Abstract The objective of this study was to develop bionanocomposites from blends of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) and from 3% and 6% bentonite clay. Initially, the bentonite clay was treated with Praepagen salt, and the properties of the modified clay were evaluated. After the organophilization of the clay was completed, 50:50 blends of PLA/PBAT were prepared, and 3 and 6% clay was added. To test the dispersion of the system, the blending sequence was performed using eight different sequences for the addition of clay to the PLA/PBAT matrices. The mixtures were prepared in a twin screw extruder, and the specimens were subsequently injection molded. The investigated mechanical and morphological properties included the yield strength, yield strain, tensile and bending elastic modulus, and scanning and transmission electron microscopy analyses. The results of this study showed increases of the mechanical properties when nanoparticles were added and the formation of bionanocomposites with intercalated structures.

RESUMO: O Brasil apresenta a maior população de caprinos do continente americano, com mais de nove milhões de cabeças, a caprinocultura é considerada uma atividade em ascensão e de grande importância para a economia, principalmente da região nordeste. No presente trabalho foram determinados o teor de lipídios totais e o perfil de ácidos graxos de amostras de filé e pernil de caprinos juvenil, registrados em órgãos de inspeção do Ministério da Agricultura e comercializados na cidade de Salvador (Bahia). O percentual médio de lipídios totais no filé foi de 1,68±0,04 e no pernil de 4,02±0,09, com diferenças significativas entre os cortes (p<0,05). Foram identificados nos cortes, vinte e sete ácidos graxos, sendo os majoritários os ácidospalmítico (C16:0), esteárico (C18:0) e oleico (C18:1ω9) presentes em 21,32%, 20,39%, 34,49% no filé, e 21,74%, 21,94%, 33,38% no pernil, respectivamente. Os somatórios totais de ácidos graxos saturados e poli-insaturados variaram de 42,75 a 45,23% e de 14,04 a 12,35%, entre os cortes de filé e de pernil, respectivamente. A razão entre AGPI/AGS foi de 0,35 para o filé e de 0,15 para o pernil, e a razão ω6/ω3 foi de 3,07 para o filé e de 2,27 para o pernil. Constatou-se que existe uma diferença significativa no teor de lipídios totais e da composição de ácidos graxos em cortes comerciais de filé e pernil de carne caprina.

ABSTRACT: Brazil has the largest herd of goats of the American continent, with more than 9 million head. Goat farming is considered a growing and important activity for the economy, mainly in the northeastern region of Brazil .In this research, were determined the lipid content and the composition of fillet and shank fatty acids of young goats, registered in the inspection sector of the Ministry of Agriculture and marketed in the city of Salvador (Bahia). The average percentage of total lipids in the fillet was 1.68±0.04 and in the shank of 4.02±0.09, this is a significant difference between the cuts (P<0.05). Twenty-seven (27) fatty acids were identified in the cuts, most are palmitic acid (C16:0), stearic acid (C18:0) and oleic acid (C18:1ω9) present in 21.32%, 20.39%, 34.49% in the fillet and 21.74%, 21.94%, 33.38% in the shank, respectively. The total sums of saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids ranged of 42.75 to 45.23% and 14.04 to 12.35% between fillet and shank cuts, respectively. The ratio of PUFA/SFA was 0.35 for fillet and 0.15 for shank, and the ratio ω6/ω3 was 3.07 for fillet and 2.27 for shank. Therefore, is a significant difference in total lipid content and fatty acid composition in commercial cuts of beef fillet and shank.

Os depósitos de argilas bentoníticas da Paraíba se constituem no maior e mais importante jazimento deste bem mineral do Brasil. Suas ocorrências estão situadas no Município de Boa Vista e seus depósitos encontram-se nas minas Lages, Bravo, Juá e Canudos. As bentonitas de Boa Vista ficaram conhecidas pela sua capacidade de inchar na presença de água, desenvolvendo géis tixotrópicos após tratamento com Na2CO3, bem como pela sua variedade de cores. Este trabalho tem como objetivo apresentar a caracterização mineralógica e as propriedades reológicas de três variedades de argilas bentoníticas de Boa Vista, denominadas de Bofe, Chocolate e Verde-lodo, provenientes cada uma delas de duas diferentes minas. As argilas foram caracterizadas por meio de ensaios de análise química, análise térmica diferencial e análise termogravimétrica. O estudo reológico foi realizado por meio da determinação das viscosidades aparente e plástica, em viscosímetro Fann 35A e o volume de filtrado em filtro-prensa Fann em dispersões com 4,86% em massa de argila aditivadas com diferentes teores de Na2CO3. Os resultados mostraram que embora as argilas provenientes das diferentes minas apresentem cores e composição mineralógica semelhantes, apresentam propriedades reológicas bastante diferentes após tratamento com Na2CO3. Esse comportamento diferenciado classifica e condiciona a aplicação industrial de cada variedade de argila.

The deposits of bentonite clays at Paraíba are the bigger and more important deposits of this type of mineral in Brazil. It is located in Boa Vista city and can be found in Lages, Bravo, Juá, and Canudos mines. These clays became well known because of their capacity of swelling in the presence of water, developing thixotropic gels after treatment with Na2CO3, as well as by their different colours. The aim of this work is to present a comparative study of the mineralogical composition and rheology of three bentonite clays namely Bofe, Chocolate and Verde-lodo, each one from two different mines of Boa Vista, PB. The clays were caracterizated by chemical analysis, differential thermal analysis and thermogravimetric analysis. The natural bentonite clays were transformed into sodium bentonite by addition of different concentrations of Na2CO3. The dispersions were prepared with 4.86wt% in order to measure their apparent and plastic viscosities by Fann 35A viscosimeter and water loss by pressing-filter. The results showed that the bentonite clays from different mines present similar colours and mineralogical composition, but their rheological properties became different after treatment with Na2CO3. This difference at this behavior allows to classify and to indicate the industrial application of each type of clay.