ABSTRACT Introduction: Posts and core are frequently used in endodontically treated teeth with excessive loss of coronal tooth structure. Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of self-adhesive cements under different pre-treatments of dentin in the resistance to extrusion of fiberglass posts. Methods: An experimental in vitro study was conducted. The randomly selected sample was 56 extracted bovine incisors with mature apices and without root curvature. Before the cementing procedure, pretreatment of dentin was performed with 11.5 % polyacrylic acid, 17 % EDTA or sodium hypochlorite. The type of failure between the post/cement/dentin was evaluated by stereomicroscope. Two hundred and sixteen bovine dentin discs were used. The disks were approximately 1 mm thick, and were obtained from 72 bovine roots restored with intraradicular retentions. Data were analyzed for better comprehension in an SPSS database for Windows version 15. Results: The highest values were found in groups G3, G4 and G5, and there was no bond strength significant difference in group G2. Conclusions: The pre-treatment had no effect on dentin bond strength, and the self-adhesive cement RelyX U100 appears to be a viable option in the cementation of fiber posts.

RESUMEN Introducción: Los postes y el núcleo se utilizan con frecuencia en los dientes tratados endodónticamente con una pérdida excesiva de la estructura dental coronal. Objetivo: Evaluar la efectividad de los cementos autoadhesivos bajo diferentes pretratamientos de dentina en la resistencia a la extrusión de postes de fibra de vidrio. Métodos: Se realizó una investigación experimental in vitro en 56 dientes de ganado seleccionados al azar con cierre apical maduro y sin curvaturas radiculares. Antes del procedimiento de cementación, se llevó a cabo el pretratamiento de la dentina con 11,5 % de ácido poliacrílico, 17 % de EDTA o hipoclorito de sodio. El estereomicroscopio evaluó el tipo de falla entre el poste / cemento / dentina. Se usaron 216 discos de dentina bovina. Los discos tenían aproximadamente 1 mm de espesor y se obtuvieron de 72 raíces bovinas restauradas con retenciones intrarradiculares. Los datos se analizaron para una mejor comprensión en una base de datos de SPSS para Windows versión 15. Resultados: Los valores más elevados fueron encontrados en los grupos G3, G4 y G5 y no fue significativa la prueba de resistencia en el grupo G2. Conclusiones: El pretratamiento no tuvo efecto sobre la fuerza de unión dentinaria, y el cemento autoadhesivo RelyX U100 parece ser una opción viable en la cementación postes de fibra.

ABSTRACT: The purpose of this study was to investigate the accuracy and interobserver reliability of examiners with different levels of clinical experience, when diagnosing radiographic proximal caries lesions. Bitewing radiographs were selected from a patient attending Operative Dentistry Clinic, Universidad de Chile. Radiographic examination was performed by three different groups: A: third year dentistry students, B: fourth year dentistry students, and C: dentist recently graduated. Thirty-two proximal surfaces were scored as: 0, sound; 1: enamel caries; and 2: dentinal caries. The data were analysed and accuracy and interexaminer reliability were calculated. Accuracy values for enamel caries were: A (0.54), B (0.55) and C (0.58), and dentinal caries were: A (0.55), B (0.61) and C (0.63). Interexaminer reliability denoted marginal agreement for all groups, A (0.249), B (0.213) and C (0.282) for enamel caries and A (0.058), B (0.102), and C (0.344) for dentinal caries. The results of this study indicate that the accuracy and interexaminer reliability of bitewing radiographic examination were influenced by the clinical experience when detecting radiographic proximal caries, however low values of accuracy and interexaminer reliability were noted, reinforcing the necessity of improving education and training in radiographic caries detection.

RESUMEN:El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar la precisión y concordancia entre examinadores con distinto nivel de experiencia clínica, al diagnosticar lesiones de caries proximales en radiografías. Un set de radiografías bitewing fue seleccionado de un paciente que acudió a la Clínica de Operatoria de la Facultad de Odontología, Universidad de Chile. El examen radiográfico fue realizado por tres grupos distintos: A: estudiantes de Odontología de tercer año, B: estudiantes de Odontología de cuarto año, y C: dentistas recientemente graduados. Treinta y dos superficies proximales fueron analizadas y evaluadas como: 0, sana; 1: lesión de caries de esmalte, 2: lesión de caries dentinaria. Los datos obtenidos fueron analizados y la precisión y concordancia entre examinadores fueron calculadas. Los valores de precisión en lesiones de esmalte fueron: A (0,54), B (0,55) y C (0,58), y para lesiones dentinarias fueron: A (0,55), B (0,61) y C (0,63). La concordancia entre examinadores denotó ser marginal para todos los grupos, A (0,249), B (0,213) y C (0,282) en lesiones de esmalte y A (0,058), B (0,102), y C (0,344) en lesiones dentinarias. Los resultados de este estudio indican que la precisión y la concordancia entre examinadores está influenciada por la experiencia clínica, sin embargo los valores encontrados fueron bajos, lo que refuerza la necesidad de mejorar la educación y entrenamiento en detección de lesiones de caries en radiografías

ABSTRACT: Aim: To evaluate the shear bond strength (SBS) and adhesive remnant index (ARI) of experimental brackets bonded with self-adhesive resin cement. Ninety bovine teeth were randomly distributed (n = 15) according to the groups: G1 - metal brackets bonded with Transbond™ XT; G2 - APC metal brackets bonded without additional adhesive system; G3 - APC metal brackets bonded with self-etching adhesive system; G4 - metal brackets bonded with RelyXU200; G5 - experimental brackets bonded with Transbond™ XT; G6 - experimental brackets bonded with RelyXU200. Shear bond strength test of the brackets was carried out and after their removal, the ARI was observed. Results: The highest mean value of SBS was found in group 1 (14.33 MPa) and lower mean SBS has been in group 4 (2.36 MPa). The mean values of SBS found in the experimental groups were higher compared to the non-modified brackets. The ARI analysis demonstrated that groups that received the phosphoric acid or selfetching primer (G1,G2,G3andG5) showed adhesive partially and fully adhered to the tooth. Greater amounts of remnants were adhered to the bracket in the experimental brackets, this minimizes the risk of damage to the tooth enamel since it requires minimal finishing. These results suggest that the experimental brackets are interesting options for future use in orthodontics, since it has sufficient adhesive strength to the orthodontic treatment, and less risk of damage to the enamel at the time of removal of the brackets, and is a simple and inexpensive alternative.

Resumo Introdução A evolução dos sistemas adesivos permitiu que os fabricantes desenvolvessem materiais com técnicas cada vez mais simplificadas, porém que, ainda assim, promovessem adequados valores de resistência de união imediata. Sugere-se que alguns tratamentos da superfície dentinária podem favorecer esse processo de adesão. Objetivo Avaliar os efeitos de diferentes tratamentos, em superfície dentinária plana condicionada, sobre a resistência de união à microtração de sistemas adesivos do tipo “condiciona-e-lava” de dois passos. Material e método Noventa e seis terceiros molares humanos foram divididos em 12 grupos (n=8), aleatoriamente, de acordo com o sistema adesivo utilizado (GI: Adper Single Bond 2 - 3M ESPE; GII: Prime & Bond 2.1 - Dentsply; GIII: Excite - Ivoclar Vivadent) e o tipo de tratamento do substrato dentinário condicionado (a: água; b: clorexidina + água; c: etanol; d: clorexidina + etanol). Todos os dentes foram restaurados com resina Charisma na cor A2 (Heraeus - Kulzer, Germany) e submetidos a ensaio mecânico de microtração (EMIC DL-2000). O teste estatístico realizado foi ANOVA a um fator, completado com teste de Tukey. Resultado Os grupos GIIc, GIIIc e GIId apresentaram aumento significativo estatisticamente na resistência de união à microtração imediata. Conclusão Os diferentes tratamentos da dentina condicionada não afetaram de maneira negativa a resistência de união para todos os sistemas adesivos testados e a utilização da técnica com etanol, associado ou não à clorexidina, parece ser uma interessante abordagem quando associada a sistemas adesivos “condiciona-e-lava” de dois passos.

Abstract Introduction The development of adhesive systems allow manufacturers to develop materials with increasingly simplified techniques, but that still would promote adequate resistance values of immediate union. It is suggested that some treatments of dentin surface can facilitate the process of accession. Objective To evaluate the effects of different treatments in conditioned flat dentin surface on bond strength to microtensile 2-step etch-and-rinse adhesive systems. Material and method Ninety-six human third molars were divided into twelve groups (n = 8) randomly according to the used adhesive system (GI: Single Bond 2 - 3M ESPE; GII: Prime & Bond 2.1 - Dentsply; GIII: Excite - Ivoclar Vivadent) and type of treatment of the conditioned dentin (a: water; b: water + chlorhexidine; c: ethanol; d: chlorhexidine + ethanol). All teeth were restored with Charisma color A2 (Heraeus – Kulzer, Germany) and subjected to mechanical testing microtensile (EMIC DL-2000). The statistical test performed was ANOVA 1 factor supplemented with Tukey test. Result GIIc groups GIIIc and GIId showed statistically significant increase in bond strength to immediate microtensile. Conclusion The different treatments of dentin did not affect negatively the bond strength for all tested adhesive systems and the use of the technique with ethanol, with or without chlorhexidine, appears to be an interesting approach when combined with 2-step etch-and-rinse adhesive systems.

ResumoIntroduçãoA halitose é uma condição em que o hálito se apresenta de forma desagradável, acometendo milhares de pessoas e causando impacto negativo para as mesmas.ObjetivoA presente pesquisa em campo buscou avaliar a percepção pessoal em relação à condição de halitose por meio de aplicação de questionário específico e confirmação clínica.Material e métodoA amostra foi composta por 59 indivíduos entre 20 e 60 anos de idade, usuários de Unidades Básicas de Saúde de Araraquara, que foram selecionados de forma aleatória. A metodologia empregada constituiu-se de: i) Assinatura do Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido; ii) Aplicação de questionário especialmente elaborado para esta pesquisa; iii) Confirmação clínica, com a aplicação do teste com halímetro (Tanita Breath Alert CHC-212S). Após o experimento, todos receberam folhetos informativos com dados gerais sobre halitose. Os resultados obtidos foram agrupados em tabelas de contingência, construídas pelo Microsoft Excel, sendo então analisados pelo teste do Qui-quadrado.Resultado e conclusãoApós análises, conclui-se que as pessoas perderam a capacidade de perceber o próprio hálito quando tinham halitose; não tiveram condições de se autoavaliarem de forma eficaz; os fatores de riscos que influenciaram na halitose foram: idade superior aos 40 anos, uso de alguns tipos de medicamentos, algumas patologias, frequência de visita ao Dentista e falhas em procedimentos de higiene bucal, tais como escovação dentária, uso do fio dental, limpeza da língua e limpeza de próteses. Os outros fatores pesquisados não se mostraram estatisticamente suficientes para estabelecerem relação de influência na halitose.

AbstractIntroductionHalitosis is a condition characterized by unpleasant breath,affecting thousands of people and causing a negative impact on them.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to evaluate self-perception of halitosis condition by applying a specific questionnaire and having clinical evaluation.Material and methodThe sample was composed by 59 randomly selected voluntaries between the ages of 20 and 60 years old who were users of Basic Health Units of Araraquara. The methodologies applied were: 1. Signature of informed consent; 2. Application of standardized questionnaire specially designed for this research; 3. Clinical confirmation through halimeter (Tanita Breath Alert CHC-212S). After the experimental phase, all the volunteers received a document with general information about halitosis (causes and treatment). The results were grouped in Microsoft Excel tables and analyzed by Chi-square test.Result and conclusionAfter the analyses, it was concluded that people had lost the ability to perceive their own breath when they had halitosis and they are unable to evaluate themselves effectively; the risky factors that influenced the halitosis were: people over the age of 40, the use some types of drugs, some diseases, frequency of visit to the dentist and poor oral hygiene including bad-technique procedures such as teeth brushing, flossing, tongue cleaning and dentures cleaning. Other factors studied were not statistically sufficient to influence halitosis.

Objetivo Avaliar o efeito da dentina sobre o pH e a atividade antimicrobiana de formulações com hidróxido de cálcio. Material e método O pH e a atividade antimicrobiana das formulações (G1- polietilenoglicol, G2- glicerina e paramonoclorofenol canforado ou G3- clorexidina) foram analisados nas formulações puras (G1A, G2A e G3A) ou acrescidas de dentina em pó (G1B, G2B e G3B). Tubos de polietileno foram preenchidos com uma das formulações e imersos em água destilada. O pH foi analisado após 24 horas, 7, 14 e 21 dias. A atividade antimicrobiana foi avaliada sobre Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 29212), através do teste de difusão em ágar. Os resultados foram submetidos aos testes de ANOVA e Tukey (p=0,05). Resultado A dentina não exerceu efeito sobre o pH das formulações, exceto ocasionando a redução em G1, no período de 24 horas (p<0,05). Nas demais formulações, não houve interferência da dentina sobre o pH (p>0,05). Quando comparados entre os grupos, em 24 horas e 7 dias, G1A e G1B apresentaram menor pH (p<0,05). Em 14 dias, G2A, G2B, G3A e G3B demonstraram similar pH (p>0,05), assim como entre G3B e G1A (p>0,05). Em 21 dias, todas as formulações demonstram semelhante pH (p>0,05). Os resultados em ordem decrescente da atividade antimicrobiana foram G2A=G2B>G3A=G3B>G1A=G1B (p<0,05). Conclusão A dentina não interferiu no pH e na atividade antimicrobiana das diferentes formulações com hidróxido de cálcio, exceto na associação com o polietilenoglicol, em que ocasionou a redução do pH apenas no período de 24 horas. A formulação com paramonoclorofenol canforado apresentou maior atividade antimicrobiana, seguida da clorexidina e do polietilenoglicol.

Objective To evaluate the dentin effect on pH and antimicrobial activity of the calcium hydroxide chemical formulations. Material and method pH and antimicrobial activity of calcium hydroxide formulations were evaluated (G1-polyethyleneglycol, G2-glycerin and camphorated paramonochlorophenol and G3-chlorhexidine). The formulations were evaluated alone (G1A, G2A e G3A) or with dentin powder (G1B, G2B and G3B). Polyethylene tubes were filled with the formulation and immersed in distilled water. After 24 hours, 7, 14 and 21 days, pH was evaluated. The antimicrobial activity was evaluated against Enterococcus faecalis by agar diffusion test. All data were submitted to ANOVA and Tukey tests (p=0.05). Result None effect was observed on pH and antimicrobial activity by dentin on different chemical formulations, except the reduction occurred in G1 at 24 hours (p <0.05). When compared between the groups at 24 hours and 7 days, G1A and G1B had a lower pH (p <0.05). At 14 days, G2A, G2B, G3A and G3B showed similar pH (p <0.05) and between G3B and G1A (p> 0.05). At 21 days, all formulations were similar (p> 0.05). Regarding antimicrobial activity G2B G2A => = G3A G3B> = G1A G1B (p <0.05). Conclusion The dentin did not affect the pH and antimicrobial activity of different formulations containing calcium hydroxide, except in association with polyethylene glycol, which caused the reduction of pH, within 24 hours. The formulation with paramonochlorophenol camphor showed higher antimicrobial activity, followed by chlorhexidine and polyethylene glycol.

The aim of this study was to analyze the color alterations performed by the CIE L*a*b* system in the digital imaging of shade guide tabs, which were obtained photographically according to the automatic and manual modes. This study also sought to examine the observers' agreement in quantifying the coordinates. Four Vita Lumin Vaccum shade guide tabs were used: A3.5, B1, B3 and C4. An EOS Canon digital camera was used to record the digital images of the shade tabs, and the images were processed using Adobe Photoshop software. A total of 80 observations (five replicates of each shade according to two observers in two modes, specifically, automatic and manual) were obtained, leading to color values of L*, a* and b*. The color difference (ΔE) between the modes was calculated and classified as either clinically acceptable or unacceptable. The results indicated that there was agreement between the two observers in obtaining the L*, a* and b* values related to all guides. However, the B1, B3, and C4 shade tabs had ΔE values classified as clinically acceptable (ΔE = 0.44, ΔE = 2.04 and ΔE = 2.69, respectively). The A3.5 shade tab had a ΔE value classified as clinically unacceptable (ΔE = 4.17), as it presented higher values for luminosity in the automatic mode (L* = 54.0) than in the manual mode (L* = 50.6). It was concluded that the B1, B3 and C4 shade tabs can be used at any of the modes in digital camera (manual or automatic), which was a different finding from that observed for the A3.5 shade tab.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the fracture strength and failure mode of flared bovine roots restored with different intraradicular posts. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Fifty bovine incisors with similar dimensions were selected and their roots were flared until 1.0 mm of dentin wall remained. Next, the roots were allocated into five groups (n=10): GI- cast metal post-and-core; GII- fiber posts plus accessory fiber posts; GIII- direct anatomic post; GIV- indirect anatomic post and GV- control (specimens without intraradicular post). A polyether impression material was used to simulate the periodontal ligament. After periodontal ligament simulation, the specimens were subjected to a compressive load at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min in a servo-hydraulic testing machine (MTS 810) applied at 135º to the long axis of the tooth until failure. The data (N) were subjected to ANOVA and Tukey's post-hoc test (α=0.05). RESULTS: GI and GIV presented higher fracture strength (p<0.05) than GII. GIII presented intermediate values without statistically significant differences (p>0.05) from GI, GII and GIV. Control specimens (GV) produced the lowest fracture strength mean values (p<0.05). Despite obtaining the highest mean value, GI presented 100% of unfavorable failures. GII presented 20% of unfavorable failures. GIII, GIV and GV presented only favorable failures. CONCLUSIONS: Although further in vitro and in vivo studies are necessary, the results of this study showed that the use of direct and indirect anatomic posts in flared roots could be an alternative to cast metal post-and-core.