ABSTRACT After 2 years of the COVID-19 pandemic, the protocols used to control infection lack attention and analysis. We present data about deposits of complete genomic sequences of SARS-CoV-2 in the Global Initiative on Sharing All Influenza Data (GISAID) database made between January 2021 and May 31, 2022. We build the distribution profile of SARS-CoV-2 variants across South America, highlighting the contribution and influence of each variant over time. Monitoring the genomic sequences in GISAID illustrates negligence in the follow up of infected patients in South America and also the discrepancies between the number of complete genomes deposited throughout the pandemic by developed and developing countries. While Europe and North America account for more than 9 million of the genomes deposited in GISAID, Africa and South America deposited less than 400 000 genome sequences. Genomic surveillance is important for detecting early warning signs of new circulating viruses, assisting in the discovery of new variants and controlling pandemics.

RESUMO Após 2 anos da pandemia de covid-19, os protocolos usados para controlar a infecção necessitam maior atenção e análise. Apresentamos dados sobre as sequências genômicas completas do SARS-CoV-2 depositadas no banco de dados do a iniciativa internacional para o intercâmbio de dados sobre os vírus da influenza (GISAID) entre janeiro de 2021 e 31 de maio de 2022. Construímos o perfil de distribuição das variantes do SARS-CoV-2 na América do Sul, destacando a contribuição e a influência de cada variante ao longo do tempo. O monitoramento das sequências genômicas do GISAID ilustra a negligência no acompanhamento de pacientes infectados na América do Sul e as discrepâncias entre os países desenvolvidos e em desenvolvimento com relação ao número de genomas completos depositados ao longo da pandemia. Enquanto a Europa e a América do Norte respondem por mais de 9 milhões dos genomas depositados no GISAID, a África e a América do Sul depositaram menos de 400 000 sequências genômicas. A vigilância genômica é importante para detectar sinais de alerta precoces de novos vírus circulantes, auxiliar na descoberta de novas variantes e controlar pandemias.

RESUMEN Tras dos años de pandemia del COVID-19, los protocolos empleados para controlar la infección carecen de atención y análisis. En este artículo se presentan datos sobre depósitos de secuencias genómicas completas del SARS-CoV-2 en la base de datos de secuenciación GISAID, la Iniciativa mundial para intercambiar todos los datos sobre la gripe aviar, realizadas entre enero del 2021 y el 31 de mayo del 2022. Se creó el perfil de distribución de las variantes del SARS-CoV-2 en América del Sur, en el que se destacaron la contribución y la influencia de cada variante a lo largo del tiempo. El monitoreo de las secuencias genómicas en GISAID ilustra la negligencia en el seguimiento de los pacientes infectados en América del Sur, así como las discrepancias entre el número de genomas completos depositados a lo largo de la pandemia por parte de los países desarrollados y los países en desarrollo. Mientras que Europa y América del Norte han depositado más de 9 millones de genomas en GISAID, África y América del Sur han aportado menos de 400 000 secuencias genómicas. La vigilancia genómica es importante para detectar los primeros signos de alerta de virus nuevos en circulación, ayudar en el descubrimiento de nuevas variantes y controlar las pandemias.

ABSTRACT During voluntary or involuntary spills, the total dissolved gas (TDG) may increase with potential of causing gas bubble disease (GBD) in affected fish. Bubbles entrained during spill events in Colider are transported by plunging jets to deep, high pressure, regions in the tailrace where dissolution is enhanced increasing TDG concentrations. The most common alternative to minimize TDG supersaturation downstream of hydropower dams is to install deflectors on the spillway face. In order to reduce TDG levels downstream of the Colider's spillway, Copel retrofitted the four spillway bays with deflectors, finalizing the construction in November 2021. The design of the deflectors were assisted with two studies. The first study comprised the development of a physical model in 1:60 scale, and other study was a numerical model based on the open-source toolbox OpenFoam.

RESUMO Durante vertimentos voluntários e involuntários o total de gás dissolvido (TDG) aumenta e pode causar a doença da bolha em peixes. Elevada concentração de TDG em usinas ocorrem quando as bolhas de ar são carregadas pelo fluxo de água e transportadas para o fundo da bacia, que devido a alta pressão faz com que as bolhas sejam dissolvidas. Uma alternativa para reduzir a concentração de TDG é construir defletores no vertedor. Na UHE Colíder foram construídos quatro defletores no vertedor, uma em cada vão. Para auxiliar no projeto deste defletor foram realizados dois estudos: o primeiro em modelo hidráulico reduzido e no segundo foi elaborada uma modelagem matemática utilizando o OpenFoam.

ABSTRACT Male patient, 68 years old, immunocompromised, presented himself with fever and malaise for 15 days. At his hospitalization, peripheral blood and Schilley catheter blood cultures were collected, in addition to computed tomography that showed the presence of a peri-pancreatic collection. The material was drained and the samples were sent to the laboratory. Blood culture was positive for pink coconuts identified by mass spectrometry as Roseomonas spp. with the diagnosis of Bloodstream Infection being closed.

RESUMO Paciente do sexo feminino, 29 anos de idade, com diagnóstico de lúpus eritematoso sistêmico em uso atual de prednisona e azatioprina, se apresenta com abaulamentos em antebraços, região lombar e coxa esquerda há 15 dias. A ultrassonografia e a ressonância magnética evidenciaram presença de coleções nesses locais cuja punção do material revelou presença de bacilos álcool ácido resistentes e a hemocultura, em meio específico, foi positiva para Mycobacterium tuberculosis. O teste molecular e imunocromatográfico também foram positivos para M. tuberculosis, com diagnóstico final de Piomiosite Tuberculosa.

ABSTRACT Female patient, 29 years old, with systemic lupus erythematosus in current use of prednisone and azathioprine, presents with bulging in the forearms, lumbar region and left thigh for 15 days. Ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging showed the presence of serous collections in these locations. The material was punctured and the samples were sent to the laboratory. The microbiological examination revealed the presence of acid-resistant bacilli and blood culture in a specific medium was positive for Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Molecular and immunochromatographic tests were positive for M. tuberculosis, and the diagnosis of Tuberculous Piomyositis was closed.

ABSTRACT COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) is an infectious disease caused by the new coronavirus associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Coronaviridae comprises a large family, of which at least seven members are known to cause respiratory diseases in humans. Coronaviruses have the ability to infect virtually all major groups of animals and, eventually, can infect humans. SARS-CoV-2 is the third coronavirus to cross the species barrier and infect humans. This virus was identified in an outbreak of pneumonia cases in Wuhan city, Hubei province, China, in December 2019. Its entire genome is inscribed on a single strand of ribonucleic acid. Some proteins present on the surface of the virus act as facilitators for its entry into host cells, while others, apparently, are related to its pathogenesis. Coronaviruses are responsible for respiratory infections in humans and some animals. The infection is often mild to moderate in intensity, but some coronaviruses may cause serious illnesses, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), which occurred in 2002, and the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS). Coronaviruses can activate an excessive and unregulated immune response, which may promote SARS development. Although the lungs are one of the target organs, the hypoxia mechanism is systemic and other organs begin to suffer both through lack of oxygen and through deregulation of inflammation control mechanisms.

COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) is an infectious disease caused by the new coronavirus associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Coronaviridae comprises a large family and at least seven members are known to cause respiratory diseases in humans. Coronaviruses have the ability to infect virtually all major groups of animals and, eventually, can infect humans. SARS-CoV-2 is the third coronavirus to cross the species barrier and infect humans. This virus was identified in an outbreak of pneumonia in the city of Wuhan, Hubei province, China, in December 2019. Its entire genome is inscribed on a single ribbon of ribonucleic acid. Some proteins present on the surface of the virus act as facilitators of its entry into host cells, others, apparently, are related to its pathogenesis. Coronaviruses are responsible for respiratory infections in humans and some animals. The infection is often mild to moderate in intensity, but some coronaviruses can cause serious illnesses, such as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) (SARS), which occurred in 2002 and the Middle East respiratory syndrome. (MERS, from Middle East respiratory syndrome). Coronaviruses can activate an excessive and unregulated immune response, which can promote SRAG development. Although the lung is one of the target organs, the hypoxia mechanism is systemic and other organs suffer both the lack of oxygen and the disruption of inflammation control mechanisms.

COVID-19 (do inglês coronavirus disease 2019) é uma doença infecciosa causada pelo novo coronavírus associado à síndrome respiratória aguda grave 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Coronaviridae compreende uma grande família e, pelo menos, sete membros são conhecidos por causarem doenças respiratórias em humanos. Os coronavírus têm a capacidade de infectar praticamente todos os principais grupos de animais e, eventualmente, podem passar a contaminar humanos. O SARS-CoV-2 é o terceiro coronavírus a transpor a barreira entre espécies e infectar humanos. Esse vírus foi identificado em um surto de casos de pneumonia na cidade de Wuhan, província de Hubei, China, em dezembro de 2019. Todo o seu genoma está inscrito em uma fita única de ácido ribonucleico. Algumas proteínas presentes na superfície do vírus atuam como facilitadores do seu ingresso nas células hospedeiras, outras, aparentemente, estão relacionadas com a sua patogenia. Os coronavírus são responsáveis por infecções respiratórias em seres humanos e em alguns animais. Frequentemente, a infecção é de intensidade leve a moderada, mas alguns coronavírus podem causar doenças graves, como a Síndrome Respiratória Aguda Grave (SRAG) (SARS, do inglês Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome), que ocorreu em 2002 e a síndrome respiratória do Oriente Médio (MERS, do inglês Middle East respiratory syndrome). Os coronavírus podem ativar uma resposta imune excessiva e desregulada, a qual pode propiciar o desenvolvimento SRAG. Ainda que o pulmão seja um dos órgãos alvo, o mecanismo de hipóxia é sistêmico e outros órgão passam a sofrer tanto a falta de oxigênio quando a desregulação dos mecanismos de controle da inflamação.

ABSTRACT Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a common condition in women. There is an increased concern on reduction of bacterial susceptibility resulting from wrongly prescribing antimicrobials. This paper summarizes the recommendations of four Brazilian medical societies (SBI - Brazilian Society of Infectious Diseases, FEBRASGO - Brazilian Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics Associations, SBU - Brazilian Society of Urology, and SBPC/ML - Brazilian Society of Clinical Pathology/Laboratory Medicine) on the management of urinary tract infection in women.Asymptomatic bacteriuria should be screened at least twice during pregnancy (early and in the 3rd trimester). All cases of significant bacteriuria (≥105 CFU/mL in middle stream sample) should be treated with antimicrobials considering safety and susceptibility profile. In women with typical symptoms of cystitis, dipsticks are not necessary for diagnosis. Urine cultures should be collected in pregnant women, recurrent UTI, atypical cases, and if there is suspicion of pyelonephritis. First line antimicrobials for cystitis are fosfomycin trometamol in a single dose and nitrofurantoin, 100 mg every 6 hours for five days. Second line drugs are cefuroxime or amoxicillin-clavulanate for seven days. During pregnancy, amoxicillin and other cephalosporins may be used, but with a higher chance of therapeutic failure.In recurrent UTI, all episodes should be confirmed by urine culture. Treatment should be initiated only after urine sampling and with the same regimens indicated for isolated episodes. Prophylaxis options of recurrent UTI are behavioral measures, non-antimicrobial and antimicrobial prophylaxis. Vaginal estrogens may be recommended for postmenopausal women. Other non-antimicrobial prophylaxis, including cranberry and immunoprophylaxis, have weak evidence supporting their use. Antimicrobial prophylaxis may be offered as a continuous or postcoital scheme. In pregnant women, options are cephalexin, 250-500 mg and nitrofurantoin, 100 mg (contraindicated after 37 weeks of pregnancy). Nonpregnant women may use fosfomycin trometamol, 3 g every 10 days, or nitrofurantoin, 100 mg (continuous or postcoital).

ABSTRACT The objectives of this study were to evaluate the agronomic performance of nine lettuce cultivars (Gloriosa, Pira Verde, Stella, Ceres, Grandes Lagos, Rubinella, Crocantela, Elisa and Vera), in three seasons (autumn-winter, spring and summer) and evaluate the effect of shade netting in spring and summer. Ten experiments were carried out, using the soilless cultivation systems in a sheltered environment. The experimental design was completely randomized, six benches were used in the autumn-winter season and four in both spring and summer, with 44 pots per bench. Lettuce seedlings were transplanted into 3-liter pots filled with sand. During the spring and summer seasons experiments were conducted with and without a 18% black shade netting placed 1.5 m above the plants. Nutritional supply was provided by nutrient solution recirculating in an automatically operated irrigation system. The evaluated traits were as follows: number of leaves, fresh and dry leaf matter, stem length, stem diameter, fresh and dry stem matter, fresh and dry shoot matter, root length and fresh and dry root matter. The cultivars Gloriosa (in autumn-winter), Grandes Lagos and Gloriosa (in the spring) and Crocantela and Vera (in the summer), presented greater matter yield and are deemed the most suitable for cultivation in these seasons. The use of a shade netting within the sheltered environment did not improve the performance of the cultivars and its use is not necessary in the spring and summer.

RESUMEN El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar agronómicamente nueve cultivares de lechuga (Gloriosa, Pira Verde, Stella, Ceres, Grandes Lagos, Rubinella, Crocantela, Elisa y Vera), en tres estaciones del año (otoño-invierno, primavera y verano), y el efecto de la malla de sombreado en los períodos de primavera y verano. Se realizaron diez experimentos, utilizando la técnica de cultivo sin suelo, en ambiente protegido. Se empleó un diseño experimental completamente al azar, en seis mesas en la temporada de otoño-invierno y cuatro en primavera y verano, con 44 macetas por mesa. Cada maceta tenía una capacidad de 3 L, y fueron llenadas con arena para el posterior trasplante de los plantines de lechuga. En la primavera y el verano se realizaron experimentos con y sin malla de sombreo. La malla utilizada fue de color negro, con un 18% de sombra, a 1,5 m sobre el cultivo. El suministro nutricional se se hizo por medio de una disolución nutritiva en sistema de fertirriego recirculante automático. Los parámetros evaluados fueron número de hojas, peso de materia fresca y seca de hojas, longitud del tallo, diámetro del tallo, peso de materia fresca y seca del tallo, peso de materia fresca y seca de parte aérea, longitud de raíces y peso de materia fresca y seca de raíces. Los cultivares Gloriosa (en la estación otoño-invierno), Grandes Lagos y Gloriosa (en la estación primavera) y Crocantela y Vera (en la estación verano) presentaron la mayor producción y son los más indicados para el cultivo en esas estaciones. La malla de sombreo en el interior del ambiente protegido no ha mejorado el rendimiento de los cultivares y su uso no es necesario en primavera y verano.

RESUMO O ensino e o aprendizado da medicina possuem características próprias, exigindo dos seus atores, além das competências intelectuais, muita dedicação e empenho pessoal. O objeto de estudo, aprendizado e prática é uma pessoa, pontualmente colocada na posição de paciente, ou seja, alguém que deve ser atendido no momento exato de sua necessidade, fazendo com que o atendimento e a consequente oportunidade de aprendizado ocorram em momentos não convencionais. Essa característica fez com que, desde o princípio da criação das escolas médicas, professores e alunos mais dedicados permanecessem nos locais de atendimento quase em tempo integral, inclusive em horários noturnos, gerando o conceito de que alguns deles “moravam” no Hospital, passando a serem identificados como residentes.

ABSTRACT Teaching and learning in medicine has its own characteristics, requiring from their actors, in addition to intellectual skills, great dedication and personal commitment. The object of study, learning and practice is a person, punctually placed in the position of a patient, that is, someone who must be attended to at the exact moment of his need, making the attendance and the consequent learning opportunity to occur in unconventional moments. This characteristic led, since the beginning of the creation of medical schools, the more dedicate teachers and students to remain at the places of care almost full time, including at night, generating the concept that some of them “lived” in the Hospital, becoming identified as residents.

RESUMEN La enseñanza y el aprendizaje de medicina poseen características propias, exigiendo de sus actores, además de las capacidades intelectuales, gran dedicación y compromiso personal. El objeto de estudio, aprendizaje y práctica es una persona, puntualmente colocada en la posición de paciente, es decir, alguien que debe ser atendido en el momento exacto de su necesidad, haciendo que la atención y la consiguiente oportunidad de aprendizaje ocurran en momentos no convencionales. Esa característica hizo que, desde la creación de las escuelas médicas, profesores y alumnos más dedicados se quedaran en los puntos de atención casi a tiempo completo, incluso en horarios nocturnos, generando el concepto de que algunos de ellos vivían en el hospital, pasando a ser identificados como residentes.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to determine the base temperature, phyllochron, solar radiation use efficiency, and productivity of okra cultivars in five sowing seasons at a latitude near 30° S. The experiment was carried out in the experimental area of the Department of Plant Production of the Federal University of Santa Maria during the agricultural season of 2016/2017. Treatments were composed by ten combinations of two okra cultivars (Santa Cruz 47 and Valença) and five sowing seasons (season 1 = 11/4/2016, season 2 = 11/19/2016, season 3 = 12/4/2016, season 4 = 12/19/2016, and season 5 = 1/3/2017). The experimental design was a randomized block design in a 5 × 2 factorial scheme, with a split-plot arrangement and four replications. The five sowing seasons were randomized in the main plot and the two cultivars in the subplot. Spacing was 0.8 m between rows and 0.40 m between plants in the row. Base temperature, which was estimated using the lower mean-square error (MSE), presented values of 11.5 and 11.0 °C for the cultivars Santa Cruz 47 and Valença, respectively. Phyllochron ranged between sowing seasons from 14.4 to 18.9 °C day leaf−1 for the cultivar Santa Cruz 47 and 18.4 to 25.7 °C day leaf−1 for the cultivar Valença. The cultivar Valença presented a higher radiation use efficiency, resulting in a higher fruit productivity.

RESUMEN Este estudio determinó la temperatura base, el filocrono, la eficiencia del uso de la radiación solar y el rendimiento de cultivares de okra en cinco temporadas de siembra a una latitud cercana a los 30º S. El experimento se llevó a cabo en el área experimental del Departamento de Producción Vegetal de la Universidad Federal de Santa María durante la temporada agrícola 2016/2017. Los tratamientos fueron compuestos por diez combinaciones de dos cultivares de okra (‘Santa Cruz 47’ y ‘Valença’) y cinco temporadas de siembra (temporada 1 = 04/11/2016, temporada 2 = 19/11/2016, temporada 3 = 04/12/2016, temporada4 = 19/12/2016, y temporada 5 = 03/01/2017). El diseño experimental fue un diseño de bloques al azar en un esquema factorial 5 × 2, con parcelas divididas y cuatro repeticiones. Las cinco temporadas de siembra se asignaron al azar en la parcela principal y los dos cultivares en la subparcela. El espaciamiento fue de 0,8 m entre líneas y 0,40 m entre plantas en la línea. La temperatura base, que se estimó utilizando el menor error cuadrático medio (ECM), presentó valores de 11,5 y 11,0 ºC para los cultivares ‘Santa Cruz 47’ y ‘Valença’, respectivamente. El filocrono varió entre las temporadas de siembra de 14,4 a 18,9 ºC día hoja-1 para el cultivar ‘Santa Cruz 47’ y de 18,4 a 25,7 ºC día hoja-1 para el cultivar ‘Valença’. El cultivar ‘Valença’ presentó una mayor eficiencia en el uso de la radiación, lo que resultó en un mayor rendimiento de la fruta.

Resumo Objetivo: Determinar limites de decisão (LD) para o colesterol total (CT), LDL-colesterol (LDL-c), colesterol não-HDL (c-NHDL), HDL-colesterol (HDL-c) e triglicérides (TG) em crianças e adolescentes saudáveis de Cuiabá. Método: Estudo transversal envolvendo 1.866 crianças e adolescentes saudáveis de creches e escolas municipais públicas de Cuiabá, aleatoriamente selecionadas. Os LD desejáveis dos lipídeos séricos foram definidos pelos critérios clássicos, isto é, níveis de CT, LDL-c, c-NHDL, TG abaixo do percentil 75, e de HDL-c acima do percentil 10. Resultados: Os P75 para CT foram: 160 mg/dL para a faixa etária de 1 a < 3 anos, 170 mg/dL para ≥ 3 a < 9 anos e 176 mg/dL para ≥ 9 a < 13 anos. Para o c-NHDL, de 122 mg/dL na faixa etária de 1 a < 13 anos. LDL-c: 104 mg/dL na faixa etária de 1 a < 9 anos e 106 mg/dL de ≥ 9 a < 13 anos. TG: 127 mg/dL entre 1 a < 2 anos; 98 mg/dL de ≥ 2 a < 6 anos; e 92 mg/dL de ≥ 6 a < 13 anos. Quanto ao HDL-c, o P10, foi de 24 mg/dL, 28 mg/dL, 32 mg/dL e 36 mg/dL, para as faixas etárias de 1 a < 2 anos, ≥ 2 a < 3 anos, ≥ 3 a < 4 anos e ≥ 4 a < 13 anos, respectivamente. Conclusão: Os LD dos níveis séricos de lipídeos definidos neste estudo diferem daqueles apresentados nas diretrizes brasileiras e americanas atuais, especialmente por fazer a diferenciação entre as idades. Utilizar tais LD em nossa prática clínica certamente contribuirá para melhorar a acurácia do diagnóstico de dislipidemia nesse grupo populacional.

Abstract Objective: To determine decision limits for total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, non-HDL cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, and triglycerides in healthy children and adolescents from Cuiabá, Brazil. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study of 1866 healthy children and adolescents randomly selected from daycare centers and public schools in Cuiabá. The desirable levels of serum lipids were defined using the classic criteria, i.e., total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, non-HDL cholesterol, and triglycerides levels below the P75 percentile, and HDL-c above the P10 percentile. Results: For CT, P75 was: 160 mg/dL for the age range of 1 to <3 years, 170 mg/dL for ≥3 to <9 years, and 176 mg/dL for ≥9 to <13 years. For non-HDL cholesterol, it was 122 mg/dL for the age range of 1 to <13 years. For LDL-c, it was 104 mg/dL at the age range of 1 to <9 years and 106 mg/dL from ≥9 to <13 years. For TG, it was 127 mg/dL from 1 to <2 years; 98 mg/dL from ≥2 to <6 years; and 92 mg/dL from ≥6 to <13 years. As for HDL-cholesterol, P10 was 24 mg/dL, 28 mg/dL, 32 mg/dL, and 36 mg/dL, for the age ranges of 1 to <2 years, ≥2 to <3 years, ≥3 to <4 years, and ≥4 to <13 years, respectively. Conclusion: The decision limits for the serum lipid levels defined in this study differed from those observed in the current Brazilian and North-American guidelines, especially because it differentiates between the age ranges. Using these decision limits in clinical practice will certainly contribute to improve the diagnostic accuracy for dyslipidemia in this population group.

Abstract Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the leading cause of nosocomial infections with high mortality rates owing to the limited therapeutic options for multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MDRPA) and metallo-beta-lactamase (MBL)-producing strains. Herein, we present a meta-analysis exploring the association between MDRPA and São Paulo MBL-1 (SPM-1)-producing strains vs. mortality. Online databases were screened to identify studies published between 2006 and 2016. A total of 15 studies, comprising 3,201 cases of P. aeruginosa infection, were included. Our results demonstrated a higher mortality rate among patients infected with MDRPA (44.6%, 363/813) than those with non-MDRPA infection (24.8%, 593/2,388) [odds ratio (OR) 2.39, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.70-3.36, p <0.00001]. The risk of mortality in patients with non-SPM-1 strains was four times higher than that observed in the patients of the SPM-1 group; however, no statistically significant difference was observed (p = 0.43). In conclusion, the results of our study demonstrated that patients infected with MDRPA had a significantly higher mortality rate than that of patients infected with non-MDRPA strains, especially patients with bloodstream infection (BSI), immunosuppression, and inadequate antimicrobial therapy. The absence of studies on the molecular aspects of blaSPM-1 and its association with mortality limited the analysis; therefore, our results should be interpreted with caution. Our findings also highlight the need for more studies on the molecular aspects of resistance and the peculiarities of different nosocomial settings.

Chickpea is a grain legume of exceptionally high nutritive value and most versatile food used. It is mostly grown under rainfed conditions in arid and semi-arid areas around the world. Chickpea is the third most cultivated grain legume in the world. Like most legumes, it is associated in symbiosis with bacteria from the rhizobia family, which guarantee much of the nitrogen it needs for its growth and development. In early stages of the symbiosis, a complex molecular dialogue takes place, involving Nod factors synthesized by the bacterium and flavonoids released by legume roots, so that both partners can recognize each other and initiate nodulation. This work aimed to evaluate the production of the induced signals in Mesorhizobium cicerii strain and the impact of that induction on chickpea nodulation and yield. The lipid fraction in the inocula was extracted with n-butanol and analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography and gas chromatography coupled to a mass spectrometer. A higher amount of lipochitooligosaccharides (nodulation factors) and high molecular weight fatty acids were detected in daidzein-induced inocula. Similarly, the inoculums induced with this flavonoid showed a positive effect on nodulation and yield of chickpea in semicontrolled and field conditions, respectively

El garbanzo es una leguminosa de grano con un valor nutritivo excepcionalmente alto que permite producir gran variedad de alimentos. Se cultiva principalmente en condiciones de secano en las zonas áridas y semiáridas de todo el mundo, donde llega a considerarse la tercera leguminosa de grano más cultivada. Como la mayor parte de las leguminosas, se asocia en simbiosis con bacterias de la familia de los rizobios, que le garantizan parte del nitrógeno que necesita para su crecimiento y desarrollo. En las primeras etapas de la simbiosis, se genera un complejo diálogo molecular que involucra a los factores Nod sintetizados por la bacteria y los flavonoides liberados por la semilla, de modo que ambos simbiontes pueden reconocerse mutuamente e iniciar todo el proceso de la nodulación. Este trabajo tuvo como objetivo evaluar la producción de moléculas señales inducidas en la cepa Mesorhizobium cicerii y su impacto sobre la nodulación y el rendimiento del garbanzo. La fracción lipídica en los inóculos fue extraída con n-butanol y analizada por cromatografía líquida de alta resolución y cromatografía gaseosa acoplada a un espectrómetro de masas. En los inóculos inducidos con daidzeína se detectó una cantidad superior de lipoquitooligosacáridos (factores de nodulación) y de ácidos grasos de alto peso molecular. De manera similar, los inóculos inducidos con este flavonoide mostraron un efecto positivo en la nodulación y el rendimiento de garbanzo en condiciones semicontroladas y de campo, respectivamente

RESUMO Avaliou-se o efeito de sucessivas épocas de colheita e do sombreamento na produção de fitomassa, rendimento e composição fitoquímica do óleo essencial de folhas e inflorescências de Lavandula dentata em cultivo fora do solo. As plantas foram cultivadas em vasos preenchidos com areia, no interior de um abrigo de polietileno, em sistema fechado na UFSM. Foram realizadas três coletas sucessivas aos 150, 213 e 320 dias após o plantio (DAP), no inverno, primavera e verão, respectivamente. Aos 150 dias após o plantio, foi instalada tela com 50% de sombreamento. O delineamento experimental foi fatorial 3x2 casualizado em parcelas subdivididas com 36 plantas por subparcela. A massa fresca (MF) e seca (MS), o rendimento e a composição química do óleo essencial de folhas e inflorescências foram determinados em cada coleta. O óleo essencial foi extraído utilizando 70 g de massa fresca de folhas e de inflorescências, respectivamente. A identificação e a quantificação dos compostos no óleo essencial foram determinadas por cromatografia gasosa/espectrometria de massas (GC/MS). A MF das inflorescências foi mais elevada na colheita, aos 213 DAP sem sombreamento, enquanto a MF de folhas foi mais elevada na colheita de 320 DAP sem sombreamento. O rendimento do óleo essencial foi mais elevado nas folhas, aos 320 DAP sem sombreamento. Foram identificados e quantificados 31 compostos, sendo majoritários 1,8 cineol, cânfora e linalol sem diferença significativa entre os tratamentos. Realizando o plantio em substrato no início de março podem ser feitas três colheitas sucessivas em agosto (150 DAP), outubro (213 DAP) e fevereiro (320 DAP) sem substituição das plantas.

ABSTRACT The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of successive harvesting times and shading on the production of biomass, yield and phytochemical composition of essential oil in leaves and inflorescences of soilless grown Lavandula dentata. Plants were grown in pots filled with sand, inside a polyethylene greenhouse, in a closed system at UFSM. Plants were harvested at 150, 213 and 320 days after planting date (DAP) in winter, spring and summer, respectively. At 150 DAP, a 50% shading screen was installed. The experimental design was a randomized 3x2 factorial in subdivided plots with 36 plants per subplot. Fresh (FM) and dry mass (DM), yield and chemical composition of essential oil in leaves and inflorescences were determined after each harvest date. The essential oil was extracted, using 70 g fresh mass of leaves and of inflorescences, respectively. Identification and quantification of compounds in the essential oil were determined by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The FM of inflorescences was higher on plants harvested 213 DAP grown without shading while of leaves it was higher on plants harvested 320 DAP grown without shading. The yield of the essential oil was higher in the leaves of plants harvested 320 DAP grown without shading. Thirty-one compounds were identified and quantified, being the major ones 1.8 cineol, camphor and linalool, without significant difference among treatments. Three consecutive harvests can be made in August (150 DAP), October (213 DAP) and February (320 DAP) without replacing plants.