Abstract Background: The association of scaffolds to repair extensive bone defects can contribute to their evolution and morphophysiological recomposition. The incorporation of particulate biomaterials into three-dimensional fibrin bioproducts together with photobiomodulation therapy (PBM) has potential and can improve regenerative medicine procedures. The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effects of PBM therapy on critical size defects filled with xenogenic bone substitute associated with fibrin biopolymer. Methods: A critical defect of 8 mm was performed in 36 Wistar male adult rats that were divided into four groups. Groups BC and BC-PBM were defined as controls with defects filled by a clot (without or with PBM, respectively) and groups XS and XS-PBM that comprised those filled with biocomplex Bio-OssTM in association with fibrin biopolymer. PBM was applied immediately after the surgery and three times a week every other day, with the parameters: wavelength of 830 nm, energy density 6.2 J/cm2, output power 30 mW, beam area of 0.116 cm2, irradiance 0.258,62 W/cm2, energy/point 0.72 J, total energy 2.88 J. Fourteen and 42 days after the surgery, animals were euthanatized and subjected to microtomography, qualitative and quantitative histological analysis. Results: The BC-PBM and XS-PBM groups had a similar evolution in the tissue repair process, with a higher density of the volume of new formed bone in relation to the groups without PBM (p = 0.04086; p = 0.07093, respectively). Intense vascular proliferation and bone deposition around the biomaterial particles were observed in the animals of the groups in which biocomplex was applied (XS and XS-PBM). Conclusion: PBM therapy allowed an improvement in the formation of new bone, with a more organized deposition of collagen fibers in the defect area. Biocomplex favored the insertion and permanence of the particulate material in bone defects, creating a favorable microenvironment for accelerate repair process.

RESUMO Objetivo Avaliar a influência da suplementação de β-hidroxi-β-metilbutirato sobre as características morfológicas e morfométricas do músculo diafragma de ratos e se existe diferenças entre os sexos. Métodos Estudo experimental com 48 ratos Wistar (24 de cada sexo) divididos em 3 grupos: Grupo Controle, no qual foi ofertada dieta diária com soro fisiológico; Grupo Experimental, ofertada 0,3g/kg de β-hidroxi-β-metilbutirato e mesma quantidade de alimentos do Grupo Controle consumida no dia anterior; Grupo Experimental Ad libitum com mesma dose do suplemento, porém com alimentação Ad libitum. A análise foi feita através da histomorfometria e classificação em faixas de área das fibras musculares após 30 dias do início do experimento. Os dados foram analisados pelos testes Anova one-way e Tukey (p<0,05). Resultados Não foi observado aumento da área de secção transversal das fibras do músculo diafragma com o protocolo de suplementação utilizado e no padrão histológico em ambos os sexos. Não foram observadas mudanças significativas nas faixas de tamanho de fibras musculares nos grupos suplementados, sugerindo que não houve hipertrofia das fibras musculares. Conclusão A suplementação com β-hidroxi-β-metilbutirato não provoca alterações nas características morfológicas e morfo-métricas do músculo diafragma, independente do sexo.

ABSTRACT Objective To evaluate the β-hydroxy-βmethylbutyrate supplementation influence on the morphological and morphometric characteristics of the diaphragm muscle of rats and verify whether there are sex differences. Methods Experimental study with 48 Wistar rats (24 of each sex) divided into 3 groups: Control Group: in which a daily diet with saline solution was offered; Experimental Group: the same amount of food from the Control group consumed in the previous day and 0.3g/kg of β-hydroxy-βmethylbutyrate; Ad libitum Experimental Group: ad libitum feeding with the same dose of the supplement. The analysis consisted of histomorphometry and classification in diaphragm muscle fiber area bands. The procedures occurred 30 days after the start of the experiment. Data were analyzed using the one-way ANOVA and Tukey tests (p<0.05). Results There was no increase in the cross-sectional area of the diaphragm muscle fibers with the supplementation protocol employed and a similar histological pattern in both sexes. No significant changes were observed in muscle fiber size ranges in the supplemented groups, suggesting that there was no hypertrophy of muscle fibers. Conclusion This study suggests that β-hydroxy-βmethylbutyrate supplementation does not cause changes in the morphological and morphometric characteristics of the diaphragm muscle, regardless of sex.

RESUMO A esclerose múltipla (EM) é uma doença desmielinizante, progressiva e neurodegenerativa. Um distúrbio no eixo hipotálamo-hipófise-adrenal pode ser observado em pacientes com EM, mostrando níveis alterados de cortisol. Nosso objetivo foi identificar os níveis basais de cortisol e verificar a relação com os sintomas clínicos em pacientes com EM. Uma busca sistemática foi realizada nas bases de dados: Pubmed, Web of Science e SCOPUS. Ambos os níveis de cortisol elevado e baixo foram associados com a EM. Níveis mais elevados de cortisol foram associados à depressão e ansiedade, enquanto níveis mais baixos foram associados à depressão, fadiga e disfunção urinária. Níveis altos de cortisol podem estar associados à progressão e gravidade da EM.

ABSTRACT Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating, progressive and neurodegenerative disease. A disturbance on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis can be observed in patients with MS, showing altered cortisol levels. We aimed to identify basal cortisol levels and verify the relationship with clinical symptoms in patients with MS. A systematic search was conducted in the databases: Pubmed, Web of Science and SCOPUS. Both higher and lower cortisol levels were associated with MS. Higher cortisol levels were associated with depression and anxiety, while lower levels were associated with depression, fatigue and urinary dysfunction. Higher cortisol levels may be associated with the progression and severity of MS.

Abstract Purpose: To compare the functional result of standart vein grafts and inside-out vein graft technique on sciatic nerve repair. Methods: We used 24 male Wistar rats divided into 4 groups: control group (CG), standard vein graft group (SVG), Inside-out vein graft group (IOVG) and denervated Group (DG). SVG, IOVG and DG underwent total section of the sciatic nerve, SVG and IOVG however underwent nerve repair surgery using a graft with normal jugular vein and inside-out jugular vein, respectively. Histological analysis of the soleus and Extensor Digitorum Longus (EDL), and Sciatic Functional Index were used to compare the results after 6 weeks. Results: Both grafts acted favorably in muscle recovery and improved functionality; They were similar in all parameters, however, in more points SVG achieved similar to the CG, in the other hand IOVG more times was similar to DG. Fact that makes the graft with normal vein the most viable option between the two options. Conclusion: Both types of grafts acted beneficially wherein the graft normal vein has proved to be the best option

The progress of science in search of new techniques of the nerve regeneration and the functional repair in reinnervated muscle has been the target of many researchers around the world. Consequently, nerves and muscles in different body segments asked for more enlightenment of their morphology, their interrelation with other anatomic structures and their peculiarities. One of the most significant areas that need deeper studies is the region of the head and neck, since they are often affected by important pathologies. In order to offer the researcher's community a morphological myoneural interaction model, this study elected the levator labii superioris muscle and its motor nerve, the buccal branch of the facial nerve (VII pair) not only for its special characteristics, but also its value on the facial expression. The rat was chosen for this investigation for being easy to obtain, to keep, to manipulate and to compare this experiment with many others studies previously published. The techniques used were Mesoscopic (dissection), histoenzymologic and morphometric ones.In the results the muscle proved to have a predominance of fast twich fibers (FG and FOG) and superficial location, with a proximal bone and a distal cutaneous insertion. Its motor nerve, the buccal branch of the facial nerve (VII pair), breaks through the muscle belly into its deep face, and comprised a heterogeneous group of myelinic nerve fibers disposed in a regular form in all fascicle. Near the motor point, the nerve showed to be composed of two fascicles with different sizes. Due to the small nerve dimensions, the nerve fibers have a smaller diameter if compared to the motor nerve of pectineus muscle of the cat. Further studies with neural tracers have already had a start in order to provide more information about the distribution and the architecture of these fibers.

El progreso de la ciencia en busca de nuevas técnicas para la regeneración neural y la recuperación funcional de los músculos reinervados, ha atraído el interés de muchos investigadores en todo el mundo. En consecuencia, los músculos y los nervios merecen más aclaraciones sobre su morfología, relaciones anatómicas y particularidades. Entre las áreas que merecen estudios más profundos y detallados, está la región de cabeza y cuello, que es a menudo afectada por enfermedades graves. Con el propósito de ofrecer a la comunidad científica un modelo morfológico de interacción mioneural, se eligió el músculo elevador del labio superior y su nervio motor, la rama bucal del nervio facial (VII par craneal), por sus especiales características y su importancia en la expresión facial. En esta investigación se optó por la rata, por las facilidades de obtención, de manejo y para comparar los datos obtenidos con estudios previos. Se utilizaron técnicas mesoscópicas de disección, histoenzimológicas y morfométricas. Los resultados mostraron un músculo con predominio de fibras de contracción rápida (FG y FOG), ubicación superficial, inserción proximal ósea e inserción distal en la piel. Su nervio motor, la rama bucal del nervio facial, ingresa en el vientre muscular en la cara profunda, y está compuesto por un grupo heterogéneo de fibras nerviosas mielínicas dispuestas de forma regular por todo el fascículo nervioso cerca del punto motor. El nervio es formado por dos fascículos de diferentes tamaños. Debido a las pequeñas dimensiones en la rata, el diámetro de las fibras nerviosas presenta valores reducidos, en comparación con el nervio motor del músculo pectíneo en el gato, por ejemplo. Los datos aportados podrán ser usados como referencia en estudios de regeneración en nervios y músculos. Otros estudios con marcadores neuronales se iniciaron para aclarar la distribución y la estructura de las fibras mencionadas.

O conhecimento anátomo-cirúrgico da região zigomática é fundamental para o aprimoramento de técnicas anestésicas tronculares do nervo maxilar. A literatura pouco se refere à trajetória do nervo maxilar e seus ramos nessa região, portanto, o presente estudo tem como objetivo esclarecer o percurso desses nervos. Foram dissecadas ao microscópio cirúrgico MC900 (D.F.Vasconcelos), 30 hemicabeças humanas, de ambos os sexos, que foram previamente formolizadas a 10% e desmineralizadas em ácido nítrico a 5%. Observou-se que o nervo maxilar, desde sua origem na fossa pterigopalatina até penetrar na fissura orbital inferior, emite de um a três ramos alveolares superiores posteriores e ramos tuberais descendentes que vão para estruturas moles da região. Os nervos alveolares superiores posteriores, descem adjacentes à tuberosidade da maxila, na qual penetram através dos canais alveolares junto com a artéria homônima e podem emitir filetes nervosos que continuam trajeto extra-ósseo. Contrariando os achados da literatura, com este estudo observou-se que o nervo maxilar apresenta praticamente dois terços de sua trajetória na região zigomática e o restante na fossa pterigopalatina.

Anatomic knowledge on the zygomatic fossa is of primary importance to improve the regional anesthetic technique of the maxillary nerve. Few reports in the literature have addressed the trajectory of the maxillary nerve and its branches in this region; thus, this study aimed at presenting information about the trajectory of these nerves. Thirty human half-heads of both genders were fixed in 10% formalin and demineralized in 5% nitric acid, and the maxillary nerve was dissected since its origin on the pterygopalatine fossa until penetration into the inferior orbital fissure. It was observed that the maxillary nerve sends one to three posterior superior alveolar branches and tuberal descendent branches, which supply the soft tissue structures of the region. The posterior superior alveolar nerves are inferiorly oriented near the maxillary tuberosity, where they penetrate the alveolar canals with the posterior superior alveolar artery and send small nerve branches that continue in an extraosseous trajectory. This study found that nearly 2/3 of the trajectory of the maxillary nerve is located in the zygomatic region, with a short segment (1/3) in the pterygopalatine fossa.

A problemática da inervação laríngea tem motivado o aparecimento de grande número de pesquisas, especialmente àquelas relacionadas ao nervo laríngeo recorrente (NLR). As numerosas variações anatômicas, a importante aplicação cirúrgica e ainda as dificuldades na comprovação funcional dos ramos nervosos para laringe tornam este assunto intrigante e desafiador. Diante disto, o presente estudo objetiva a investigação minuciosa dos ramos do nervo laríngeo recorrente (NLR), destinados aos músculos cricoaritenóideos posterior (CAP) e lateral (CAL). FORMA DE ESTUDO: Experimental. MATERIAL E MÉTODO: Foram realizadas dissecções bilaterais, ao microscópio cirúrgico, de 20 laringes de adultos, de ambos os sexos, referentes às regiões posterior e posterolateral da laringe. RESULTADOS: Encontraram-se diferenças morfológicas nos ramos do NLR que alcançam os músculos CAP e CAL, observando-se inervação unipedicular, bipedicular e tripedicular. Encontraram-se, também, fibras do músculo CAP dispostas obliquamente às do feixe principal, em forma de um "aqueduto", sob o qual passa o NLR. CONCLUSÕES: O nervo laríngeo recorrente (NLR) penetra na laringe sob a sua margem inferior, atrás da articulação cricotireoidea; a inervação característica de ambos os músculos (CAP e CAL) é predominantemente bipedicular; o mencionado "aqueduto", formado por um feixe de fibras do CAP, seria uma variação anatômica pouco estudada.

The complexity of the laringeal inervation has motivated the appearing of a large number of researches, specially that ones related to the recurrent laringeal nerve (RLN). The plentiful variation, the important surgical appliance and even the dificulties in the functional corroboration of the nervous branchs to the larynx make this subject intriguing and challenging. Facing this, the aim of the current study is the elaborated investigation about the recurring laringeal nerve (RLN) branches, directed to posterior (PCA) and lateral (PCL) cricoarytenoid muscles. STUDY DESIGN: Experimental. MATERIAL AND METHOD: It was realized bilateral dissections, on the surgical microscope, in 20 adult's larynxes, from both Sex, referring to posterior and posterolateral regions of the larynx. RESULTS: There are morfological diferences in the RLN's branches that reach the PCA and PCL muscles, observing the unipedicular, bipedicular and tripedicular inervations. There are filaments of PCA muscle arranged obliquely to the main branch, forming "aqueduct", under wich passes the RLN. CONCLUSIONS: The recurring laringeal nerve (RLN) penetrates the larynx beneath its inferior border, behind the cricothyroid joint. The caracteristical inervation of both muscles (PCA and PCL) is predominantly bipedicular; the mentioned "aqueduct", formed by the PCA's fiber bundles, is a anatomical variation not much studied.