Resumo Este estudo avaliou a composição química e microdureza do esmalte humano tratado com solução de Derivados da Matriz do Esmalte (EMD) e a resistência de união entre compósito e este esmalte. Trinta amostras de esmalte humano foram aleatoriamente divididas em três grupos: Esmalte Intocado (UE), Esmalte Desmineralizado (DE) e Esmalte Desmineralizado Tratado com EMD (ET). Os grupos DE e ET foram submetidos a desafio ácido e ET tratado com EMD (O EMD foi aplicado diretamente sobre esmalte condicionado e deixado por 15 minutos). Amostras de cada grupo (n = 4) tiveram composição química avaliada através de espectroscopia no infravermelho por transformada de Fourier com reflectância total atenuada (FTIR-ATR). A microdureza Knoop das amostras de esmalte de cada grupo (n=10) foi mensurada. Para a resistência ao microcisalhamento, as amostras foram condicionadas por 30 s, o adesivo aplicado e foto-ativado por 10 s. Duas matrizes plásticas (1 mm de comprimento) foram posicionadas sobre as amostras, preenchidas com compósito Filtek Z350 XT e foto-atiavadas por 20 s cada. As matrizes foram removidas e a resistência ao microcisalhamento de cada grupo (n=10) foi testada. Os dados foram submetidos ao teste de Kruskal-Wallis (para análise da microdureza), à análise de variância e ao teste de Tukey (para análise da resistência ao microcisalhamento); (α=0.05). Os resultados do FT-IR mostraram fosfato (indicador de hidroxiapatita) na banda entre 900-1200 cm-1 nos grupos UE e ET, diferentemente do grupo DE. Análises de microdureza e microcisalhamento demonstraram resultados estatisticamente superiores para os grupos UE e ET quando comparados ao DE. A aplicação de EMD ao esmalte desmineralizado parece ter remineralizado o esmalte; assim, a microdureza e a resistência de união foram semelhantes entre os grupos UE e ET.

Abstract This study evaluated the chemical composition and microhardness of human enamel treated with an Enamel Matrix Derivative (EMD) solution, and the bond strength between composite resin and this enamel. Thirty human enamel samples were randomly divided into three groups: Untouched Enamel (UE), Demineralized Enamel (DE) and Demineralized Enamel Treated with EMD (ET). DE and ET groups were subjected to acid challenge and ET treated with EMD (EMD was directly applied over conditioned enamel and left for 15 min). Samples from each group (n=4) had chemical composition assessed through to attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR). Knoop microhardness of enamel samples from each group (n=10) was measured. For the microshear bond strength, the samples were etched for 30 s, and the adhesive was applied and cured for 10 s. Two matrixes were placed on the samples, filled with Filtek Z350 XT composite and cured for 20 s, each. The matrix was removed, and the microshear bond strength of each group (n=10) was tested. Data were subjected to Kruskal-Wallis test (for microhardness), to analysis of variance and to Tukey’s test (for microshear bond strength); (α=0.05). FTIR results have shown phosphate (hydroxyapatite indicator) in 900-1200 cm-1 bands in the UE and ET groups, which were different from the DE group. Microhardness and microshear analyses recorded higher statistical values for the UE and ET groups than for DE. EMD application to demineralized enamel seems to have remineralized the enamel; thus, the microhardness and bond strength was similar between UE and ET groups.

RESUMEN Neoleucinodes elegantalis (Lepidoptera, Crambidae) es una plaga Neotropical de las solanáceas que ha evolucionado en cuatro razas por asociación a hospederos de esta familia. En este estudio, se evaluó el asilamiento precigótico y postcigótico en generaciones parentales y F1 colectadas en Solanum lycopersicum (S. 1), S. quitoense (S. q) y S. betaceum (S. b) representando razas con tamaños de genitales medio (S. 1, S. q) y grande (S. b). Se obtuvieron 617 adultos en el laboratorio y 106 de ellos copularon. Se encontró un espermatóforo en la bursa copulatrix de cada hembra sugiriendo monoandría. Los cruces entre los adultos fueron en su mayoría asociativos. Un tercio de las hembras ovipositaron, pero las hembras de los cruces ♀. b x ♂ S. 1, ♀. 1 x ♂ S. b y S. 1 x S. 1 no lo hicieron. En el cruce ♀ S. 1 x ♂ S. q y su recíproco, la progenie F1 se desarrolló hasta larva. El éxito reproductivo sólo ocurrió en los cruces: S. q x S. q, ♀. q x ♂ S. b y su recíproco, toda su progenie alcanzó la adultez. La población parental mostró diferencias en las mediciones de pupa y adulto de acuerdo con su hospedero. Los resultados del aislamiento reproductivo sugieren que la diferenciación en diferentes razas es relevante para la mejora del manejo de la especie, especialmente cuando se presenta aislamiento reproductivo entre estas. Se plantea el uso de las plantas hospederas en simpatría como una alternativa para el manejo del insecto, puesto que los híbridos tienen baja supervivencia y evaluar la posibilidad de diferenciación de componentes de feromonas por los resultados obtenidos en el apareamiento asociativo en la especie.

ABSTRACT Neoleucinodes elegantalis (Lepidoptera, Crambidae) is a Neotropical Solanaceae pest that has evolved into four host races due to host plant association. In this study, prezygotic and postzygotic isolation were evaluated in parental and F1 generations collected from Solanum lycopersicum (S. 1), S. quitoense (S. q) and S. betaceum (S. b), representing medium size (S. 1, S. q) and large size genitalia races (S. b). 617 adults were obtained in the laboratory and 106 copulated. One spermatophore per female was found in the bursa copulatrix, suggesting monoandry. Crosses between adults mostly occurred assortatively. A third of the female's eggs laid occurred, but females from ♀. b x ♂ S. 1, ♀. 1 x ♂S. b and S. 1 x S. 1 did not. In the cross, ♀. 1 x ♂ S. q and its reciprocal F1 progeny developed into larvae. Reproductive success only occurred in three crosses: S. q x S. q, ♀. q x ♂ S. b and its reciprocal progeny. All the progeny from these crosses reached adulthood. The parental population showed differences in pupae and adult measurements according to host. The results on reproductive isolation obtained here suggest speciation in N. elegantalis due to host race differentiation which is relevant for the improvement of the management of this species, especially when the species has evolved reproductive isolation among races. We suggest that the use of their host plants in sympatry might reduce N. elegantalis densities in the field since hybrids between its races have low survival rates and to evaluate the possibility of pheromone composition differentiation among races given the results on assortative mating obtained here.

Abstract Objectives: This study investigated whether increasing the concentration of acidic monomers in one-step adhesives would allow reducing their application time without interfering with the bonding ability to primary enamel and dentin. Material and methods: Experimental one-step self-etch adhesives were formulated with 5 wt% (AD5), 20 wt% (AD20), or 35 wt% (AD35) acidic monomer. The adhesives were applied using rubbing motion for 5, 10, or 20 s. Bond strengths to primary enamel and dentin were tested under shear stress. A commercial etch-and-rinse adhesive (Single Bond 2; 3M ESPE) served as reference. Scanning electron microscopy was used to observe the morphology of bonded interfaces. Data were analysed at p<0.05. Results: In enamel, AD35 had higher bond strength when rubbed for at least 10 s, while application for 5 s generated lower bond strength. In dentin, increased acidic monomer improved bonding only for 20 s rubbing time. The etch-and-rinse adhesive yielded higher bond strength to enamel and similar bonding to dentin as compared with the self-etch adhesives. The adhesive layer was thicker and more irregular for the etch-and-rinse material, with no appreciable differences among the self-etch systems. Conclusion: Overall, increasing the acidic monomer concentration only led to an increase in bond strength to enamel when the rubbing time was at least 10 s. In dentin, despite the increase in bond strength with longer rubbing times, the results favoured the experimental adhesives compared to the conventional adhesive. Reduced rubbing time of self-etch adhesives should be avoided in the clinical setup.

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a eficácia da aplicação de energia sônica sobre a resistência de união à microtração e a microdureza após o processo de restauração. Um total de 40 terceiros molares humanos foram extraídos. Cavidades Classe II foram preparadas e restauradas com os compósitos SonicFill ou Filtek Z350 XT com e sem a aplicação de energia sônica. Após os dentes serem armazenados em água durante 24 h, foram seccionados em palitos (1,0 mm2) e submetidos a ensaio de tração. Para um ensaio de dureza Knoop de profundidade, as amostras foram cortadas e as penetrações foram feitas sequencialmente a partir da superfície para o fundo das amostras em três intervalos de 1 mm cada. As amostras foram então submetidas a uma carga de 50 g durante 10 s. Os resultados dos testes de tração (fatores: sistema de inserção e compósito) e dureza (fatores: sistema de inserção x compósito x profundidade) foram submetidos ao teste de normalidade Kolmogorov-Smirnov, seguido da análise de variância e do teste de Tukey (significância de 5%). Para o fator sistema de inserção, observou-se maior resistência de união para as cavidades que foram restauradas com energia sônica (p < 0,001). Para a dureza Knoop de profundidade, a dureza a 1 mm de profundidade foi significativamente maior do que a profundidade de 3 mm apenas para as restaurações com o compósito Filtek Z350 XT sem a aplicação de energia sônica. Portanto, o uso de energia sônica durante o processo restaurador melhorou a união, mas não afetou acentuadamente a dureza de profundidade para ambos os compósitos.

Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of applying sonic energy on microtensile bond strength and microhardness after the restoration process. A total of 40 human third molars were extracted. Class II cavities were prepared and restored with composite SonicFill or Filtek Z350 XT with and without the application of sonic energy. After the teeth were stored in water for 24 h, the teeth were sectioned into sticks (1.0 mm2) and subjected to tensile testing. For a depth Knoop hardness test, the samples were cut and indentations were made sequentially from the surface of the samples to the bottom of the samples in three intervals of 1 mm each. The samples were then subjected to a load of 50 g for 10 s. The results from the tensile (factors: placement system and composite) and hardness (factors: placement system, composite and depth) tests were subjected to the Kolmogorov-Smirnov normality test, followed by analysis of variance and Tukey’s test (5% significance). For the placement system factor, higher bond strength was observed for the cavities that were restored with sonic energy (p < 0.001). For depth Knoop hardness, the hardness at 1 mm depth was significantly greater than that at 3 mm depth just for the restorations with Filtek Z350 XT composite without the application of sonic energy. Therefore, the use of sonic energy during the restorative process improved bonding, yet it did not markedly affect the depth hardness for both composites.

RESUMEN Potato yellow vein virus (PYVV), es uno de los fitopatógenos más limitantes para la producción de papa en la región de Los Andes. A pesar que se le ha detectado infectando tomate en Colombia, el conocimiento de las características biológicas de las cepas presentes en este hospedante es muy limitado. En este estudio, utilizando secuenciación masiva de nueva generación (NGS), se obtuvo la secuencia completa de los tres segmentos genómicos del PYVV en plantas de tomate en Marinilla (Antioquia) y se evalúo la utilidad de tres juegos de cebadores para su detección mediante pruebas de RT-PCR convencional y en tiempo real (RT-qPCR). El genoma de la secuencia consenso presentó tamaños de 8043 nt (ARN1), 5346 nt (ARN2) y 3896 nt (ARN3) y se identificaron los diez ORF previamente reportados en este virus, aunque, en general, éstos presentaron menores niveles de identidad que los registrados entre cepas de PYVV de papa. Análisis de variación y de selección identificaron dos regiones en los ORF MET/HEL y CPm que presentan selección positiva, lo que podría estar asociado a la adaptación por hospedante. Los tres juegos de cebadores amplificaron las regiones esperadas de la cápside de PYVV, siendo posible identificar, por diferencias en valores de temperatura de fusión (Tm) y por secuenciación Sanger, la ocurrencia de al menos dos variantes principales de este virus en el Oriente Antioqueño, lo que concuerda con los niveles moderados de polimorfismos encontrados en las secuencias obtenidas por NGS.

ABSTRACT Potato yellow vein virus (PYVV) is one of the most important pathogens of potato in the Andean region. In spite of having been detected in tomato crops in Colombia, knowledge on the biological characteristics of PYVV is limited on this host. In this study, next-generation sequencing (NGS) of a PYVV strain infecting tomato in Marinilla District (Antioquia) was performed; additionally, three primer set useful in RT-PCR and RT-qPCR detection were also tested. The consensus genome consisted of three RNA segments of 8043 nt (RNA1), 5346 nt (RNA2) and 3896 nt (RNA3) encoding ten ORF with slight lower sequence identity in relation to PYVV isolates from potato. Sequence analysis suggests the presence of regions potentially undergoing positive selection in the ORFs coding for MET/HEL and CPm possibly as a result of host adaptation. Experimental validation of primers resulted in amplicon with the expected size while melting temperature analysis and sequencing suggest the presence of at least two PYVV infecting S. lycopersicum in east Antioquia in agreement with the NGS data.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the reliability of inter-session measurements of load (kg), peak force (N), mean force (N), mean power (W), peak power (W), average velocity (m * s-1) and peak velocity (m * s-1) obtained at three different levels of intensity (initial load, maximum power and maximum repetition) through an incremental protocol on bench press in a Smith machine. Sixteen healthy subjects (12 males and 4 females) participated in this study voluntarily. Subjects performed an incremental test to reach 1RM on two separate occasions, with at least a 48-hour recovery. A linear position transducer was used to record mean and peak force, power and velocity. All variables were recorded using a customized software of the linear position transducer. The test-retest reliability was measured by the intraclass correlation index (ICC2,1), the standard error of measurement (SEM) and minimum detectable change with 95% probability (MCD95%) for the initial load (CI), maximum power (MP) and repetition maximum (RM). The reliability analysis showed high values in 1RM (ICC2,1 = 0.96, SEM = 3.2 kg and MD= 9,9 kg). Peak power and mean and peak velocity had high ICC values (0,91-0,98) in IL and moderate-high values (ICC2,1= 0,52-0,89) in the MP and 1RM loads. The incremental protocol performed has good reliability in 1RM as well as the rest of the varibles calculated.

O propósito deste estudo, foi analisar a finalidade inter-sessão das medidas de carga (kg), pico de força (N), força média (N), potência média (W), pico de potência (W), velocidade média (m*s-1) e pico de velocidade (m*s-1) obtidas em três níveis distintos de intensidades (carga inicial, potência máxima e repetição máxima) através de um protocolo incremental em supino plano na máquina smith. Dezesseis sujeitos (12 homens e 4 mulheres) participaram no estudo de forma voluntária. Os participantes realizaram o teste incremental até atingirem 1RM em duas ocasiões diferentes, com um intervalo mínimo de 48 horas de recuperação. Todas as variáveis foram registadas mediante um transdutor de posição linear. A fiabilidade foi medida com base no teste-reteste do índice de correlação intra-classe (ICC2,1), erro padrão de medição (SEM) diferença mínima detectável, com 95% de probabilidade (MDC95% ) para a carga inicial (CI), potência máxima (MP) e repetição máxima (RM). Os resultados apresentam altos valores de ICC no 1RM (ICC2,1= 0.96, SEM= 3,2 kg e MD= 9.9 kg). A potência e a velocidade máxima apresentaram valores altos de ICC (0.91-0.98) na CI e valores moderados-altos (ICC2,1= 0.52-0.89) nas intensidades de MP e RM. O protocolo incremental realizado apresenta uma adequada fiabilidade teste-reteste tanto para 1RM como para as restantes variáveis analisadas.

El propósito de este estudio fue analizar la fiabilidad inter-sesión de las medidas de carga (kg), fuerza pico (N), fuerza media (N), potencia media (W), potencia pico (W), velocidad media (m*s-1) y velocidad pico (m*s-1) obtenidas en tres niveles distintos de intensidades (carga inicial, máxima potencia y repetición máxima) y a través de un protocolo incremental en press de banca en máquina Smith.). Dieciséis participantes (12 hombres y 4 mujeres) realizaron un test incremental hasta llegar a la 1RM en dos ocasiones diferentes, con un mínimo de 48 horas de recuperación. Todas las variables fueron registradas mediante un transductor de posición lineal. La fiabilidad test-retest fue medida mediante el índice de correlación intraclase (ICC2,1), el error estándar de la medida (SEM) y las mínimo cambio detectable con un 95% de probabilidad (MCD95% ). Para la carga inicial (CI), máxima potencia (MP) y la repetición máxima (RM). Los resultados mostraron altos valores de ICC en 1RM (ICC2,1= 0,96, SEM= 3,2 kg y MD= 9,9 kg). La potencia y velocidad pico y media presentaron valores altos de ICC (0,91-0,98) en la CI y valores moderados-altos (ICC2,1= 0,52-0,89) en las intensidades de MP y RM. El protocolo incremental realizado posee una adecuada fiabilidad test-retest tanto para la 1RM como para el resto de variables analizadas.

Este estudo avaliou a efetividade de diferentes selantes aplicados a uma resina nanoparticulada. Quarenta espécimes de Filtek Z-350 foram obtidos depois da inserção do material em um molde de aço inoxidável seguido por fotoativação por 20 s. Os grupos foram divididos (n=10) de acordo com o tratamento superficial aplicado: Grupo controle (sem tratamento superficial), Fortify, Fortify Plus ou Biscover LV. Os espécimes foram submetidos a escovação simulada usando uma carga de 200 g e 250 ciclos/min para simular 1 semana, 1, 3 e 6 meses e 1 e 3 anos, considerando que 10.000 ciclos equivalem a um ano de escovação. Escovas Oral-B de cabeça macia e dentifrício Colgate Total diluído a 1:2 em água foram utilizados. Depois de cada período de simulação, a rugosidade superficial foi medida em triplicata. Os dados foram submetidos à ANOVA de dois fatores e ao teste de Tukey com nível de 95% de confiança. Os espécimes foram observados em microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) depois de cada ciclo de escovação. O grupo controle não foi diferente (p>0,05) que os outros grupos, exceto pelo Fortify Plus (p<0,05), que foi mais rugoso. Nenhuma diferença (p>0,05) foi observada em 1 mês de simulação entre os grupos experimentais e o controle. Fortify e Fortify Plus apresentaram rugosidade regular com o tempo, diferindo da inicial em todos os tempos. Nenhum dos grupos selados mostrou melhor desempenho (p>0,05) que o grupo controle em qualquer um dos tempos. MEV ressaltou as diferenças encontradas durante o teste de rugosidade. Selantes de penetração de superfície não melhoram a rugosidade da resina nanoparticulada.

This study evaluated the effectiveness of different sealants applied to a nanofiller composite resin. Forty specimens of Filtek Z-350 were obtained after inserting the material in a 6x3 mm stainless steel mold followed by light activation for 20 s. The groups were divided (n=10) according to the surface treatment applied: Control group (no surface treatment), Fortify, Fortify Plus and Biscover LV. The specimens were subjected to simulated toothbrushing using a 200 g load and 250 strokes/min to simulate 1 week, 1, 3 and 6 months and 1 and 3 years in the mouth, considering 10,000 cycles equivalent to 1 year of toothbrushing. Oral-B soft-bristle-tip toothbrush heads and Colgate Total dentifrice at a 1:2 water-dilution were used. After each simulated time, surface roughness was assessed in random triplicate readings. The data were submitted to two-way ANOVA and Tukey's test at a 95% confidence level. The specimens were observed under scanning electron microscopy (SEM) after each toothbrushing cycle. The control group was not significantly different (p>0.05) from the other groups, except for Fortify Plus (p<0.05), which was rougher. No significant differences (p>0.05) were observed at the 1-month assessment between the experimental and control groups. Fortify and Fortify Plus presented a rougher surface over time, differing from the baseline (p<0.05). Biscover LV did not differ (p>0.05) from the baseline at any time. None of the experimental groups showed a significantly better performance (p>0.05) than the control group at any time. SEM confirmed the differences found during the roughness testing. Surface penetrating sealants did not improve the roughness of nanofiller composite resin.

In vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (¹H-MRS) is a technique capable of assessing biochemical content and pathways in normal and pathological tissue. In the brain, ¹H-MRS complements the information given by magnetic resonance images. The main goal of the present study was to assess the accuracy of ¹H-MRS for the classification of brain tumors in a pilot study comparing results obtained by manual and semi-automatic quantification of metabolites. In vivo single-voxel ¹H-MRS was performed in 24 control subjects and 26 patients with brain neoplasms that included meningiomas, high-grade neuroglial tumors and pilocytic astrocytomas. Seven metabolite groups (lactate, lipids, N-acetyl-aspartate, glutamate and glutamine group, total creatine, total choline, myo-inositol) were evaluated in all spectra by two methods: a manual one consisting of integration of manually defined peak areas, and the advanced method for accurate, robust and efficient spectral fitting (AMARES), a semi-automatic quantification method implemented in the jMRUI software. Statistical methods included discriminant analysis and the leave-one-out cross-validation method. Both manual and semi-automatic analyses detected differences in metabolite content between tumor groups and controls (P < 0.005). The classification accuracy obtained with the manual method was 75% for high-grade neuroglial tumors, 55% for meningiomas and 56% for pilocytic astrocytomas, while for the semi-automatic method it was 78, 70, and 98%, respectively. Both methods classified all control subjects correctly. The study demonstrated that ¹H-MRS accurately differentiated normal from tumoral brain tissue and confirmed the superiority of the semi-automatic quantification method.

We studied the peptide-degrading anaerobic communities of methanogenic reactors from two mesophilic full-scale modified upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactors treating brewery wastewater in Colombia. Most probable number (MPN) counts varied between 7.1 x 10(8) and 6.6 x 10(9) bacteria/g volatile suspended solids VSS (Methanogenic Reactor 1) and 7.2 x 10(6) and 6.4 x 10(7) bacteria/g (VSS) (Methanogenic Reactor 2). Metabolites detected in the highest positive MPN dilutions in both reactors were mostly acetate, propionate, isovalerate and, in some cases, negligible concentrations of butyrate. Using the highest positive dilutions of MPN counts, 50 dominant strains were isolated from both reactors, and 12 strains were selected for sequencing their 16S rRNA gene based on their phenotypic characteristics. The small-subunit rRNA gene sequences indicated that these strains were affiliated to the families Propionibacteriaceae, Clostridiaceae and Syntrophomonadaceae in the low G + C gram-positive group and Desulfovibrio spp. in the class d-Proteobacteria. The main metabolites detected in the highest positive dilutions of MPN and the presence of Syntrophomonadaceae indicate the effect of the syntrophic associations on the bioconversion of these substrates in methanogenic reactors. Additionally, the potential utilization of external electron acceptors for the complete degradation of amino acids by Clostridium strains confirms the relevance of these acceptors in the transformation of peptides and amino acids in these systems.

Objective: the goal of this research has been to evaluate the survival, in long and short term, of the patient receiving liver transplant for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the risk of post-transplant tumor relapse and factors related to this complication. Design: retrospective study of a consecutive series of patients having had liver transplant for HCC. Patients and methodology: transplant patients for HCC from 1989 to November 2003. Patients were selected due to general limitations of nodule size and quantity, which were subsequently published as Milan criteria. Also, criteria agreed in the Conference of Barcelona were followed in the pre-transplant diagnosis. Results: the survival of this 81 patients group was of the 80, 61 and 52% for 1, 5 and 10 years respectively. In the 32% of the cases the HCC was an incidental finding in the explant. In the 12.3%, the tumor relapse was verified. The multivariate research identified the size of the nodule (OR = 1,7944) (IC 95% = 1,1332-2,8413) and the vascular invasion (OR = 6,6346) (IC 95% = 1,4624-30,1003) as risk factors of relapse. Conclusions: the liver transplant in selected patients with HCC has good results in medium and long term. The risk of post-transplant tumor relapse becomes notably reduced and is associated with the size of the nodule and the microscopic vascular invasion.

Objetivo: el objetivo de este estudio ha sido evaluar la supervivencia a corto y largo plazo del paciente trasplantado de hígado por hepatocarcinoma (CHC), el riesgo de recidiva tumoral postrasplante y los factores asociados a esta complicación. Diseño: estudio restrospectivo de una serie consecutiva de pacientes trasplantados de hígado por hepatocarcinoma. Pacientes y métodos: enfermos trasplantados por hepatocarcinoma desde el año 1989 hasta noviembre de 2003. Los pacientes fueron seleccionados con unos límites generales de tamaño y número de nódulos que fueron posteriormente publicados como criterios de Milán. En su diagnóstico pretrasplante se siguieron asimismo criterios consensuados en la Conferencia de Barcelona. Resultados: la supervivencia de este grupo de 81 pacientes trasplantados por hepatocarcinoma fue del 80, 61 y 52%, a los 1, 5 y 10 años respectivamente. En el 32% de los casos el CHC fue un hallazgo incidental en el explante. En el 12,3% se constató recidiva tumoral. El estudio multivariante identificó como factores de riesgo de recidiva el tamaño del nódulo (OR = 1,7944) (IC 95% = 1,1332-2,8413) y la invasión vascular (OR = 6,6346) (IC 95% = 1,4624-30,1003). Conclusiones: el trasplante de hígado en pacientes seleccionados con CHC obtiene buenos resultados a medio y largo plazo. El riesgo de recidiva tumoral postrasplante se ha reducido notablemente y está asociado con el tamaño del nódulo y con la invasión vascular microscópica.

Modern imaging methods, such as radiological CT/MRI scanning provides real, full 3D data of the body surface and internal structures. This information is stored in DICOM files (a standard protocol in radiology image acquisition). Many image-analysis procedures, such as interactive visualization, morphometry, densitometry, three dimensional reconstruction, etc., can be carried-out on these files. These tasks are performed in a non-invasive and non-destructive manner, and the results can be stored in order to document the case. The present paper describes the basis of image-analysis procedures on DICOM files directed to forensic purposes (socalled "virtopsy"), emphasizing the utility of the method in Pathology, Forensic Traumatology and other fields. The virtopsy must be considered not only as a post-mortem procedure (complementing but not substituting the traditional autopsy), but a way to examine body parts in an interactive manner, whatever the subject is dead or alive. That spreads its utility and makes the method appropriate whenever an accurate, real-time, interactive and reproducible forensic anatomic examination is required.

Los modernos métodos de imagen, como la CT y la RNM proporcionan datos reales y tridimensionales de la superficie y las estructuras internas corporales. Esta información se almacena en ficheros DICOM (un protocolo estándar en adquisición de imagen radiológica). Sobre esos ficheros pueden realizarse muchos procedimientos de análisis de imagen, tales como visualización interactiva, morfometría, reconstrucciones tridimensionales, etc. Estas tareas son realizadas de una manera no invasiva y no destructiva, pudiéndose almacenar los resultados para documentación del caso. El presente trabajo describe las bases de los procedimientos de análisis de imagen sobre ficheros DICOM dirigidos a propósitos forenses (la llamada "virtopsia"), enfatizando la utilidad del método en Patología, Traumatología Forense y otros campos. La "virtopsia" debe ser considerada no sólo como un procedimientos post-mortem (complementando pero no sustituyendo a la autopsia tradicional), sino como un modo de examinar partes corporales de una manera interactiva, sea en el fallecido o en el sujeto vivo. Ello amplia su utilidad y hace apropiado el procedimiento siempre que se requiera un examen anatómico forense reproducible, preciso, interactivo y en tiempo real.

During 1993 and 1994, a recycling program on Standard Precautions was conducted for the nursing personnel at the Women's Health Centre (CAISM). In 1995, an evaluation was obtained through direct observation of these sectors regarding the adoption of these measures, the adequate use, access and availability of gloves and boxes for the disposal of perforating, sharp material. Sixty observations and 232 procedures were reported. One hundred sixty four procedures (71%) adopted these measures and 68 procedures (29%) did not. It was evident that the need to wash hands and not to use needles twice should be emphasized.

Durante el periodo de 1993 y 1994 se realizó la actualización en medidas de precaución patrón para los profisionales de enfermeria del Centro de Atención Integral a la Salud de la Mujer (CAISM). En 1995, se realizó una evaluación a través de la observación directa en los sectores; la adhesión a estas medidas, el uso adecuado y la disposición de guantes y cajas para descarte de materiales corto-punzantes. Se registraron 60 observaciones e 232 procedimientos, 164 de ellos (71%) adoptaron el uso de las medidas y en 68 (29%) esto no ocurrió. Es evidente la necesidad de dar énfasis al lavado de las manos y colocar de nuevo la camisa (tapa) a las agujas.

Durante 1993 e 1994 foi realizada reciclagem em Precauções-Padrão para os profissionais de enfermagem do Centro de Atenção Integral à Saúde da Mulher (CAISM). Em 1995 foi avaliada, por observação direta nos setores, a adesão a estas medidas, o uso adequado, a acessibilidade e disponibilidade de luvas e caixas para descarte de materiais pérfuro-cortantes. Registraram-se 60 observações e 232 procedimentos. Em 164 (71%) destes houve adoção das medidas, não ocorrendo o mesmo em outros 68 (29%). Evidenciou-se a necessidade de enfatizar a lavagem de mãos e o não-reencape de agulhas.

Durante 1993 e 1994 foi realizada reciclagem em Precauções-Padrão para os profissionais de enfermagem do Centro de Atenção Integral à Saúde da Mulher (CAISM). Em 1995 foi avaliada, por observação direta nos setores, a adesão a estas medidas, o uso adequado, a acessibilidade e disponibilidade de luvas e caixas para descarte de materiais pérfuro-cortantes. Registraram-se 60 observações e 232 procedimentos. Em 164 (71%) destes houve adoção das medidas, não ocorrendo o mesmo em outros 68 (29%). Evidenciou-se a necessidade de enfatizar a lavagem de mãos e o não-reencape de agulhas.

During 1993 and 1994, a recycling program on Standard Precautions was conducted for the nursing personnel at the Women's Health Centre (CAISM). In 1995, an evaluation was obtained through direct observation of these sectors regarding the adoption of these measures, the adequate use, access and availability of gloves and boxes for the disposal of perforating, sharp material. Sixty observations and 232 procedures were reported. One hundred sixty four procedures (71%) adopted these measures and 68 procedures (29%) did not. It was evident that the need to wash hands and not to use needles twice should be emphasized.

Durante el periodo de 1993 y 1994 se realizó la actualización en medidas de precaución patrón para los profisionales de enfermeria del Centro de Atención Integral a la Salud de la Mujer (CAISM). En 1995, se realizó una evaluación a través de la observación directa en los sectores; la adhesión a estas medidas, el uso adecuado y la disposición de guantes y cajas para descarte de materiales corto-punzantes. Se registraron 60 observaciones e 232 procedimientos, 164 de ellos (71%) adoptaron el uso de las medidas y en 68 (29%) esto no ocurrió. Es evidente la necesidad de dar énfasis al lavado de las manos y colocar de nuevo la camisa (tapa) a las agujas.