En este trabajo se investigaron las respuestas de árboles de Spondias tuberosa (umbu), que crecen en dos zonas ecológicas del nordeste de Brasil: húmeda tropical y árida tropical. Se evaluaron las respuestas de las plantas con base en fotosíntesis, estado hídrico, parámetros de fluorescencia, isotopos de carbono y actividad del sistema antioxidante. Los altos valores de las tasas de fotosíntesis fueron correlacionados con bajos valores del DPV; los altos niveles de concentración interna de CO2 y la ausencia de cambios típicos en los parámetros de fluorescencia, sugieren la aparición de una limitación no estomática de la fotosíntesis. Los resultados indicaron que las plantas de umbu pueden ajustar su actividad antioxidante durante la estación seca como una estrategia de defensa ante los efectos perjudiciales de un estrés por sequía. Esta afirmación está soportada por las modificaciones observadas en la concentración de pigmentos, incrementos en la acumulación de peróxido de hidrógeno y malondialdehido, altos niveles de electrolitos libres, incremento de la actividad antioxidante y decrecimientos en la discriminación isotópica del carbono en la localidad árida. El análisis de varianza multivariado mostró efectos significativos para la interacción “mes de colecta y localidad”, lo cual fue fuertemente predecible en la localidad. El análisis integral de los datos demostró que los árboles de umbu que crecieron en un ambiente húmedo tropical, son más susceptibles a la sequía, comparados con su contraparte de ambientes áridos tropicales.

In this study, we investigated the different responses of Spondias tuberosa (umbu) trees, which grow in two different ecological life zones in northeast Brazil: tropical wet and tropical arid ecosystems. We evaluated the responses of plants grown under humid and dry conditions by measuring the photosynthesis, water status, fluorescence parameters, carbon isotopes and antioxidant system activity. The higher net photosynthesis values were recorded contemporaneously with the lower VPD values. The highest internal-to-ambient CO2 concentration and the absence of typical changes in the fluorescence parameters suggested an onset of a nonstomatal limitation in the photosynthesis. Our results showed that umbu plants can adjust their antioxidant activity during the dry season as a defensive strategy against the deleterious effects of water stress. This evidence is supported by the observed modifications in the pigment concentrations, increased accumulation of hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde, high levels of electrolyte leakage, increased antioxidant activity, and decreased carbon isotope discrimination in the umbu trees during the dry season. Supported by multivariate analysis of variance, significantly effect of interaction between categorical “months of collect and location” predicts a strong “dry season effect” on our dataset. Taken together, our data show that umbu trees grown in a wet tropical environment are more susceptible to drought, as compared with their tropical arid counterparts.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar alterações fisiológicas e de tolerância à seca em clones de café Conilon (Coffea canephora) contrastantes quanto à sensibilidade ao deficit hídrico. Foram avaliadas as enxertias recíprocas entre os clones 109A, sensível ao deficit hídrico, e 120, tolerante - 120/109A, 120/120, 109A/120, 109A/109A -, além de seus respectivos pés-francos. As plantas foram cultivadas em vasos de 12 L em casa de vegetação. Após seis meses, metade das plantas foi submetida ao deficit hídrico por meio da suspensão da irrigação, até que as folhas atingissem o potencial hídrico de antemanhã de -3,0 MPa. Quando o clone 120 foi usado como porta-enxerto, as plantas apresentaram sistema radicular mais profundo, mas com menor massa, retardaram por mais tempo a desidratação celular das folhas e apresentaram maior eficiência no uso da água. Sob seca severa, os teores de amido e sacarose decresceram em todos os tratamentos, enquanto os teores de glicose, frutose, aminoácidos totais e prolina aumentaram, particularmente nos tratamentos 109A pé-franco, 109A/109A e 120/109A. Essas plantas apresentaram menor eficiência no uso da água. O acúmulo de solutos não foi associado à tolerância à seca. O uso de porta-enxertos tolerantes à seca contribui para a maior tolerância das plantas ao deficit hídrico.

The objective of this work was to determine alterations in physiology and those due to drought tolerance on Conilon coffee (Coffea canephora) contrasting clones regarding the sensitivity to hydric stress. The reciprocal grafting between clones 109A, drought sensitive, and 120, drought tolerant, - 120/109A, 120/120, 109A/120, 109A/109A - along with their ungrafted control plants (109A and 120) were evaluated. Plants were cultivated in 12-L vases in greenhouse. Six months after grafting, half of the plants was subjected to water deficit, by suspending irrigation until leaves reached the hydric potential of -3,0 MPa. When clone 120 was used as rootstock, plants presented deeper roots, although with lower root-biomass, higher ability to postpone leaf dehydration and higher instantaneous water-use efficiency (WUE). Under severe drought, starch and sucrose contents decreased similarly, regardless of the treatment, whereas leaf concentrations of glucose, fructose, total amino acids and proline were higher in non-grafted 109A, 109A/109A, and 120/109A plants. These plants showed the lowest WUE values. Solute accumulation was not primarily related to drought tolerance. The use of drought tolerant rootstocks improves to drought tolerance in coffee.