other treatments and after 13 days the plants completely stopped growth and died.

Las vinazas se han utilizado en la fertirigación de cultivos de manera indiscriminada, sin embargo, estas aguas residuales generan daños graves al medio ambiente, desde la reducción en el rendimiento o muerte de los cultivos a corto plazo, así como la acidificación, disminución de la oxigenación, aumento de la carga orgánica, acumulación de fenoles en el suelo en el mediano y largo plazo. El objetivo de este estudio fue la fertirrigación de sorgo dulce (Sorgo bicolor L. Moench) en laboratorio (bioensayos de germinación) y crecimiento en vivero con vinazas tratadas de Etanol hidratado de un UASB modificado, con la finalidad de mejorar sus propiedades químicas y utilizarlas al 50, 75% (diluidas) y al 100 % de vinaza tratada (TV50, TV75 y TV100 respectivamente). La vinaza cruda (RV) presentó el porcentaje más bajo de germinación en las semillas de sorgo dulce en las pruebas de laboratorio (14% en 8 días) comparado con el tratamiento control donde germinó el 94% de las semillas. El crecimiento de las plántulas en el vivero con la vinaza cruda (RV) fue menor que en otros tratamientos, y después de 13 días las plantas detuvieron completamente su crecimiento y murieron.

Se obtuvieron cuatros clases de polvos deshidratados de mora encapsulados con maltodextrina utilizando secado por vibro-fluidización (VF), por aspersión (SD) vacio (VD) y liofilización (FD). Se determinaron los datos de de humedad de equilibrio de los polvos de pulpa de mora con 18% de maltodextrina a temperaturas de 20, 30, 40 y 50°C usando el método estático gravimétrico para el intervalo de actividad de agua entre 0.06-0.90. Los valores experimentales del contenido de humedad de equilibrio en función de la actividad de agua fueron ajustados con el modelo de Guggenheim-Anderson-de Boer (GAB) hallándose una buena concordancia entre los valores experimentales y los calculados. El calor isostérico de sorción, calculado utilizando la ecuación de Clausius-Clapeyron a partir de los datos de equilibrio, se incrementó con el aumento de la temperatura y fue ajustado con una relación exponencial. Para muestras de polvos liofilizadas, vibrofluidizadas y a vacio, el calor de sorción fue menor (más negativo) que los calculados para muestras secas en el secador por aspersión. La teoría de la compensación entalpia-entropía fue aplicada a las isotermas de sorción y de las gráficas de ΔH contra ΔS se obtuvieron las temperaturas isocinéticas, indicando un proceso de sorción controlado por la entalpia.

Three different types of maltodextrin encapsulated dehydrated blackberry fruit powders were obtained using vibrofluidized bed drying (VF), spray drying (SD), vacuum drying (VD), and freeze drying (FD). Moisture equilibrium data of blackberry pulp powders with 18% maltodextrin were determined at 20, 30, 40, and 50°C using the static gravimetric method for the water activity range of 0.06-0.90. Experimental equilibrium moisture content data versus water activity were fit to the Guggenheim-Anderson-de Boer (GAB) model. Agreement was found between experimental and calculated values. The isosteric heat of sorption of water was determined using the Clausius-Clapeyron equation from the equilibrium data; isosteric heats of sorption were found to increase with increasing temperature and could be adjusted by an exponential relationship. For freeze dried, vibrofluidized, and vacuum dried pulp powder samples, the isosteric heats of sorption were lower (more negative) than those calculated for spray dried samples. The enthalpy-entropy compensation theory was applied to sorption isotherms and plots of ΔH versus ΔS provided the isokinetic temperatures, indicating an enthalpy-controlled sorption process.