Cyclodextrins (CDs) are water soluble cyclic sugars with a hydrophobic nanometric cavity that permits the formation of host/guest inclusion complexes with a large variety of molecules, alternating their physical-chemical properties. In the present review CD research related to the processing of textiles is revised and discussed. CDs may function as encapsulating, dispersing and levelling agents in the dyeing and washing of textiles. Furthermore they may be anchored to polymers and textile fibers in order to impart special properties such as odor reduction, UV protection or for the controlled release of perfumes, aromas, mosquito repellents or substances with therapeutical effects.

A água é usada na indústria têxtil como veículo para os produtos químicos em geral e corantes utilizados no processo de tingimento e beneficiamento de fibras. Neste trabalho estudou-se a reutilização de rejeitos líquidos de tingimentos de tecidos de náilon 6,6 (PA 66), tratados pelo processo de adsorção, com uma blenda de PA 6,6/quitosana (80/20), na forma de flocos. Para a produção de rejeitos líquidos, realizaram-se tingimentos de tecidos de PA 66 com os corantes ácidos Yellow Erionyl RXL, Red Erionyl A-3B e Navy Blue Erionyl R. A eficiência da remoção da cor variou entre 97-98%, com exceção dos rejeitos dos tingimentos com o corante Yellow Erionyl RXL, onde se atingiu apenas eficiências de 65 e 72% para os rejeitos com e sem auxiliares têxteis, respectivamente. A reutilização dos rejeitos tratados estudou-se em tingimentos de tecidos de malha de poliamida 6,6 com os mesmos corantes. Os valores de ΔE (diferença de cor referente a tingimento padrão com água destilada) de tingimentos em cores claras e médias, variaram de 0,24 a 1,05 (para os rejeitos de monocromia) e 0,71 a 1,07 (para os rejeitos de tricromia), e são compatíveis com os padrões industriais (ΔE < 1,1). Conclui-se que a reutilização dos banhos de tingimento tratados, dentro das condições aqui testadas, é possível, porém com algumas restrições para cores com predominância do amarelo.

Water is used in the textile industry, mainly, as vehicle for chemicals and dyes used in the dyeing and finishing processes of textile fibers. In this work we studied the reuse of wastewater generated in the dyeing of nylon 6.6 (PA6.6) fabrics and treated by adsorption process with nylon 6.6/chitosan (80/20) blend flakes was studied. To produce the wastewater PA 6.6 fabrics were dyed with the acid dyes Yellow Erionyl RXL, Red Erionyl A-3B and Navy Blue Erionyl R. The efficiency in color removal of the adsorption process varied between 97-98%, with exception of the effluents from Yellow Erionyl RXL dyeing, where only efficiencies of 65% (wastewater with auxiliaries) and 72% (without auxiliaries) were obtained. The reuse of the treated wastewater was studied in dyeing of knitted nylon 6.6 fabrics with the same dyes. ΔE values (color difference relative to a standard dyeing with distilled water) of the dyeings with light and medium colors varied from 0.24 to 1.05 for the wastewater of monochrome dyeing, and from 0.71 to 1.07 for the wastewater of trichrome dyeing and are compatible with industrial standards (ΔE < 1.1). It could be concluded that the reuse of treated wastewater from polyamide dyeing under the tested conditions is feasible, although with some restrictions for yellow especially.

On a laboratory scale effluents were produced from bichromic dyeing of acrylic fabrics with the basic dyes Blue Astrazon FGGL 300% and Yellow Gold Astrazon GL 200%. The residual dyeing baths were subjected to a photoelectrochemical treatment and reused in a second dyeing process. In the reutilization study, dyeings with treated effluent were compared with standard dyeings with distilled water. The results of dyeings using 100% of treated effluent were unsatisfactory, but the substitution of 10 to 30% of the treated effluent by distilled water resulted in reduced and more acceptable values for difference in colour intensity (ΔE) between 1.86 and 0.3.

Enzymes are the catalysts of all reactions in living systems. These reactions are catalysed in the active sites of globular proteins. The proteins are composed by amino acids with a variety of side chains ranging from non-polar aliphatic and aromatic to acidic, basic and neutral polar. This fact allows to a globular 3D protein to create in the active site all ranges of microenvironments for catalysis. Major advances in microbial technology and genetics allow recently the broad range of enzymatic applications in the industry. Enzymatic processes have been increasingly incorporated in textiles over the last years. Cotton, wool, flax or starches are natural materials used in textiles that can be processed with enzymes. Enzymes have been used for desizing, scouring, polishing, washing, degumming, peroxide degradation in bleaching baths as well as for decolourisation of dyehouse wastewaters, bleaching of released dyestuff and inhibiting dye transfer. Furthermore many new applications are under development such as natural and synthetic fibres modification, enzymatic dyeing, finishing etc. Most of the textile processes are heterogeneous where an auxiliary as a dye, enzyme, softener or oxidant have to be taken from the solution to the fibre. These processes require the presence of surface-active agents, ionic force "balancers", buffers, stabilisers and others, and are characterized with high turbulence and mechanical agitation in the textile baths. In this paper it is intended to understand and discuss the major protein interactions within textile processes and to try to anticipate troubleshooting possibilities when enzymes are used. It can be expected that an enzyme protein can interact with all chemical agents in solution due to the large variety of side chains of the outer-amino-acids in the large 3D structure of the protein. Without the aim of being exhaustive various points will be discussed where protein interactions are important for textile processing.

O resultado do tingimento de tecido de algodão com corante reativo bifuncional foi signicativamente melhorado quando o tecido, após pré-alvejamento com peróxido de hidrogênio, foi tratado com enzima catalase para eliminar os resíduos de peróxidos. Comparado com processos utilizando um número variável de etapas de lavagens, com e sem o uso de agentes redutores comerciais, o consumo de água foi significativamente reduzido sem alterar a tonalidade final da cor.

Results of dyeing of cotton fabrics with a bifunctional reactive dye were significantly improved when the fabric after bleaching with hydrogen peroxide was treated with catalase for the elimination of hydrogen peroxide residues from the fabrics. Compared to processes with a varying number of washing steps, with and without commercial reducing agents, the consumption of water could be significantly reduced, without altering the final color shade.