ABSTRACT The application of leaf area index (LAI) in coffee crop management depends on the availability of methodologies for proper estimation. The objective of this study was to develop a methodology for the visual assessment of LAI in coffee fields and to establish a protocol for training, evaluation, and feedback for evaluators. Four rounds of LAI measurements were conducted using visual estimates, two instruments (LAI 2200-C and AccuPAR LP-80), and defoliation of coffee hedgerows in Poás, Costa Rica. In each round, five workers visually estimated the LAI values on two occasions separated by 15 days, and feedback reinforcement was provided to each worker at the end of each round. Visual assessments showed high repeatability and reproducibility and the estimates were adjusted to the linear regression model in most cases. Evaluators improved their capacity to visually assess the LAI throughout the rounds, as the value of R2increased consistently for most workers, with values as high as 0.87. Instrumentation evaluation of LAI produced R2values of 0.5-0.6, with significant underestimation bias. The performance of the different methods is discussed in the context of widely spaced hedgerows. The proposed visual methodology constitutes a statistically sound, rapid, simple, and reliable method for determining the LAI of coffee fields to aid in decision-making for crop management.

RESUMO A aplicação do índice de área foliar (IAF) na gestão da cultura do cafeeiro depende da disponibilidade de metodologias para sua estimativa correta. É proposta aqui uma metodologia para a avaliação visual do IAF em plantas de café, por tanto se estabelece um protocolo para o treinamento dos avaliadores. Foram feitas quatro rodadas de medições do IAF utilizando estimativas visuais, dois instrumentos (LAI 2200-C e AccuPAR LP-80), e desfolhações de sebes de café na Costa Rica. A cada rodada, cinco trabalhadores estimaram visualmente os valores do IAF em duas ocasiões e separados por 15 dias. Ao final de cada rodada, foi dada uma retroalimentação a cada trabalhador. A avaliação visual mostrou alta repetibilidade e reprodutibilidade, e as estimativas foram ajustadas para o modelo de regressão linear na maioria dos casos. Os avaliadores melhoraram sua capacidade de avaliar visualmente o IAF ao longo das rodadas, e o valor de R2 aumentou consistentemente para a maioria dos trabalhadores, com valores tão altos quanto 0,87. A avaliação do IAF por instrumentos produziu valores de R2 de 0,5-0,6, com significativa tendência de subestimação, e não se ajustou ao modelo de regressão linear. O desempenho dos diferentes métodos é discutido no contexto de coberturas com amplo espaço. A metodologia visual proposta constitui uma determinação sólida, rápida, simples e confiável do IAF na lavoura do café e considera-se uma ajuda na tomada de decisões para a gestão da safra.

Bolivian viticulture is mostly found in the Central Valley of Tarija, which is characterised by a subtropical climate with high thermal oscillation in winter that results in low accumulation of chilling units. Such climatic conditions accentuate acrotony in vines, which affect budburst uniformity and, consequently, yield and bunch quality at harvest. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different spur pruning strategies on the percentage of budburst and fertility of buds located in different nodal positions in both wine and table grape varieties growing in the Central Valley of Tarija. The results show that allocating spurs with fewer buds improved the budding of most of the distal buds studied. This was noted in both the wine and table grape cultivars, but mostly in the latter. Spur pruning leaving one bud improved the percentage of budburst and the fertility of the distal buds in Cabernet Sauvignon, Cardinal and Ribier, thereby preventing bud acrotony, compared to spur pruning leaving two buds. Spur pruning leaving two buds improved the budburst of latent buds in Cabernet Sauvignon. Therefore, to avoid acrotony patterns, viticulturists should perform pruning leaving one bud.

Resumen Se presenta nueva evidencia para caracterizar el paisaje arqueológico cinegético del sector de Pozo Cavado, cuenca de Pocitos, Puna de Salta, entre ca. 11000 y 3000 años AP. En particular, se analizan los conjuntos arquitectónicos y líticos. En las construcciones, se reconocen parapetos y muros extensos que podrían haber conformado un espacio de caza intensa de camélidos, mientras que entre el material lítico, se relevaron los artefactos tiempo-sensitivos, principalmente vinculados con tecnología extractiva. Específicamente, se recuperó una preforma de punta cola de pescado en un contexto superficial, cuyo hallazgo representa información relevante debido a la escasez de esta clase de artefactos en el Noroeste argentino. También se distinguieron puntas triangulares apedunculadas tempranas, aunque predominan distintas variantes lanceoladas. Estas últimas, en conjunto con el registro cronológico y arqueológico en capa del sitio Abrigo Pozo Cavado, indican una mayor intensidad de ocupación a lo largo del Holoceno medio y, en particular, hacia fines de este período. Más generalmente, el conjunto de los indicadores analizados parece señalar la construcción de un paisaje de caza perdurable en una escala cronológica de largo plazo.

Abstract New evidence is presented to characterize the archaeological hunting landscape of the Pozo Cavado sector, Pocitos basin, Puna de Salta, between ca. 11,000 and 3,000 years BP. In particular, the architectural and lithic ensembles are analyzed. In the constructions, parapets and walls are recognized, which could have formed a space for intense hunting of camelids, while among the lithic material, time-sensitive artifacts, mainly linked to extractive technology, were studied. Specifically, a fishtail point preform was recovered in a superficial context, which finding represents relevant information due to the scarcity of this class of artifacts in the Northwestern Argentina. Early triangular non-stemmed points were also found, although different lanceolate variants predominate. These morphologies, together with the chronological and archaeological record in layer of the Abrigo Pozo Cavado site, indicate a greater intensity of human occupations throughout the middle Holocene and, in particular, towards the end of this period. More generally, the whole of evidence seem to point to the construction of an enduring hunting landscape on a long-term chronological scale.

Many traditional healing systems are based on natural biological resources, and there is a general shift in most parts of the world towards natural medicine, with direct implications on the demand and supply of medicinal plants. This review highlights the economic importance of medicinal plants, their contribution to healthcare systems, and potential opportunities for rural economic development through cultivation. A systematic literature review with specific search terms related to medicinal plants was used to collect scientific and non-scientific information from peer-reviewed literature and grey literature databases. The findings indicate that trade in medicinal plants is increasing, and although they are considered minor crops compared to major food crops, their value is among the highest in the list of traded plants globally. The trade also serves as a revenue source for many rural livelihoods, with women playing a significant role. Medicinal plants contribute to primary health care in many developing countries, and they are also an essential source of modern drug discovery. Cultivation of medicinal plants offers emerging rural farmers an opportunity to grow these plants as new and alternative crops, thus reducing unsustainable wild harvesting and competition with established commercial farmers who mostly focus on food crops. Furthermore, medicinal plant cultivation should be promoted as one of the options for local economic development and sustainability through job creation, the revival of the rural economy, and income generation for small businesses, such as the transport businesses, involved in the value chain. Land accessibility, financial resources, and direct market access for rural communities can elevate their contribution to the industry. Formalisation of the lower levels of the medicinal plant trade is also recommended. SIGNIFICANCE: • Cultivation is a viable option for biodiversity conservation of medicinal plants and ensuring a good-quality supply of plant materials. • Cultivation of medicinal plants - a source of natural products used in product development - can contribute to job creation, income generation, and rural economies in developing countries. • This review underlines the importance of medicinal plants in product development, the contribution of the industry to economies of different countries, and the potential for cultivation.

Abstract The COVID-19 disease is caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus and was declared a pandemic by the WHO on March 11, 2020. To date, more than 500 million people have been infected and it has caused over 6 million deaths worldwide. People that belong to the most vulnerable risk groups, such as those at the extremes of life, patients with chronic comorbidities and those with severe immunosuppression, are especially susceptible to developing a severe form of COVID-19 infection and death. Subjects living with HIV, especially those in precarious immunological conditions or those in whom antiretroviral therapy is yet to be started, may be at risk of developing complications related to COVID-19, as observed with other infectious diseases. This review aims to determine the magnitude of the impact of the SARS-CoV-2 virus on people living with HIV in Chile.

Resumen La enfermedad COVID-19 es una patología de origen infeccioso causada por el virus SARS-CoV-2 y fue declarada pandemia por la OMS el 11 de marzo 2020. A la fecha se registran más de 500 millones de personas infectadas y más de 6 millones de fallecidos en todo el mundo. Las personas que pertenecen a grupos de riesgo más vulnerables, particularmente aquellos que se encuentran en los extremos de la vida, con comorbilidades crónicas o inmunocomprometidas, son especialmente susceptibles a presentar un eventual mayor riesgo de infección, de gravedad y de mortalidad por esta enfermedad. Las personas que viven con VIH, especialmente aquellos en precarias condiciones inmunológicas o aquellas que aún no inician terapia antiretroviral, pueden ser un grupo especialmente susceptible de presentar complicaciones relacionadas a esta y otras enfermedades de origen infeccioso. Con esta revisión se pretende determinar la magnitud del impacto del virus SARS-CoV-2 en personas viviendo con VIH en Chile.

RESUMEN Lasia pulla no se ha registrado desde su descripción en 1865 por Philippi. En este trabajo se proporcionan nuevos registros de especímenes y una descripción taxonómica actualizada. Esta especie de mosca colibrí es endémica de la Región de Los Ríos, Chile. En esta zona, muchos ecosistemas aún no han sido explorados, pero las actividades antrópicas actualmente están fragmentando los bosques siempre verdes. Se sugiere una evaluación de la Lista Roja de la UICN.

ABSTRACT Lasia pulla has not recorded since their description in 1865 by Philippi. New specimen records and an updated taxonomical description is provided here. This hummingbird fly species is endemic from the Los Ríos Region, Chile. In this area, many ecosystems are still unexplored, but anthropic activities are currently fragmenting the evergreen forests. A IUCN Red List assessment is suggested.

he Dry Legumes project of the Estación Experimental Agroindustrial Obispo Colombres has developed a new variety of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), Desi type, named TUC 450. This is the first variety to be registered in this gene pool, in Argentina. In order to register the new variety in the National Register of Cultivars (RNC) and the National Register of Cultivar Property (RNPC), the description of morphological, phenological and sanitary characteristics was carried out. The evaluations were performed on plants from a trial located in La Ramada, department Burruyacú, province of Tucumán. The information presented in this work is mandatory for the registration of the new variety and allows its differentiation from similar ones.

El Proyecto Legumbres Secas de la Estación Experimental Agroindustrial Obispo Colombres ha desarrollado una nueva variedad de garbanzo (Cicer arietinum L.) tipo Desi, denominada TUC 450, primera en este acervo genético para registrar en la Argentina. Con el objetivo de inscribirla en el Registro Nacional de Cultivares (RNC) y el Registro Nacional de Propiedad de Cultivares (RNPC) se realizó la descripción de caracteres morfológicos, fenológicos y comportamiento sanitario sobre plantas provenientes de un ensayo ubicado en la localidad de La Ramada, departamento Burruyacú, provincia de Tucumán. Los caracteres presentados en este trabajo son requisitos obligatorios para la inscripción de la nueva variedad y permitirán distinguirla entre otras similares.

RESUMEN. Introducción: Las turberas de altura juegan un papel importante en el mantenimiento de la biodiversidad y funcionamiento de los procesos ecológicos locales. En Costa Rica, la información sobre la riqueza y diversidad de aves en turberas de altura es escasa. Objetivo: Analizar la distribución altitudinal de la riqueza y diversidad de aves en turberas de altura. Métodos: Muestreamos cuatro sitios entre 2 400 y 3 100 m de altitud. Establecimos tres puntos de observación en cada sitio, separados por 100 m. El muestreo incluyó la estación seca, transición a lluviosa, lluviosa, y transición a seca (setiembre de 2018 a setiembre de 2019). El horario de muestreo fue entre las 06:00 y las 09:00 y utilizamos dos métodos: recuento de puntos y búsqueda en área. Resultados: Identificamos 75 especies (25 familias, 11 órdenes), en ocho turberas. Encontramos la mayor diversidad (H '= 3,12) y riqueza de aves (49 especies observadas y 56 esperadas) en turberas a 2 400 m de altitud, y la menor a 2 600 y 2 800 m. Encontramos que el 43% de las especies en todos los gradientes son endémicas, el 34% residentes de y el 14% migrantes latitudinales. Conclusiones: La gran diversidad de aves en estas turberas de altura demuestra que son ecosistemas necesarios para la supervivencia y mantenimiento del endemismo local. Recomendamos monitorear las aves a largo plazo para detectar cambios en las comunidades de aves, particularmente con el cambio climático actual

ABSTRACT. "Altitudinal distribution of bird richness and diversity in high altitude peatlands, Costa Rica". Introduction: Highland peatlands play an important role in the maintenance of biodiversity and in the functionality of highland ecological processes. In Costa Rica, information on the richness and diversity of birds in high altitude peatlands is scarce. Objective: To analyze the altitudinal distribution of bird richness and diversity in high altitude peatlands. Methods: We sampled four different altitudinal sites between 2 400 to 3 100m. Three observation points were established at each site, each separated by 100 m. The sampling included the dry season, transition to rainy, rainy and transition to dry (September 2018 to Sept. 2019). Sampling hours were between 06:00 and 09:00 and we used two methods: point count and area search. Results: We identified 75 species (25 families, 11 orders), in eight peatlands. We found the highest diversity (H'=3,12) and richness of birds (49 species observed and 56 expected) in peatlands at 2 400m altitude, and the smallest bird richness at 2 600 and 2 800m. We found 43% of bird species in all gradients to be endemic, 34% highland residents, and 14% latitudinal migrants. Conclusions: The high diversity of birds in these high altitude peatlands demonstrates that they are necessary ecosystems for the survival and maintenance of highland endemism. We recommend long-term bird monitoring to detect changes in bird communities, particularly with current climate change.

Abstract: Introduction: Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a multisystemic disease, with high morbidity and mortality, and its early diagnosis improves results. Lung conditions are the main cause of morbidity and mortality and are closely related to nutritional status and survival. There is little national information about the liver and gastrointestinal characteristics in pediatric patients with CF. Objective: to describe at a gastrointestinal level, the general, nutritional, and genetic characteristics and the evolution of CF carriers with/without neonatal screening. Patients and Method: Retrospective study carried out in 4 public referral hospitals in the Metropolitan Region. The diagnosis of CF confirmed with two positive sweat tests (Gibson and Cooke method) was considered as an inclusion criterion. Those patients with unconfirmed neonatal screening tests through Immunoreactive Trypsinogen (IRT) or with only one positive sweat test were excluded. Sex, age, nutritional status, date of diagnosis, clinical presentation at the onset, evolution, and therapies received were recorded as clinical varia bles, and as laboratory ones, genetic study by means of a diagnostic panel with 36 mutations. The STATA 12 software was used for statistical analysis. Results: 127 patients were included. Respira tory manifestations (recurrent obstructive bronchial syndrome and pneumonia) were present in >60% and gastrointestinal ones (mainly malabsorption and malnutrition syndrome) in >80% of patients. On average, diagnostic confirmation took 4 months. The diagnosis guided by IRT was as sociated with better nutritional outcomes in the evolution of the patient. In 81.1% of the patients, the genetic study was performed. The most frequent mutations were those associated with DF508 (deletion of phenylalanine 508). 5.8% of the patients presented mutations not included in the gene panel used. Conclusions: Gastrointestinal CF appears with pancreatic, intestinal, and hepatic pathology throughout life. Malnutrition is a frequently present factor, which worsens the progno sis. The management of gastrointestinal manifestations and malnutrition are relevant to improve the morbidity and mortality of CF patients.

Resumen: Introducción: La fibrosis quística (FQ) es una enfermedad multisistémica, de alta morbimortalidad, cuyo diagnós tico precoz mejora los resultados. Las afecciones pulmonares son la principal causa de morbimortali dad y mantienen estrecha relación con el estado nutricional y la sobrevida. Existe escasa información nacional acerca de las características hepáticas y gastrointestinales en pacientes pediátricos con FQ. Objetivo: describir desde el punto de vista gastrointestinal, las características generales, nutricionales, genéticas y la evolución de pacientes portadores de FQ con/sin screening neonatal. Pacientes y Mé todo: Estudio retrospectivo en 4 centros hospitalarios públicos de referencia de la Región Metropo litana. Como criterio de inclusión se consideró el diagnóstico de FQ confirmado con 2 test de sudor positivos (método Gibson y Cooke). Se excluyeron aquellos pacientes con test de tamizaje neonatal mediante Tripsinógeno Inmuno Reactivo no confirmado o aquellos con sólo una prueba de sudor positivo. Se registraron variables clínicas, sexo, edad, estado nutricional, fecha del diagnóstico, pre sentación clínica al debut, evolución y terapias recibidas, y variables de laboratorio, estudio genético mediante panel diagnóstico con 36 mutaciones. Para el análisis estadístico se utilizó el programa STATA 12. Resultados: Se incluyeron 127 pacientes. Las manifestaciones respiratorias (síndrome bronquial obstructivo recurrente y neumonía) estuvieron presentes en >60% y las gastrointestinales (principalmente síndrome de malabsorción y desnutrición) en >80% de los pacientes. En prome dio, la confirmación diagnóstica demoró 4 meses. El diagnóstico guiado por Tripsinógeno Inmuno Reactivo (IRT) se asoció a mejor resultado nutricional en la evolución. En 81,1% de los pacientes se realizó el estudio genético. Las mutaciones más frecuentes fueron las asociadas a DF508 (deleción de fenilalanina en la posición 508). El 5,8% de los pacientes presentaron mutaciones no incluidas en el panel de genes utilizado. Conclusiones: La FQ gastrointestinal se manifiesta con patología pancreá tica, intestinal y hepática a lo largo de la vida. La desnutrición es un factor presente frecuentemente, que empeora el pronóstico. El manejo de las manifestaciones gastrointestinales y la desnutrición son relevantes para mejorar la morbimortalidad de los pacientes con FQ.

ABSTRACT The family Scoliidae is a group of wasps that are parasitoids of scarab beetle larvae and are important biological controllers. In Chile this group is underrepresented and has no clear distribution. The aim of this short communication is to report new records and update the current distribution of the scoliid wasp Campsomeris servillei (Guérin-Méneville). We also discuss probable distribution scenarios for northern Chile as well as some aspects of the biology and ecology of these wasps.

RESUMEN La familia Scoliidae es un grupo de avispas que parasitan larvas de escarabeidos y son importantes controladores biológicos. En Chile, este grupo está poco representado y no tiene una distribución clara. El objetivo de esta comunicación breve es entregar nuevos registros y actualizar la distribución actual de la avispa escólida Campsomeris servillei (Guérin-Méneville). Se discuten los probables escenarios de distribución para el norte de Chile, así como algunos aspectos de la biología y ecología de estas avispas.

Resumo Introdução: Os MakerNurse são laboratórios que reúnem a tradição do inventor twist sem parafuso e tecnologias de informação de alcance global. Neste espaço disruptivo foi implementada uma oficina letiva para o ensino da inovação e o empreendedorismo em estudantes de enfermagem e outras carreiras de saúde. Objetivo: Avaliar a experiência de instalação de um MakerNurse na carreira de enfermagem da Universidade de Atacama. Metodologia: Foi utilizado o estudo de caso com abordagem qualitativo-quantitativa (CUAL-cuan) com maior ênfase na qualitativa. A fase quantitativa é descritiva transversal, e a fase qualitativa é interpretativa com categorias a priori para destacar aspectos da instalação do laboratório. Foram utilizados os dados correspondentes aos cursos realizados e aos projetos premiados. Discussão: Os principais usuários dos laboratórios em nível global são jovens menores de 20 anos, nativos tecnológicos, com capacidade para gerar redes de comunicação global. A MakerNurse proporciona um espaço de ensino-aprendizagem em desenho e fabricação de protótipos, redesenho de processos clínicos e formulação de projetos para conseguir melhores cuidados. Resultados: O laboratório MakerNurse ministra oficinas sobre inovação e empreendedorismo de forma regular, e como resultado foram gerados 48 projetos de diversas temáticas, 6 deles conseguiram concessão de fundos do Ministério de educação. Conclusão: O laboratório MakerNurse tem sido uma boa estratégia para desenvolver competências em inovação e empreendedorismo discente em enfermagem.

Abstract Introduction: MakerNurse are labs which follow the tradition of turn without bolt and information technologies with worldwide reach. In our space, a workshop has been established to foster teaching innovation and entrepreneurship to students of health sciences, including nursing. Objective: To assess the experience of implementing a MakerNurse lab in the nursing program of the University of Atacama, Chile. Methodology: Case study with a qualitative-quantitative approach. The quantitative methodology is descriptive and transversal. The qualitative methodology is pre and post lab implementation interpretation. Data on given courses and accepted projects were used. Discussion: The main users of this kind of labs are students around 20 years old and who are knowledgeable in technology and communication networks. The MakerNurse lab offers a teaching-learning space to design prototypes, refine clinical processes, and create projects, all aimed at improving healthcare. Results: From the implementation of the MakerNurse lab, 48 projects with diverse objectives have been generated. Six of these projects have received funding from the Ministry of Education. Conclusion: The MarkerNurse lab has been a good strategy to develop competencies in innovation and entrepreneurship among nursing students.

Resumen Introducción: Los MakerNurse son laboratorios que recogen la tradición del inventor giro sin tornillo y tecnologías de la información de alcance global. En este espacio disruptivo se ha implementado un taller lectivo para la enseñanza de la innovación y el emprendimiento en estudiantes de enfermería y otras carreras de la salud. Objetivo: Evaluar la experiencia de instalar un MakerNurse en la carrera de enfermería de la Universidad de Atacama. Metodología: Se utiliza el estudio de caso con abordaje cualitativo-cuantitativo (CUAL-cuan) con mayor énfasis en lo cualitativo. La fase cuantitativa es descriptiva transversal, y la fase cualitativa es interpretativa con categorías a priori para resaltar aspectos de la instalación del laboratorio. Se utilizaron los datos correspondientes a los cursos realizados y a los proyectos adjudicados. Discusión: Los principales usuarios de los laboratorios a nivel global son jóvenes de menos de 20 años, nativos tecnológicos, con capacidad para generar redes de comunicación global. El MakerNurse proporciona un espacio de enseñanza-aprendizaje en diseño y fabricación de prototipos, rediseño de procesos clínicos y formulación de proyectos para lograr mejores cuidados. Resultados: El laboratorio MakerNurse dicta talleres sobre innovación y emprendimiento de manera regular, y como resultado se han generado 48 proyectos de variadas temáticas, 6 de estos lograron adjudicación de fondos del Ministerio de educación. Conclusión: El laboratorio MakerNurse ha sido una buena estrategia para desarrollar competencias en innovación y emprendimiento estudiantil en enfermería.

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze the differences between men and women in the different domains of quality of life (QoL) among elderly people living in rural areas of the north of Chile. Material and Method: Quantitative, descriptive, cross-sectional study conducted between November 2019 and February 2020 in various rural areas of the Region of Arica and Parinacota. The sample consisted of 100 people over 60 years old and without cognitive impairment. The Brief Quality of Life Questionnaire (CUBRECAVI) was applied. The research was approved by the School of Social Work of the Universidad de Tarapacá. Results: 69% were women, 63% were between 60 and 69 years old, 67% were married or had a relationship and 58% had indigenous origin. Statistically significant differences were confirmed in the objective health domain: swollen ankles, tiredness, sleep problems, urinary incontinence and tingling; in the psychic health domain: crying easily, depressive feelings and memory problems. This was similar in the field of social integration, in the level of satisfaction concerning the relationship with the spouse or partner, with family members and with friends. Moreover, the findings corroborate differences in the domain of activities, level of activities, frequency of walking and frequency of doing crafts. Finally, in the environmental quality domain, there are differences in satisfaction with room temperature. The results show that women have worse QoL and the elderly perceive that the health domain is the most important when assessing their QoL. Conclusion: There is a biopsychosocial risk for older women living in rural areas in the north of Chile. It is clear that nursing and other areas dealing directly with the elderly have to familiar with the different ways of aging, taking into account gender and specific rural setting.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Analizar las diferencias entre hombres y mujeres en los diversos dominios de la calidad de vida (CdV) en personas mayores que residen en zonas rurales del extremo norte de Chile. Material y Método: Estudio cuantitativo, descriptivo, transversal realizado entre noviembre 2019 y febrero 2020 en diversas zonas rurales de la Región de Arica y Parinacota. Contó con un universo de 100 personas mayores de 60 años y sin deterioro cognitivo. Se aplicó el Cuestionario Breve de Calidad de Vida (CUBRECAVI). La investigación fue aprobada por la Escuela de Trabajo Social de la Universidad de Tarapacá. Resultados: 69% mujeres, 63% entre 60 y 69 años, 67% casado o en pareja y 58% indígena. Se confirman diferencias estadísticamente significativas en el dominio salud objetiva: tobillos hinchados, cansancio, dificultad para dormir, escape de orina y hormigueos; en el dominio salud psíquica: llorar con facilidad, sentimientos depresivos y problemas de memoria. Lo mismo se observa en integración social, en el nivel de satisfacción con la relación del cónyuge o pareja, con los familiares y con las amistades. Igualmente los hallazgos confirman diferencias en el dominio actividades, nivel de actividades, frecuencia camina y frecuencia hace manualidades. Por último, en el dominio calidad ambiental, en la satisfacción con la temperatura del hogar. Los resultados indican que las mujeres tienen peor CdV y las personas mayores perciben que el dominio salud es el más importante para valorar su CdV. Conclusión: Se confirma riesgo biopsicosocial para mujeres mayores que residen en zonas rurales del extremo norte de Chile. Enfermería y otras disciplinas de trato directo con las personas mayores deben conocer las distintas maneras de envejecer, diferenciando por sexo y especificidades del entorno rural.

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar as diferenças entre homens e mulheres nos diversos domínios da qualidade de vida (QV) em idosos residentes em áreas rurais do norte do Chile. Material e Método: Estudo quantitativo, descritivo, transversal realizado entre novembro de 2019 e fevereiro de 2020 em diversas áreas rurais da Região de Arica e Parinacota. A amostra consistiu em 100 pessoas com mais de 60 anos e sem déficit cognitivo. Foi aplicado o Questionário Breve de Qualidade de Vida (CUBRECAVI). A pesquisa foi aprovada pela Escola de Serviço Social da Universidade de Tarapacá. Resultados: 69% eran mulheres, 63% tinham entre 60 e 69 anos, 67% estavam casadas ou tinham um relacionamento e 58% tinham origem indígena. Foram confirmadas diferenças estatisticamente significativas no dominio da saúde objetiva: tornozelos inchados, fadiga, dificuldade para dormir, perda de urina e formigamento; no domínio da saúde psíquica: choro com facilidade, sentimentos depressivos e problemas de memória. O mesmo foi observado na integração social, no nível de satisfação na relação com o cônjuge ou companheiro, com os familiares e com os amigos. Da mesma forma, os achados confirmam diferenças no domínio das atividades, nível de atividades, frequência de caminhadas e frequência de artesanato. Finalmente, no domínio da qualidade ambiental há diferenças no grau de satisfação com a temperatura da casa. Os resultados indicam que as mulheres apresentam pior QV e os idosos percebem que o domínio saúde é o mais importante para avaliar sua QV. Conclusão: O risco biopsicossocial é confirmado para mulheres idosas residentes em áreas rurais do extremo norte do Chile. A enfermagem e as demais disciplinas que lidam diretamente com o idoso devem conhecer as diferentes formas de envelhecer, diferenciando entre os sexos e as especificidades do meio rural.

Resumen Objetivo. Determinar la asociación entre el esfuerzo percibido (VEP) y variables fisiológicas y determinar los factores predictivos de VEP durante el esfuerzo submáximo y máximo en adultos mayores. Método. Adultos mayores de Kansas (n = 100) y Costa Rica (n = 79) realizaron una prueba de esfuerzo submáxima y máxima. Se recopiló la VEP, nivel de educación y una puntuación total de la función cognitiva (PTFC). Se usaron análisis de correlación y regresión múltiple utilizando VEP como variable criterio y el consumo de oxígeno (VO2), tasa de intercambio respiratorio (RER), PTFC y nivel de educación como predictores. Resultados. Se encontró una correlación significativa entre la VEP y la RER (r = 0.22, p = 0.029) en el esfuerzo máximo. Los predictores de VEP para las mujeres fueron VO2, RER y PTFC en diferentes etapas de la prueba. Para los hombres, la VEP fue predicha por RER, nivel de educación y VO2 en diferentes etapas. Conclusión. Las variables metabólicas y fisiológicas predijeron los valores de VEP en adultos mayores. La edad, la cognición y la FC no se relacionaron con la VEP en el esfuerzo máximo y la RER predijo las puntuaciones de la VEP durante el esfuerzo submáximo y máximo.

Abstract Objective. To determine the association between perceived exertion (RPE) and physiological variables and to determine the predictive factors of RPE during submaximal and maximal exertion in older adults. Method. Older adults from Kansas (n = 100) and Costa Rica (n = 79) performed a submaximal and maximal stress test. RPE, education level and a total score of cognitive function (CFTS) were collected. Correlation and multiple regression analyses were computed using RPE as the criterion variable and oxygen consumption (VO2), respiratory exchange ratio (RER), CFTS and education level as predictors. Results. There was a significant correlation between VEP and RER (r = 0.22, p = 0.029) at maximal exertion. The RPE predictors for women were VO2, RER, and CFTS at different stages of the test. For men, VEP was predicted by RER, education level, and VO2 at different stages. Conclusion. Metabolic and physiological variables predicted RPE in older adults. Age, cognition, and heart rate were unrelated to RPE at maximal exertion, and RER predicted RPE scores during submaximal and maximal exertion.

Resumo Escopo. Determinar a associação entre o esforço percebido (VEP) e as variáveis fisiológicas e determinar os fatores preditivos de VEP durante o esforço submáximo e máximo em idosos. Metodologia. Idosos de Kansas (n= 100) e Costa Rica (n= 79) realizaram uma prova de esforço submáxima e máxima. Foi recopilada o VEP, nível de educação e pontuação total da função cognitiva (PTFCO. Foram usadas análises de correlação e regressão múltipla utilizando VEP como variável critério e o consumo de oxigeno (VO2), taxa de intercambio respiratório (RER), PTFC e nível de educação como preditores. Resultados. Foi encontrada uma correlação significativa entre a VEP e a RER (r = 0.22, p = 0.029)) no esforço máximo. Os preditores de VEP para as mulheres foram VO2, RER e PTFC em diferentes etapas da prova. Para os homens, a VEP foi predita por RER, nível de educação e VO2 em diferentes etapas. Conclusão. As variáveis metabólicas e fisiológicas predisseram os valores de VEP em idosos. A idade, a cognição e a FC não estiveram relacionadas com a VEP no esforço máximo e a RER predizia as pontuações da VEP durante o esforço submáximo e máximo.

Abstract The clinical features of COVID-19 differ substantially upon the presence (or absence) of viral pneumonia. The aim of this article was to describe the clinical characteristics of COVID-19 patients admitted to the Internal Medicine ward, as divided into those with and without pneumonia. This single-center prospective cohort study was conducted in a tertiary teaching public hospital in Buenos Aires City named Hospital General de Agudos Carlos G. Durand. Baseline data collection was performed within 48 hours of admission and patients were followed until discharge or in-hospital death. Epidemiological, clinical, laboratory, and radiological characteristics together with treatment data were obtained from the medical records. Of the 417 included, 243 (58.3%) had pneumonia. Median age was 43 years (IQR:32-57) and 222 (53.2%) were female. The overall crude case-fatality rate was 3.8%. None of the COVID-19 patients without pneumonia developed critical disease, required invasive mechanical ventilation nor died during hospitalization. However, 7 (4%) developed severe disease during follow-up. Among patients with COVID-19 pneumonia, in-hospital mortality rate was 6.6%, severe disease developed in 81 (33.3%), critical disease in 23 (9.5%), and 22 (9.1%) were admitted to the intensive care unit. A largely good prognosis was observed among COVID-19 patients without pneumonia, still, even among this group, unfavorable clinical progression can develop and should be properly monitored. Critical illness among patients with COVID-19 pneumonia was frequent and observed rates from this cohort provide a sound characterization of COVID-19 clinical features in a major city from South America.

Resumen Las características clínicas del COVID-19 difieren sustancialmente según la presencia (o ausencia) de neumonía viral. El objetivo de este artículo fue describir las características clínicas de los pacientes con COVID-19 internados en el servicio de Clínica Médica, divididos en pacientes con y sin neumonía. Fue un estudio de cohorte prospectivo, con base en un único centro, realizado en un hospital público de la ciudad de Buenos Aires: Hospital General de Agudos Carlos G. Durand. La recolección basal de datos se realizó dentro de las 48 horas del ingreso y los pacientes fueron seguidos hasta el alta o la muerte hospitalaria. Las características epidemiológicas, clínicas, de laboratorio y radiológicas junto con los datos del tratamiento se obtuvieron de la historia clínica. De los 417 incluidos, 243 (58.3%) tenían neumonía. La mediana de edad fue de 43 años (RIC: 32-57) y 222 (53.2%) eran mujeres. La tasa global de letalidad fue del 3.8%. Ninguno de los pacientes con COVID-19 sin neumonía desarrolló enfermedad crítica, requirió ventilación mecánica invasiva ni falleció durante la hospitalización. Sin embargo, 7 (4%) desarrollaron enfermedad grave durante el seguimiento. Entre aquellos con neumonía COVID-19, la tasa de mortalidad hospitalaria fue del 6.6%, se desarrolló enfermedad grave en 81 (33.3%), enfermedad crítica en 23 (9.5%) y 22 (9.1%) fueron trasladados a la unidad de cuidados intensivos. Los pacientes con COVID-19 sin neumonía presentaron buen pronóstico; sin embargo, incluso en este grupo, se observaron algunos con progresión clínica desfavorable, por lo que se requirió seguimiento adecuado. En los pacientes con neumonía por COVID-19, el desarrollo de enfermedad crítica fue frecuente y las tasas observadas en esta cohorte proporcionan una caracterización sólida de las características clínicas de los pacientes con COVID-19 en una importante ciudad de América del Sur.