The use of routine magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to potentially assess skeletal fragility has been widely studied in osteoporosis. The aim of this study was to evaluate bone texture attributes (TA) from routine lumbar spine (LS) MRI and their correlation with vertebral fragility fractures (VFF) and bone mineral density (BMD). Sixty-four post-menopausal women were submitted to LS densitometry, total spine radiographs, and routine T2-weighted LS MRI. Twenty-two TA were extracted with the platform IBEX from L3 vertebra. The statistical difference was evaluated using ANOVA and Duncan's post-test. Correlation analyses were performed using Spearman's coefficient. Statistical significance was considered when P<0.05. The results did not show a significant difference in BMD between the women with and without fractures. Two bone TA (cluster tendency and variance) were significantly lower in the fracture group. Cluster tendency with VFF in osteopenia was 1.54±1.37 and in osteoporosis was 1.11±58. Cluster tendency without VFF in osteopenia was 2.23±1.38 and in osteoporosis was 1.88±1.14). Variance with VFF in osteopenia was 1.44±1.37 and in osteoporosis was 1.13±59. Variance without VFF in osteopenia was 2.34±1.38 and in osteoporosis was 1.89±1.14. There was a significant correlation between BMD and cluster prominence (r=0.409), cluster tendency (r=0.345), correlation (r=0.570), entropy (r=0.364), information measure corr1 (r=0.378), inverse variance (r=0.449), sum entropy (r=0.320), variance (r=0.338), sum average (r=-0.274), and sum variance (r=-0.266). Our results demonstrated the potential use of TA extracted from routine MRI as a biomarker to assess osteoporosis and identify the tendency of skeletal fragility vertebral fractures.

Avaliou-se a composição química e a resistência óssea do tibiotarso de frangos de corte aos 21 dias de idade. Foram determinados os percentuais ósseos de proteínas colagenosas (PC) e proteínas não colagenosas (PNC) e de cálcio, fósforo, potássio e sódio. Foram utilizados 650 pintinhos machos de marca comercial, alimentados com dietas à base de milho e farelo de soja. Foi utilizado delineamento em blocos ao acaso com cinco repetições e 26 aves por unidade experimental. Os tratamentos consistiram na suplementação da dieta basal com NH4Cl a fim de se obter cinco níveis -50; 0; 50; 100 e 150mEq/kg de balanço eletrolítico (BE). O nível de BE influenciou os teores de fósforo, potássio, sódio, PC e PNC, relação Ca:P e a resistência à quebra. A redução do balanço eletrolítico da dieta em nível inferior a 150mEq/kg influenciará negativamente a mineralização e a resistência óssea. A resistência à quebra do tibiotarso não está correlacionada com as concentrações dos minerais de forma individual, mas correlaciona-se negativamente com as concentrações de proteínas colagenosas e não colagenosas.

This study was carried out in order to evaluate the bone chemical composition and breaking force resistance of tibiotarsus birds at 21 days of age. The bone percentage of colagenous proteins (CP), non colagenous proteins (NCP) and minerals (calcium, phosphorus, potassium and sodium) was analyzed. A total of 650 commercial male broiler chicks were fed corn and soybean diets. A completely randomized block design with five replications of 26 birds per experimental unit was used. The treatments consisted of the basal ration supplemented with NH4Cl in order to obtain five levels (-50; 0; 50; 100 and 150mEq/kg) of electrolyte balance. The EB level affected the percentages of phosphorus, potassium and sodium, PC and PNC, Ca: P relation and breaking force resistance. The reduction of EB diets at levels below 150mEq/kg will affect negatively the mineralization and bone resistance. The breaking force of tibiotarsus is not correlated with the mineral concentration individually, but correlates negatively with the concentration of collagenous and non-collagenous proteins.

The wireless identification technologies or WIT are all the technologies and applications for contact-less automatic identification. The term WIT implies that no visual or mechanical contact is necessary to transfer information about the identification of a device, product or process. WIT is a fertile and relevant field of study in healthcare. Among the new generation of innovative technologies, WIT provides enabling devices that improve the machine perception and integration. However, for non-experts particularly in the healthcare areas, the decision to adopt wireless identification technologies is a relatively complex process due to the wide variety of available options and the limited time of certified experts. This article demonstrates that it is possible to bridge the gap between the functional and technical requirements of WIT in healthcare institutions. This is achieved by developing an expert system to provide unbiased information about the most suitable technology for specific applications in healthcare. This article proposes an expert system to provide the initial fundamental platform to facilitate and stimulate the adoption of WIT in the healthcare industry. The system is tested in a private hospital to make appropriate decisions in the adoption and use of WIT in the hospital environments. Results of tests performed with the expert system show dominance of the following technologies for healthcare facilities: UHF RFID active working both, at 915 MH and 433 MH, UHF RFID passive working at 915 MH, Ultrasound working from 20 to 60 MH, and uW Active RFID working at 2.45 GHz.

Las tecnologías de identificación inalámbrica o WIT («Wireless Identification Technologies») por sus siglas en inglés, son todas las tecnologías y aplicaciones de identificación automática cuya transmisión de información es inalámbrica. El término WIT implica que no hay un contacto visual o mecánico para transferir información sobre la identificación de algún dispositivo, producto o proceso. Las tecnologías WIT es un campo fértil y relevante de estudio en el área del cuidado de la salud. Dentro de la nueva generación de tecnologías innovadoras, WIT aportan dispositivos facilitadores que mejoran la percepción e integración de las máquinas con los humanos. Para los desarrolladores no especialistas, particularmente en áreas como el cuidado de la salud, la decisión de adoptar tecnologías de identificación inalámbrica es un proceso relativamente complejo dada la gran variedad de opciones disponibles y la disponibilidad del tiempo de algunos expertos certificadores en el área. El siguiente artículo demuestra que es posible hacer la conexión entre los requerimientos funcionales y técnicos de tecnologías WIT requeridas por las instituciones de salud. Esto se logra a través de un sistema experto para generar información imparcial acerca de la tecnología más factible para aplicaciones específicas en el área del cuidado de la salud. Este artículo propone un sistema experto para generar una plataforma fundamental que facilite y estimule la adopción de tecnologías WIT en la industria del cuidado de la salud. El sistema es probado en un hospital privado para tomar las decisiones apropiadas en la adopción y uso de tecnologías WIT en ambientes hospitalarios. Resultados de las pruebas realizadas con el sistema experto muestran un dominio de las siguientes tecnologías para instituciones de salud: UHF RFID activa trabajando a 915 MH y 433 MH, UHF RFID pasiva trabajando a 915 MH, ultrasonido trabajando de 20 a 60 MH, y uW RFID activa trabajando a 2.45 GHz.

An implementation of an expert system to provide unbiased information about the most suitable technology for specific applications in healthcare. The prototype is developed as a web tool to be used in ordinary personal computers. The idea is to provide with relevant information to health care administration specialists such that they can make appropriate decisions about the selection and implantation of WIT (Wireless Identification Technologies). The expert system prototype can provide expert advise to help critical decision makers in healthcare facilities, health professionals, innovators, and entrepreneurs to select the most suitable technology for the specific application.The system uses membership functions to fire four different figure of merit or indicators: technical feasibility, cost, commercial availability and proven documentation. The advising results are consistent to proven application projects and show high performance dominance using UHF Active RFID for high demanding applications such as new born monitoring and patient assistance. Other non-critical applications such as cabinet monitoring and garement owner ID can be developed using HF or UHF Passive RFID technologies at various frequencies. This prototype follows an effort to create a fundamental platform that could facilitate and stimulate the adoption of WIT in the healthcare industry.

Se muestra la implementación de un sistema experto para generar información imparcial acerca de la tecnología más factible para aplicaciones específicas en el área del cuidado de la salud. El prototipo se desarrolla como una herramienta Web para poder usarse en computadoras personales comunes. Con ello se intenta proveer de información relevante a especialistas en administración de instituciones dedicadas al cuidado de la salud para que puedan tomar decisiones más atinadas sobre selección e implantación de equipo de tecnología de identificación inalámbrica o WIT. El prototipo de sistema experto desarrollado produce recomendaciones expertas para ayudar a los encargados de tomar decisiones relevantes a instalaciones hospitalarias, profesionales de la salud, innovadores y emprendedores en la selección de la tecnología más apropiada para la aplicación específica. El sistema usa funciones de membresía para activar cuatro figuras de mérito o indicadores: factibilidad técnica, costo, disponibilidad comercial y documentación probada. Los resultados obtenidos son consistentes con aplicaciones probadas en proyectos y muestran un dominio de tecnologías de alto desempeño usando RFID UHF activa para funciones de alta demanda como monitoreo de infantes recién nacidos y asistencia a pacientes. Otras aplicaciones no tan críticas como monitoreo de gabinetes e ID de accesorios personales pueden desarrollares usando RFID HF (o UHF) pasiva a diversas frecuencias. Este prototipo da seguimiento en la creación de una plataforma fundamental que facilite y estimule la adopción de tecnologías WIT en la industria del cuidado de la salud.

A finite volume discretization technique is used to develop a numerical code to simulate the flow structures and forced convection in a forward facing step channel. The velocity field and pressure distribution inside the computacional domain are linked by the SIMPLE algorithm. The duct dimensions are defined in terms of the step height, such that the aspect and expansion ratios are four and two respectivelly. The total length in the streamflow direction is sixty times the step height, while the step edge is located twenty times the step height after the channel inlet. The boundary conditions at the channel inlet correspond to a fully developed flow at a constant temperature T0. The heating conditions are those of considereing the bottom wall at a high constant temperature (Tw>T0) and the other walls as adiabatic ones. Results for the location and size of the re-circulating zones, as well as the flow structures and temperature distributions at different planes inside the computational domain for three different Reynolds parameters are presented.

Se desarrolla un código numérico basado en la técnica de los volúmenes finitos para simular las estructuras de flujo y la transferencia de calor en un ducto horizontal que encierra un escalón. El campo de velocidades y la distribución del campo de presión se relacionan numéricamente por medio del algoritmo SIMPLE. Las dimensiones del ducto se fijan en función de la altura del escalón, de tal forma que la relación de aspecto y la relación de expansión son iguala cuatro y dos, respectivamente. La longitud del ducto en la dirección principal del flujo es de sesenta veces la altura del escalón, mientras que éste se coloca a una distancia de veinte veces la altura del mismo, a partir de la entrada. Las condiciones de flujo a la entrada corresponden a las de un flujo completamente desarrollado a una temperatura constante T0. Las condiciones de calentamiento se establecen considerando que la pared inferior está a una temperatura constante Tw, de tal forma que Tw>T0, mientras que las paredes restantes se consideran adiabáticas. En este trabajo se presentan resultados de la posición y tamaño de las zonas de recirculación, así como de las estructuras de flujo y temperaturas para diferentes planos dentro del dominio computacional para tres diferentes regímenes de Reynodls.

A família Bromeliaceae, dentre a grande variedade de plantas tropicais nativas do Brasil, tem merecido destaque devido à sua importância econômica como plantas ornamentais, sendo atualmente muito cultivadas e utilizadas na decoração de interiores e em projetos paisagísticos. Alguns gêneros são endêmicos da Floresta Atlântica e, em função dessa procura, a retirada de seus ambientes naturais constitui ameaça a algumas espécies. A Unidade de Pesquisa e Conservação de Bromeliaceae (UPCB), localizada na Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), MG, tem como finalidade promover a pesquisa em favor da conservação da família Bromeliaceae. Um problema constante na manutenção desse acervo é a infestação por plantas daninhas. Objetivou-se neste trabalho definir as espécies de plantas daninhas críticas no cultivo de bromélias. Foram realizadas visitas semanais, no período de 17 de novembro de 2006 a 17 de janeiro de 2007, para caracterização do comportamento das espécies de plantas daninhas no cultivo de bromélias na UPCB. Após esse período, realizou-se capina manual dos vasos e triagem das espécies daninhas, que foram identificadas e quantificadas. As espécies críticas foram descritas e seus indivíduos férteis depositados no Herbário VIC, do Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, como material testemunha. Realizou-se, também, documentação fotográfica das espécies durante o período de infestação. Foram identificadas duas espécies críticas: brilhantina (Pilea microphylla), com média de seis indivíduos por vaso, e agriãozinho (Cardamine bonariensis), com média de 13 indivíduos por vaso; sete espécies consideradas potencialmente críticas, com destaque para barba-de-falcão (Crepis japonica); e 12 espécies oportunistas.

The Bromeliaceae family stands out among the great variety of Brazilian native tropical plants because of the economic importance of its ornamental plants, currently widely cultivated and used for indoors decorations and landscape projects. Some genera are endemic to the Atlantic Forest and to meet their great demand, removal from their natural environment has become a threat to some species. The Research and Conservation of Bromeliaceae (UPCB) Unit of the Universidade Federal de Vicosa, in Vicosa, MG promotes research on Bromeliaceae conservation. Weed infestation is a constant problem in the maintenance of this collection. The objective of this work was to define the most critical weeds in bromeliad cultivation. From November 2006 to January 2007, weekly visits were conducted to the collection of bromeliads planted in pots at the UPCB, aiming to characterize the occurrence and behavior of weed species. After this period, the weeds were manually removed from the pots, identified and quantified. The critical weed species were described and their fertile individuals were included in the VIC Herbarium of the Department of Plant Biology, as checks. Photographic documentation of the weeds was also conducted. Two critical species were identified: Pilea microphylla,with around six individuals per pot, and Cardamine bonariensis, with approximately 13 individuals per pot. Seven other species were considered potentially critical, with Crepis japonica being the most important one. Twelve opportunistic species were also identified.

Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a eficácia do oxyfluorfen no controle da brilhantina (Pilea microphylla) em cultivo de orquídeas. Foram realizados dois experimentos, no delineamento de blocos ao acaso, no esquema fatorial 2 x 7, com três repetições. Um dos experimentos foi constituído por duas espécies de orquídeas (Epidendrum ibaguensis e Dendrobium sp.) e sete doses de oxyfluorfen (0,000, 0,024, 0,072, 0,144, 0,216, 0,288 e 0,36 L ha-1 do i.a.), pulverizadas em área total, e o outro, pelas mesmas espécies e sete concentrações de oxyfluorfen (0,00000 0,00036, 0,00072, 0,00144, 0,00288, 0,00576 e 0,01152% do i.a.), aplicadas em pulverização dirigida na brilhantina, sem atingir as folhas de orquídea. Cada unidade experimental foi representada por um vaso, com uma planta de orquídea, infestado com brilhantina. Aos 15, 30 e 60 dias após a aplicação do herbicida (DAA), foram realizadas avaliações visuais de toxidez na orquídea e de controle de brilhantina, utilizando-se a escala de 0 (ausência de toxidez) a 100 (morte das plantas). Não houve interação entre fatores, espécie e dose ou concentração do herbicida nem diferença no comportamento do herbicida entre as espécies, no que se refere às características avaliadas, em nenhum dos experimentos. Não foram observados sintomas de toxidez nas plantas de orquídea em nenhum dos tratamentos avaliados. Verificou-se controle eficiente de brilhantina, acima de 90%, para as doses superiores a 0,26 e 0,25 L ha- 1, aos 30 e 60 dias DAA, respectivamente, na aplicação em área total; e nas concentrações superiores a 0,0020 e 0,0019%, aos 30 e 60 DAA, respectivamente, na aplicação dirigida. O oxyfluorfen promoveu eficiente controle de brilhantina através da pulverização em área total e dirigida, sem causar danos às plantas de orquídeas.

This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of oxyfluorfen in the control of Pilea microphylla in orchid cultivation. Two experiments were carried out in a randomized block design, arranged in a factorial scheme 2 x 7, with three replicates. One trial was composed by two orchid species (Epidendrum ibaguensis and Dendrobium sp.) and seven oxyfluorfen rates (0.000, 0.024, 0.072, 0.144, 0.216, 0.288 and 0.36 L ha-1 of i.a.), sprayed over the total area and the other was composed by the same species and seven oxyfluorfen concentrations (0.00000, 0.00036, 0.00072, 0.00144, 0.00288, 0.00576 and 0.01152% of i.a.), directly sprayed without reaching the orchid leaves. Each experimental unit was represented by a pot with an orchid plant infested with Pilea microphylla. At 15, 30 and 60 days after application (DAA) visual evaluations of toxicity on orchid and Pilea microphylla control were performed, using a scale from 0 (toxicity absence) to 100 (plant death). No interaction between species and rate or concentration of herbicide and no difference in herbicide behavior or symptoms of toxicity on orchid plants were observed in either experiment. Efficient control of Pilea microphylla was verified for rates superior to 0.26 and 0.25 L ha-1 at 30 and 60 DAA, respectively, in the total area application, and for concentrations superior to 0.0020 and 0.0019%, at 30 and 60 DAA, respectively in direct spray. Oxyfluorfen provided efficient control of Pilea microphylla with spray in total area and direct spray, without harming the orchid plants.

A numerical code based on the finite volume discretization technique is developed to simulate flow structures following a three-dimensional horizontal forward-facing step. The link between the pressure distribution and velocity field are made by using the SIMPLE algorithm. A rectangular channel encloses the forward-facing step such that the expansion ratio (ER) and the aspect ratio (AR) are equal to two and four respectively. The total channel length in the stream-wise direction is equal to 60 times the step height and the step edge is located 20 times the step height downstream from the channel inlet. At the channel inlet the flow is considered to be a three-dimensional, fully developed flow. Results for the reattachment line, the separation line, as well as for velocity profiles at different planes for different Reynolds are presented.

En este trabajo se presentan los resultados de la simulación numérica por medio de la técnica de discretización de los volúmenes finitos de las estructuras de flujo tridimensional en un ducto rectangular con un escalón al frente. Se emplea el algoritmo SIMPLE para asociar la distribución de presión y el campo de velocidad dentro del dominio computacional. El ducto que se propone es de forma rectangular y encierra un escalón, de tal forma que la relación de expansión y la relación de aspecto son iguales a dos y cuatro respectivamente. La longitud total del canal en la dirección principal del flujo es igual a 60 veces la altura del escalón, mientras que la orilla del escalón se localiza a una distancia igual a 20 veces la altura del mismo corriente abajo de la entrada del canal. A la entrada se considera que el flujo es tridimensional y completamente desarrollado. Resultados de la línea de reacomodo, línea de separación, así como perfiles de velocidad a diferentes planos dentro del ducto se presentan para diferentes parámetros de Reynolds.

When compared to other model organisms whose genome is sequenced, the number of mutations identified in the mouse appears extremely reduced and this situation seriously hampers our understanding of mammalian gene function(s). Another important consequence of this shortage is that a majority of human genetic diseases still await an animal model. To improve the situation, two strategies are currently used: the first makes use of embryonic stem cells, in which one can induce knockout mutations almost at will; the second consists of a genome-wide random chemical mutagenesis, followed by screening for mutant phenotypes and subsequent identification of the genetic alteration(s). Several projects are now in progress making use of one or the other of these strategies. Here, we report an original effort where we mutagenized BALB/c males, with the mutagen ethylnitrosourea. Offspring of these males were screened for dominant mutations and a three-generation breeding protocol was set to recover recessive mutations. Eleven mutations were identified (one dominant and ten recessives). Three of these mutations are new alleles (Otop1mlh, Foxn1sepe and probably rodador) at loci where mutations have already been reported, while 4 are new and original alleles (carc, eqlb, frqz, and Sacc). This result indicates that the mouse genome, as expected, is far from being saturated with mutations. More mutations would certainly be discovered using more sophisticated phenotyping protocols. Seven of the 11 new mutant alleles induced in our experiment have been localized on the genetic map as a first step towards positional cloning.

This paper describes the general characteristics of spherical tokamaks, or spherical tori, with a brief overview of work in this area already performed or in progress at several institutions worldwide. The paper presents also the steps in the development of the ETE (Experimento Tokamak Esférico) project, its research program, technical characteristics and operating conditions as of December, 2002 at the Associated Plasma Laboratory (LAP) of the National Space Research Institute (INPE) in Brazil.

As plantas daninhas interferem nos gramados, prejudicando a sua formação, qualidade e estética. O carrapicho-beiço-de-boi (Desmodium incanum) e a zórnia (Zornia latifolia), quando não controlados, podem atingir níveis de infestação que chegam a dizimar o gramado. Dentre as diversas técnicas de manejo de plantas daninhas em gramados, destaca-se o emprego de herbicidas; todavia, as informações sobre a utilização desses produtos em gramados são escassas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a eficiência do herbicida triclopyr no controle de Desmodium incanum e Zornia latifolia, infestantes da grama-batatais (Paspalum notatum). O trabalho foi desenvolvido em gramado estabelecido no campus da Universidade Federal de Viçosa, em Viçosa-MG, entre os meses de abril e maio de 2000. Os tratamentos avaliados foram seis doses do triclopyr (0,00; 0,24; 0,48; 0,72; 0,96; e 1,20 kg ha-1) e uma dose do 2,4-D + picloram (0,48 + 0,128 kg ha-1), dispostos em delineamento experimental com blocos ao acaso e quatro repetições. O tamanho de cada parcela foi de 12 m² (4,0 x 3,0 m), sendo os tratamentos aplicados em uma faixa de 2,0 m de largura, ficando 1,0 m como testemunha lateral, para auxiliar nas avaliações visuais. Foram realizadas avaliações de fitotoxicidade aos 10 e 20 DAT (Dias Após o Tratamento) e nível de controle aos 15 e 30 DAT, ambos com base na testemunha lateral. Em nenhum dos tratamentos avaliados verificaram-se danos na qualidade do gramado. A partir das doses de 0,48 e 0,66 kg ha-1 de triclopyr foram obtidos controles iguais ou superiores a 90% de Desmodium incanum e Zornia latifolia, respectivamente. Esses resultados foram semelhantes ao do tratamento-padrão (2,4D + picloram a 0,48 + 0,128 kg ha-1). Concluiu-se que o triclopyr mostrou-se seletivo para grama-batatais, proporcionando excelente controle das plantas daninhas acima mencionadas.

Weeds interfere in the formation, quality and aesthetics of the lawn. Desmodium incanum, and Zornia latifolia, when left uncontrolled, can reach infestation levels that would kill the lawn. Herbicide application is one of the most effective ways of handling weeds in lawn; however, information on the use of these products in lawns is scarce. The objective of this work was to evaluate the efficiency of the herbicide triclopyr in controlling Desmodium incanum and Zornia latifolia in the lawn Bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum). The experiment was developed in a lawn area of the campus of the Federal University of Viçosa, in Viçosa-MG, Brazil, from April to May 2000. The treatments were six doses of triclopyr (0.00; 0.24; 0.48; 0.72; 0.96 and 1.20 kg ha-1) and one dose of the 2,4-D + picloram (0.48 + 0.128 kg ha-1), arranged in a randomized complete block design, with four repetitions. The size of each plot was 12 m² (4.0 x 3.0 m), with the treatments applied in a 2.0 m wide strip, with 1.0 m as lateral check to aid in the visual evaluations. Phytotoxicity evaluations were accomplished at 10 and 20 DAT (days after treatment) and the control level at 15 and 30 DAT, both based on the lateral chek. None of the treatments studied showed damage to the quality of the lawn. Starting with doses of 0.48 and 0.66 triclopyr kg ha-1, controls similar or superior to 90% of Desmodium incanum and Zornia latifolia were obtained, respectively. These results were similar to that of the standard treatment (2,4-D + picloram for 0.48 + 0.128 kg ha-1). It was concluded that triclopyr is a selective herbicide for Bahiagrass, providing excellent control of the weeds studied.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a eficiência de doses do trinexapac-ethyl, bem como dos intervalos de aplicação após o corte no crescimento vegetativo e florescimento da grama-batatais (Paspalum notatum), na redução de cortes e na melhoria da qualidade do gramado. O ensaio foi conduzido no campus da Universidade Federal de Viçosa, em Viçosa-MG, entre os meses de dezembro de 1998 e março de 1999, em gramado estabelecido. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos ao acaso, com 13 tratamentos e quatro repetições, distribuídos em esquema fatorial (6 x 2 + 1), com seis doses de trinexapac-ethyl (0,00; 0,25; 0,50; 0,75; 1,00; e 1,25 kg ha-1), aplicadas aos dois e cinco dias após o corte do gramado, e uma testemunha com cortes a cada três semanas. Foram efetuadas avaliações a três, seis, nove e doze semanas após o corte, para produção de biomassa seca total, altura e número de inflorescências. Verificou-se, para todas as características avaliadas, relação direta entre o aumento da dose do regulador de crescimento trinexapac-ethyl e o período de controle do crescimento vegetativo e do florescimento, evitando-se, com isso, cortes no gramado pelo período de até 12 semanas com a aplicação de 0,75 kg ha-1. Não se constatou efeito da época de aplicação e também de doses do trinexapac-ethyl sobre a coloração do gramado.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the efficiency of doses and application intervals of trinexapac-ethyl on the vegetative growth and flowering of bahiagrass, to reduce clips and improve lawn quality. The experiment was conducted on the campus of the Federal University of Viçosa, in Viçosa-MG - Brazil, from December 1998 to March 1999, in an established lawn. The experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design, with 13 treatments and four repetitions, distributed in a factorial scheme (6 x 2 + 1), with six doses of trinexapac-ethyl (0.00; 0.25; 0.50; 0.75; 1.00 and 1.25 kg ha-1), applied two and five days after lawn clipping and a control with clipings every three weeks. Evaluations were made at three, six, nine and twelve weeks after clipping for total dry biomass production, and height and number of seedheads. For all the characteristics studied, a direct relationship was verified between the growth regulator trinexapax-ethyl dose increase and the timing of clipping of vegetative and flowering lawn growth. Thus, lawn clipings were avoided for up to 12 weeks by applying 0.75 kg ha-1 of the growth regulator. No application time or trinexapac-ethyl dose effects were observed on the coloration of the lawn.