The indicators for the assessment of biological maturation are widely used in various fields. Provide relevant information for determining the rate or time of individual maturation. The use and application varies between techniques, however, all have a common goal, the classification of children and adolescents in maturation stages. In this sense, the objective of this review was to describe indicators of biological maturation and investigate the possible uses and applications within the school. We conclude that a) most studies agree that specify skeletal maturity or bone age is the most useful indicator, although predicting the peak growth rate given by Mirwald et al. (2002) is an indicator for assessing school populations transversely, and b) the assessment of maturation, regardless of the methodology can be applied in the clinic, school, sports and quality of life as a means of classifying groups working to unify children and adolescents in circunstances competition and non-sports.

Los indicadores de la valoración de la maduración biológica son ampliamente utilizados en diversas áreas. Proporcionan información relevante que permite determinar el ritmo o tiempo de maduración individual. El uso y la aplicación varía entre las técnicas, sin embargo, todos tienen un objetivo común, la clasificación de los niños y adolescentes en estadios de maduración. En este sentido, el objetivo de la presente revisión fue describir los indicadores de maduración biológica e indagar los posibles usos y aplicaciones dentro del ámbito escolar. Se concluye que a) la mayoría de los estudios coinciden en especificar que la maduración esquelética o edad ósea es el indicador más útil, aunque la predicción del pico de velocidad de crecimiento propuesta por Mirwald et al. (2002) es un indicador que permite valorar a poblaciones escolares de forma transversal y b) la valoración de la maduración, independientemente del tipo de metodología puede ser aplicada en el área clínica, la escuela, en el deporte y en la calidad de vida, como un medio de clasificación de grupos de trabajo para homogeneizar a los niños y adolescentes en circunstancias deportivas y no deportivas.

CONTEXTUALIZAÇÃO:A disfunção temporomandibular (DTM) é considerada multifatorial e se define como um grupo de condições dolorosas que se caracteriza por apresentar alterações funcionais do sistema estomatognático que podem estar relacionadas à perturbação ou a uma contribuição em relação ao controle da postura.OBJETIVO:Verificar o efeito imediato da mobilização mandibular inespecífica (MMI) sobre o controle postural em indivíduos com e sem diagnóstico de DTM. MÉTODO:Realizou-se um ensaio clinico controlado, randomizado, simples cego, com 50 indivíduos de ambos os gêneros, alocados em dois grupos: grupo DTM e grupo controle, diagnosticados segundo o RDC/TMD. Realizou-se uma avaliação estabilométrica com os indivíduos sobre uma plataforma de força, em duas condições visuais: olhos abertos e fechados. As variáveis referentes ao centro de oscilação do corpo (COP) analisadas foram: deslocamento, amplitude, velocidade de deslocamentos ântero-posterior (AP) e médio-lateral (ML) e área de oscilação do centro de pressão (COP). Os valores médios de cada variável foram comparados, considerando o nível de significância aceito de p<0,05.RESULTADOS:Foi possível verificar diferença significativa entre as médias pré e pós-MMI nos indivíduos diagnosticados com DTM na condição visual olhos fechados. Houve diferença estatisticamente significante na área de oscilação do COP (p<0,03) no deslocamento médio-lateral COPML (p<0,006), na amplitude médio-lateral COPML (p<0,01) e na variável velocidade nas direções ântero-posterior, COPAP (p<0,03) e médio-lateral COPML (p<0,03) simultaneamente. CONCLUSÃO:Os resultados deste estudo indicam que a mobilização inespecífica da articulação temporomandibular contribui para a melhora imediata do controle postural em indivíduos com DTM.

BACKGROUND: Temporomandibular disorder (TMD) is considered multifactorial and is defined as a group of pain conditions characterized by functional stomatognathic system alterations, which may be affected by or related disrupted postural control. OBJECTIVE: Assess the immediate effect of nonspecific mandibular mobilization (NMM) on the postural control of subjects diagnosed or not with TMD.METHOD: A simple-blind, randomized, controlled clinical trial was performed involving 50 subjects of both genders assigned to two groups: the TMD group and the control group. TMD was diagnosed according to the Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (RDC/TMD). A stabilometric assessment was performed by testing subjects in a quiet stance on a dual force platform under two visual conditions (eyes open and eyes closed). The Center of Pressure (CoP)-related variables analyzed were displacement, amplitude, speed of anterior-posterior (AP) and medial-lateral (ML) displacements and CoP sway area. The mean values of each variable were compared, considering the accepted significance value of p<0.05. RESULTS: A significant difference between the pre- and post-NMM means could be observed in subjects diagnosed with TMD under the closed-eyes visual condition. There was a statistically significant difference in the CoP sway area (p<0.03) in the ML displacement COPML (p<0.006) and ML amplitude COPML (p<0.01) and in the variable speed in the AP COPAP (p<0.03) and ML COPML (p<0.03) directions, simultaneously.CONCLUSION: These results indicate that nonspecific temporomandibular joint mobilization contributes to the immediate improvement of postural control in patients with TMD.

INTRODUCTION: Asthma affects approximately 10% of the world's population. Sensitization to allergens is an important risk factor, and exposure to allergens is associated with disease severity. METHODS: We performed skin tests to evaluate allergen sensitization to mites, cockroaches, cats, dogs, and molds in 73 asthmatic patients. Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay was used to assay the mite and cockroach allergens found in dust from the bedding, hammocks, bedroom floors, living rooms, and kitchens of 29 patients and 14 controls. RESULTS: Fifty patients (68.5%) had positive skin test responses. There were positive responses to D. pteronyssinus (52.0%), B. tropicalis (53.4%), T. putrescentiae (15.0%), E. maynei (12.3%), L. destructor (8.2%), B. germanica (20.5%), P. americana (21.9%), Felis catus (10.9%), C. herbarium (2.7%), A. alternata (4.1%), and P. notatun (1.3%). The exposure to mite and cockroach allergens was similar in the patients and the controls. The Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus Group 1 levels were highest in the beds and hammocks. The Blattella germanica Group 1 levels were highest in the kitchens, living rooms and hammocks. DISCUSSION: The positive skin tests to mites, cockroaches and cats were consistent with previous studies. D pteronyssinus was the most prevalent home dust mite, and hammocks were a source of allergens. To improve asthma prophylaxis, it is important to determine its association with mite allergen exposure in hammocks.

Diante da problemática da resistência microbiana as pesquisas apontam para o uso de novos antibióticos que sejam eficazes ante os patógenos emergentes. Este trabalho objetiva testar frente a bactérias gram-positivas (Staphylococcus aureus), bactérias gram-negativas (Escherichia coli e Pseudomonas aeruginosa) e fungos leveduriformes (Candida albicans), a atividade antimicrobiana e a concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) de fitoconstituintes de Ocotea duckei Vattimo, do lapachol, seus derivados semi-sintéticos, alfa-lapachona, beta-nor-lapachona, beta-lapachona, alfa-nor-lapachona, beta-3-iodo-lapachona e alfa-3-iodo-lapachona, assim como 07 derivados nitrogenados obtidos a partir do lapachol por semi-síntese e de imidas cíclicas similares ao alcalóide filantimida. Os resultados obtidos estimulam o aprofundamento dos estudos para algumas dessas substâncias a exemplo do lapachol e seus análogos que demonstraram atividade antimicrobiana, de modo que os produtos que se apresentaram ativos para S. aureus, foram lapachol e o extrato etanólico de Ocotea duckei, para E. coli foi a iangambina e para a Candida albicans foram as imidas. As demais substâncias não apresentaram atividade antimicrobiana para as cepas testadas.

Regarding the problem of microbial resistance, the researches point to the use of new antibiotic which can be active against the emergent pathogens. This work aims to test the activity against Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus), Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli e Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and leveduriform fungi (Candida albicans), and also the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of the constituent of Ocotea duckei Vattimo, lapachol and its synthetic derivatives alpha-lapachone, beta-nor-lapachone, beta-lapachone, alpha-nor-lapachone, beta-3-iodin-lapachone and alpha-3-iodin-lapachone, as well as seven nitrogenated derivatives of lapachol obtained through semi synthesis. The achieved results stimulate the deepening of the studies for some of theses substances such as lapachol and its analogous which demonstrated antimicrobial activity. The substances which were active against S. aureus, were lapachol and the ethanolic extract of Ocotea duckei Vattimo, against Escherichia coli iangambin and against C. albicans the imides. The other substances did not show any activity against the tested bacteria.

Os óleos essenciais apresentam atividade antimicrobiana contra uma variedade de bactérias e fungos, incluindo espécies resistentes a antibióticos e antimicóticos. Neste contexto, este trabalho objetiva a avaliação da atividade de antimicrobiana do óleo essencial de Mentha x villosa Hudson (hortelã-da-folha-miúda) - seu componente majoritário (rotundifolona) e quatro análogos sintéticos da rotundifolona (epóxi-limoneno epóxi-pulegona, epóxi-carvona e (+)-pulegona) frente a cepas padrão de Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, Candida albicans ATCC 76645 e uma cepa de Staphylococcus aureus meticilina - resistente - MRSA (171c) de clínica humana. Como método, foi utilizada a difusão em placas com médio sólido. Os resultados mostraram que o óleo de Mentha x villosa, rotundifolona, epóxi-limoneno e (+)-pulegona, são semelhante em função da atividade antimicrobiana para as cepas de S. aureus e C.albicans testadas. Todos os produtos apresentaram potencial antimicrobiano com atividade antibacteriana para S. aureus ATCC 25923 e atividade antifúngica para C. albicans ATCC 76645. Nenhum dos produtos apresentou atividade antimicrobiana para as cepas de E. coli ATCC 25922 e P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853, representantes das bactérias Gram negativas.

Essential oils present antimicrobial activity against a variety of bacteria and yeasts, including species resistant to antibiotics and antifungicals. In this context, this work aims at the evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of Mentha x villosa Hudson ("hortelã da folha miúda"), its major component (rotundifolone) and four similar analogues of rotundifolone (limonene oxide, pulegone oxide, carvone epoxide and (+)-pulegone) against strain standards of Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, E. coli ATCC 25922, Pseudomona aeruginosa ATCC 27853, Candida albicans ATCC 76645 and one strain of meticilin - resistant Staphylococcus aureus - MRSA (171c) from human clinic. The method of the diffusion in plates with solid medium was used. The results showed that the oil of Mentha x villosa, rotundifolone, limonene oxide and (+)-pulegone, are similar regarding the antimicrobial activity against the tested strains of S. aureus and C. albicans. All of the products present antimocrobial potential with antibacterial activity for S. aureus ATCC 25923 and antifungal activity for C. albicans ATCC 76645. None of the products presented antimicrobial activity for the strains of E. coli ATCC 25922 and P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853, representatives of the Gram negative bacteria.

Rubus rosaefolius Sm., Rosaceae, is a shrub with compound leaves, recurvate prickles, white flowers and aggregate fruit, popularly known as sylvan strawberry. The present research concerns its botany (macroscopic and microscopic studies), phytochemistry and antimicrobial properties. The presence of antraquinones, saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids and tannins on stem, root and leaves, were confirmed by specific phytochemical tests. Antimicrobial activity of aqueous and hydroalchoolic fractions were tested against E. coli, S. aureus, P. aeruginosa and C. albicans. The hydroalchoolic fraction revealed antimicrobial activity against all species tested and the aqueous fraction inhibited the growth of S. aureus and C. albicans.

Neurocisticercose (NC) é a parasitose mais comum do sistema nervoso central no nosso meio. Foram analisadas 3093 tomografias computadorizadas (TC) de 2554 pacientes neurológicos durante o período de um ano. A maioria dos pacientes era procedente de Curitiba (77,3%). 1821 (58,9%) das TC foram normais. Do total destes pacientes, 236 (9,2%) possuíam achados tomográficos compatíveis com NC; a proporção feminino:masculino foi 1,6:1. Duzentos e dezenove casos (92,8%) apresentavam a forma inativa, 13 (5,5%) ativa, 3 (1,3%) ambas, e apenas 1 caso a forma racemosa. Calcificações intraparenquimatosas foram o achado mais comum (89%). Cefaléia foi o achado clínico mais frequente (35,5%), seguida de epilepsia isolada (20,9%) ou associada a outros achados neurológicos (9%). Achados tomográficos compatíveis com NC, especialmente a forma inativa, são achados relativamente comuns em uma população não selecionada de pacientes neurológicos. Com exceção parcial dos pacientes epilépticos, a relação destes achados com o quadro clínico neurológico deve ser cuidadosamente analisada individualmente, pois a presença casual de calcificações isoladas intraparenquimatosas ocorre em uma proporção significativa de pacientes com queixas ou doenças neurológicas sem relação com a NC.

Neurocysticercosis (NC) is the most common parasitic disease of the central nervous system and accounts for a significant proportion of morbidity and mortality, in special epilepsy. The authors reviewed 3093 computed tomography scans out of 2554 randomized neurological patients evaluated during a one year period. Most patients (77.3%) were living in Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil. 1821 (58.9%) CT scans were normal. NC was diagnosed in 236 patients based on tomographic criteria; the sex ratio was F:M 1.6:1. 219 (92.8%) patients had the inactive form of NC: 195 (89%) had only isolated intraparenchymal calcifications, and 24 calcifications plus hydrocephalus. Active forms were observed in 14 patients: 8 with degenerating cysts, 4 with viable cysts, 1 with intraventricular cyst, and 1 with racemose form. Three patients had both forms, active (cysts) and inactive (calcifications). The most common clinical finding among patients with tomographic diagnosis of NC was headache alone (35.5%), followed by epilepsy (20.9%). There is a potential role of NC as a causal factor of epilepsy in most of our patients, but surely not in all of them. On the other hand, the finding of inactive NC (calcifications without hydrocephalus and/or meningitic reaction) in patients with headache is probably fortuitous in most cases. In fact, the occasional finding of isolated calcifications in general population is not quite rare, as it was observed in 3.3% of another series of 973 patients with head trauma submitted to CT scan and without epilepsy previous history. The presence of CT findings compatible with NC, especially calcifications, must be carefully correlated with the clinical context in each case. Only then, an unequivocal cause-effect with all its medical and epidemiological implications role can be established.

Introduzimos a técnica da copulação induzida para a manutenção e criação em cativeiro, do Anopheles albitarsis e do A. aquasalis, objetivando facilitar futuros trabalhoscom estas espécies de difícil cruzamento espontâneo em laboratório.

Many species of mosquitoes are unsuited to life in a laboratory because they fail to copulate in cages. This situation may be largely eliminated by the technique in current use for manually inducing inseminations as outlined. We have used this technique for the first time in relation to Anopheles albitarsis and A. aquasalis, species of malaria vectors which are difficult to mate spontaneously in captivity. The pre-mating age of the males and the temperature at which they are held affect the ability of male to transfer sperm. Mating males 8 to 14 days old with females at any age, resulted in a high order of insemination. Temperature of 25°C and humidity of 80% RH enhanced the degree of insemination.

Dando prosseguimento ao estudo da eficiência de diversos fosfatos para a cultura da cana-de-açúcar, neste trabalho são relatadas mais cinco experiências, realizadas entre 1961 e 1963 (três em terra-roxa-misturada, uma em solo massapé-salmourão e uma em solo derivado do arenito Bauru), nas quais foram empregados, na presença de NK, 50. 100 e 150 kg/ha de P2O5 total. Tôdas apresentaram produções satisfatórias e respostas significativas ao fósforo. Em média das cinco experiências e das três doses usadas, foram os seguintes os aumentos porcentuais, na produção de cana-planta, proporcionados pelos fosfatos estudados: termofosfato, 49; fosfato bicálcico, 39; farinha de ossos degelatinados, 38; superfosfato simples, 35; fosfato Alvorada, 28; fosforita de Olinda, 26; fosfato de Araxá, 20; bauxita fosforosa, 10. Houve consideráveis diferenças no comportamento dos fosfatos nas experiências individuais, mas os autores preferem deixar para estudá-las em conjunto com outras conduzidas anterior e posteriormente, quando procurarão associá-las às características dos solos estudados.

Five experiments were conducted in the State of São Paulo to study the efficiency of different sources of phosphorus for the production of sugar cane on three types of soil, using 50, 100 and 150 kilograms of total P2O5 per hectare in the presence of NK. The soil pH varied from 4.8 to 5.6. Phosphorus significantly increased the yields in all of the experiments. As an average of the five experiments and the three rates of application, the per-cent yield increases caused by the studied phosphorus carriers were the following: thermophosphate, 49; dicalcium phosphate, 39; bone meal, 38; ordinary superphosphate, 35; Alvorada-phosphate, 28; Olinda-phosphate, 26; Araxá-phosphate, 20; phosphorous bauxite, 10. The four latter sources are natural phosphates from different regions of Brazil.