Abstract Objective: To compare the clinical effect of two desensitizing agents used before the application of a bleaching gel based on 35% hydrogen peroxide (HP). Material and Methods: 30 patients were selected, and two desensitizing agents with different mechanisms of action were applied: Fluorine Neutral 2% (FN), which acts by blocking dentinal canaliculi while Potassium Nitrate 5% with 2% Sodium Fluoride (PN/SF) that acts in nerve transmission and blockade. Desensitizers were used before the application of 35% HP. For whitening, three clinical sessions were performed, with an interval of seven days, with three applications of the bleaching gel for 15 minutes, totaling 45 minutes/session. Tooth sensitivity (TS) was assessed with the numerical analog scale, and a spectrophotometer was used to obtain the color variation (ΔE). ΔE were submitted to ANOVA and Tukey test (p<0.05), and TS data were submitted to a two-way ANOVA analysis. Results: For sensitivity experience, the Tukey test indicated differences between PN/SF and the placebo I, but there was no statistically significant difference between FN and the placebo II. The TS was lower when the desensitizing gel was used during the bleaching procedure compared to after treatment, regardless of the desensitizing agents. Conclusion: PN/SF before in-office tooth bleaching can reduce TS intensity, and the use of desensitizing gel before bleaching did not affect the bleaching efficacy.

Resumo Introdução: A gordofobia se refere à discriminação e estigmatização de pessoas com excesso de peso. É comum que indivíduos sofram esse tipo de preconceito por parte de profissionais da saúde, portanto a formação acadêmica pode ter um papel importante nessa dinâmica, já que o preconceito pode ser perpetuado se não houver uma reflexão crítica sobre o tema durante a graduação; Objetivos: Investigar a percepção de estudantes universitários da área da saúde sobre a gordofobia; Métodos: Estudo de abordagem qualitativo, na modalidade de Grupo Focal, realizado com estudantes de graudação em Nutrição, Medicina, Psicologia e Educação Física de uma Instituição de Ensino Superior da cidade de Fortaleza, Ceará, Brasil. A coleta de dados se deu por meio de entrevistas, a partir de um roteiro semiestruturado, e submetidas à análise de conteúdo, na modalidade temática; Resultados: Emergiram quatro categorias temáticas: 1. Percepções sobre gordofobia; 2. Gordofobia e Mídias Sociais; 3. Abordagem da gordofobia entre as profissões da saúde e 4. Inclusão da gordofobia na formação acadêmica. O entendimento predominante sobre a gordofobia foi de uma forma de comportamento que exclui e diferencia pessoas com excesso de peso ou que não atendem a um determinado padrão corporal. O excesso de peso foi entendido como uma doença que requer tratamentos, que tenham como base a humanização e o acolhimento, entendendo o indivíduo de maneira singular e não apenas como portador de um problema de saúde. Conclusões. O reconhecimento da gordofobia como um tema transversal a todas as áreas profissionais da saúde e a inclusão de conteúdos específicos sobre o assunto na formação acadêmica foram entendidos como maneiras possíveis para combater a gordofobia e promover a valorização da diversidade corporal e uma abordagem inclusiva do peso no atendimento em saúde.

Abstract Introduction: Fatphobia refers to discrimination and stigmatization of overweight people. It is common for individuals to suffer this type of prejudice from health professionals, so academic training can play an important role in this dynamic, as prejudice can be perpetuated if there is no critical reflection on the subject during graduation; Objectives: To investigate the perception of university students in the health area about fatphobia; Methods: Study with a qualitative approach, in the form of Focus Group, carried out with undergraduate students in Nutrition, Medicine, Psychology and Physical Education at a Higher Education Institution in the city of Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil. Data collection took place through interviews, based on a semi-structured script, and submitted to content analysis, in the thematic modality; Results: Four thematic categories emerged: 1. Perceptions about fatphobia; 2. Gordophobia and social media; 3. Addressing fatphobia among health professions and 4. Inclusion of fatphobia in academic training. The predominant understanding of fatphobia was a form of behavior that excludes and differentiates people who are overweight or who do not meet a certain body standard. Excess weight was understood as a disease that requires treatments, which are based on humanization and acceptance, understanding the individual in a unique way and not just as a carrier of a health problem. Conclusions: Recognizing fatphobia as a theme that cuts across all professional areas of health and the inclusion of specific content on the subject in academic training were understood as possible ways to combat fatphobia and promote the appreciation of body diversity and an inclusive approach to weight in the healthcare.

BACKGROUND Dengue is a disease caused by dengue virus (DENV-1 through -4). Among the four serotypes, DENV-4 remains the least studied. Acute kidney injury is a potential complication of dengue generally associated with severe dengue infection. OBJECTIVES The goal of this study was to investigate the alterations caused by experimental dengue infection in the kidney of adult BALB/c mice. METHODS In this study, BALB/c mice were infected through the intravenous route with a DENV-4 strain, isolated from a human patient. The kidneys of the mice were procured and subject to histopathological and ultrastructural analysis. FINDINGS The presence of the viral antigen was confirmed through immunohistochemistry. Analysis of tissue sections revealed the presence of inflammatory cell infiltrate throughout the parenchyma. Glomerular enlargement was a common find. Necrosis of tubular cells and haemorrhage were also observed. Analysis of the kidney on a transmission electron microscope allowed a closer look into the necrotic tubular cells, which presented nuclei with condensed chromatin, and loss of cytoplasm. MAIN CONCLUSIONS Even though the kidney is probably not a primary target of dengue infection in mice, the inoculation of the virus in the blood appears to damage the renal tissue through local inflammation.

BACKGROUND According to the last 2023 Monkeypox (Mpox) Outbreak Global Map from the Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), more than 100 countries with no Mpox infection report cases. Brazil stands out in this group and is the second country with the highest number of cases in the last outbreak. OBJECTIVE To contribute to knowledge of the virus infection effects in a cellular model, which is important for diagnosis infections not yet included in a provider´s differential diagnosis and for developing viral inhibition strategies. METHODS We describe a virus isolation protocol for a human clinical sample from a patient from Brazil, the viral growth in a cell model through plaque forming units (PFU) assay, reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). FINDINGS We follow the viral isolation in Vero cell culture from a Mpox positive clinically diagnosed sample and show the infection effects on cellular structures using a TEM. MAIN CONCLUSIONS Understanding the impact of viral growth on cellular structures and its replication kinetics may offer better strategies for the development of new drugs with antiviral properties.

Abstract With the emergence of new variants of SARS-CoV-2, questions about transmissibility, vaccine efficacy, and impact on mortality are important to support decision-making in public health measures. Modifications related to transmissibility combined with the fact that much of the population has already been partially exposed to infection and/or vaccination, have stimulated recommendations to reduce the isolation period for COVID-19. However, these new guidelines have raised questions about their effectiveness in reducing contamination and minimizing impact in work environments. Therefore, a collaborative task force was developed to review the subject in a non-systematic manner, answering questions about SARS-CoV-2 variants, COVID-19 vaccines, isolation/quarantine periods, testing to end the isolation period, and the use of masks as mitigation procedures. Overall, COVID-19 vaccines are effective in preventing severe illness and death but are less effective in preventing infection in the case of the Omicron variant. Any strategy that is adopted to reduce the isolation period should take into consideration the epidemiological situation of the geographical region, individual clinical characteristics, and mask for source control. The use of tests for isolation withdrawal should be evaluated with caution, due to results depending on various conditions and may not be reliable.

BACKGROUND The coronaviruses (CoVs) called the attention of the world for causing outbreaks of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV), in Asia in 2002-03, and respiratory disease in the Middle East (MERS-CoV), in 2012. In December 2019, yet again a new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) first identified in Wuhan, China, was associated with a severe respiratory infection, known today as COVID-19. This new virus quickly spread throughout China and 30 additional countries. As result, the World Health Organization (WHO) elevated the status of the COVID-19 outbreak from emergency of international concern to pandemic on March 11, 2020. The impact of COVID-19 on public health and economy fueled a worldwide race to approve therapeutic and prophylactic agents, but so far, there are no specific antiviral drugs or vaccines available. In current scenario, the development of in vitro systems for viral mass production and for testing antiviral and vaccine candidates proves to be an urgent matter. OBJECTIVE The objective of this paper is study the biology of SARS-CoV-2 in Vero-E6 cells at the ultrastructural level. METHODS In this study, we documented, by transmission electron microscopy and real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), the infection of Vero-E6 cells with SARS-CoV-2 samples isolated from Brazilian patients. FINDINGS The infected cells presented cytopathic effects and SARS-CoV-2 particles were observed attached to the cell surface and inside cytoplasmic vesicles. The entry of the virus into cells occurred through the endocytic pathway or by fusion of the viral envelope with the cell membrane. Assembled nucleocapsids were verified inside rough endoplasmic reticulum cisterns (RER). Viral maturation seemed to occur by budding of viral particles from the RER into smooth membrane vesicles. MAIN CONCLUSIONS Therefore, the susceptibility of Vero-E6 cells to SARS-CoV-2 infection and the viral pathway inside the cells were demonstrated by ultrastructural analysis.

BACKGROUND The impact of arbovirus cocirculation in Brazil is unknown. Dengue virus (DENV) reinfection may result in more intense viraemia or immunopathology, leading to more severe disease. The Zika virus (ZIKV) epidemic in the Americas provided pathogenicity evidence that had not been previously observed in flavivirus infections. In contrast to other flaviviruses, electron microscopy studies have shown that ZIKV may replicate in viroplasm-like structures. Flaviviruses produce an ensemble of structurally different virions, collectively contributing to tissue tropism and virus dissemination. OBJECTIVES AND METHODS In this work, the Aedes albopictus mosquito cell lineage (C6/36 cells) and kidney epithelial cells from African green monkeys (Vero cells) were infected with samples of the main circulating arboviruses in Brazil [DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3, DENV-4, ZIKV, Yellow Fever virus (YFV) and Chikungunya virus (CHIKV)], and ultrastructural studies by transmission electron microscopy were performed. FINDINGS We observed that ZIKV, the DENV serotypes, YFV and CHIKV particles are spherical. ZIKV, DENV-1, -2, -3 and -4 presented diameters of 40-50 nm, and CHIKV presented approximate diameters of 50-60 nm. Viroplasm-like structures was observed in ZIKV replication cycle. MAIN CONCLUSIONS The morphogenesis of these arboviruses is similar to what has been presented in previous studies. However, we understand that further studies are needed to investigate the relationship between viroplasm-like structures and ZIKV replication dynamics.

RESUMO Objetivo Descrever e comparar as medidas antropométricas e as proporções orofaciais de recém-nascidos (RNs) a termo saudáveis, segundo o sexo, de uma maternidade pública do estado de Sergipe, Nordeste do Brasil. Método Estudo randomizado descritivo e analítico. Participaram 46 RNs a termo e saudáveis, de ambos os sexos, selecionados aleatoriamente. Foi utilizado paquímetro digital para tomadas das medidas (em milímetros), com os RNs em posição supina e lábios ocluídos. Quatro pesquisadores foram previamente treinados, com cada RN sendo medido duas vezes por uma mesma dupla destes. Os dados foram descritos por meio de frequências simples e percentuais. As diferenças de média foram avaliadas através do Teste de Mann-Whitney, com significância de 5%. Associações foram avaliadas através do teste Exato de Fisher. Foram calculados tamanhos de efeitos D de Cohen. Resultados Foram obtidas diferenças entre os grupos para as medidas antropométricas: terços da face médio (glabela-subnasal ou g-sn) e inferior (subnasal-gnátio ou sn-gn); e alturas do filtro (subnasal-labial superior ou sn-ls), dos lábios superior (subnasal-estômio ou sn-sto) e inferior (estômio-gnátio ou sto-gn), sempre maiores no sexo masculino. As proporções orofaciais estudadas não apresentaram diferenças entre sexos. Conclusão O estudo apontou presença de disformismo sexual para as medidas da face ao nascimento na população nascida em Aracaju, Sergipe.

ABSTRACT Purpose To describe and compare the anthropometric measurements and the orofacial proportions of healthy term newborns (NB) according to sex, from a public maternity hospital in the state of Sergipe, northeastern Brazil. Methods Descriptive and analytical randomized study was carried out. The participants included were 46 randomly selected healthy and full-term RNs of both sexes. A digital caliper was used to measure measurements (in millimeters) with the NB supine and occluded lips. Twice different, previously trained researchers measured each NB. Data were described using simple and percentage frequencies. The mean differences were assessed using the Mann-Whitney test, with a significance of 5%. Associations evaluated by the Fisher Exact test, and Cohen D size effects were calculated. Results Differences were found between the groups for the anthropometric measurements: midface third height (glabella-subnasal or sn-g) and bottom (subnasal-gnathion or sn-gn); and filter heights (upper-lip subnasal or sn-ls), the upper lips (subnasal-estomus or sn-sto), and lower (stomatal-gnathion or sto-gn), which was always greater in males. The orofacial proportions studied did not show differences between sexes. Conclusion The study showed the presence of sexual dimorphism for the measures of the face at birth in the population born in Aracaju, Sergipe.

The lack of an experimental animal model for the study of dengue pathogenesis is a limiting factor for the development of vaccines and drugs. In previous studies, our group demonstrated the susceptibility of BALB/c mice to infection by dengue virus (DENV) 1 and 2, and the virus was successfully isolated in several organs. In this study, BALB/c mice were experimentally infected intravenously with DENV-4, and samples of their saliva were collected. Viral RNA extracted from the saliva samples was subjected to qRT-PCR, with a detection limit of 0.002 PFU/mL. The presence of DENV-4 viral RNA was detected in the saliva of two mice, presenting viral titers of 109 RNA/mL. The detection of DENV RNA via saliva sampling is not a common practice in dengue diagnosis, due to the lower detection rates in human patients. However, the results observed in this study seem to indicate that, as in humans, detection rates of DENV RNA in mouse saliva are also low, correlating the infection in both cases. This study reports the first DENV detection in the saliva of BALB/c immunocompetent mice experimentally infected with non-neuroadapted DENV-4.

Zika virus (ZIKV) has infected thousands of Brazilian people and spread to other American countries since 2015. The introduction of ZIKV brought a strong impact to public health in Brazil. It is of utmost importance to identify a susceptible cell line that will enable the isolation and identification of the virus from patient samples, viral mass production, and testing of drug and vaccine candidates. Besides real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction diagnosis for detecting the viral genome, virus isolation in cell lines was useful in order to study the structure of the viral particle and its behaviour inside cells. Analysis of ZIKV infected cell lines was achieved using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Blood was obtained from a Brazilian patient during the first days after presenting with signs of the disease, and ZIKV from the patient’s blood was isolated in the C6/36 mosquito cell line. Afterwards, Vero cells were inoculated with the viral suspension, fixed six days after inoculation, embedded in polymers, and ultra-thin cut. Like dengue viruses, this flavivirus showed numerous virus particles present inside cellular vesicles thereby confirming the susceptibility of the Vero cell line to ZIKV replication. TEM is a unique technique available to make the virus visible.

In cell culture, cell structures suffer strong impact due to centrifugation during processing for electron microscope observation. In order to minimise this effect, a new protocol was successfully developed. Using conventional reagents and equipments, it took over one week, but cell compression was reduced to none or the lowest deformation possible.

OBJETIVO Analisar a efetividade dos géis de papaína a 2% e 4% no reparo tecidual das úlceras venosas. MÉTODO Estudo quase-experimental, com amostra consecutiva de 16 pacientes com 30 úlceras venosas, atendidos no ambulatório de um hospital universitário, de abril a novembro de 2011, com formulário para avaliação clínica do paciente e da lesão. Variáveis analisadas pelos testes de Wilcoxon e McNemar (p < 0,05). RESULTADOS Predomínio do sexo feminino; idade entre 51 e 59 anos; obesas; com Hipertensão Arterial Sistêmica. Quanto às úlceras, houve redução média de 7,9 cm2 (50% do tamanho) em 90 dias; 20% cicatrizaram completamente em 56,67 dias. Houve aumento da epitelização, redução significativa do esfacelo e do edema, melhora na profundidade, no tipo e na quantidade de exsudato (p < 0,0001). CONCLUSÃO Os géis de papaína a 2% e 4% foram efetivos na cicatrização de úlceras venosas.

OBJECTIVE To analyze the effectiveness of 2% and 4% papain gels in tissue repair of venous ulcers. METHOD Quasi-experimental study with consecutive sample of 16 patients with 30 venous ulcers treated at the outpatient clinic of a teaching hospital, from April to November in 2011, using a form for clinical assessment of the patient and its lesion. Variables were analyzed by Wilcoxon and McNemar test (p < 0.05). RESULTS Most participants were female; aged between 51 and 59 years; obese; with hypertension. Regarding ulcers, there was an average decrease of 7.9 cm2 (50% of its original size) in 90 days; 20% of the ulcers completely healed within 56.67 days. There was an increase in epithelialization, significant reduction in the slough and edema, improved depth, in the type and amount of exudate (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION 2% and 4% papain gels were effective in healing venous ulcers.

OBJETIVO Analizar la efectividad de los geles de papaína al 2% y al 4% en la reparación del tejido de las úlceras venosas. MÉTODO Estudio cuasi-experimental, con muestra consecutiva de 16 pacientes con 30 úlceras venosas, atendidos en el ambulatorio de un hospital universitario, de abril a noviembre de 2011, con formulario para evaluación clínica del paciente y la lesión. Variables analizadas por las pruebas de Wilcoxon y McNemar (p < 0,05). RESULTADOS Predominio del sexo femenino; edad entre 51 y 59 años; obesas; con Hipertensión Arterial Sistémica. En cuanto a las úlceras, hubo reducción media de 7,9 cm2 (el 50% del tamaño) en 90 días; el 20% cicatrizaron completamente en 56,67 días. Hubo incremento de la epitelización, reducción significativa de la esfacelación y el edema, mejora en la profundidad, la clase y la cantidad de exudado (p < 0,0001). CONCLUSIÓN Los geles de papaína al 2% y al 4% fueron efectivos en la cicatrización de úlceras venosas.

OBJECTIVE To analyze the effectiveness of 2% and 4% papain gels in tissue repair of venous ulcers. METHOD Quasi-experimental study with consecutive sample of 16 patients with 30 venous ulcers treated at the outpatient clinic of a teaching hospital, from April to November in 2011, using a form for clinical assessment of the patient and its lesion. Variables were analyzed by Wilcoxon and McNemar test (p < 0.05). RESULTS Most participants were female; aged between 51 and 59 years; obese; with hypertension. Regarding ulcers, there was an average decrease of 7.9 cm2 (50% of its original size) in 90 days; 20% of the ulcers completely healed within 56.67 days. There was an increase in epithelialization, significant reduction in the slough and edema, improved depth, in the type and amount of exudate (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION 2% and 4% papain gels were effective in healing venous ulcers.

OBJETIVO Analizar la efectividad de los geles de papaína al 2% y al 4% en la reparación del tejido de las úlceras venosas. MÉTODO Estudio cuasi-experimental, con muestra consecutiva de 16 pacientes con 30 úlceras venosas, atendidos en el ambulatorio de un hospital universitario, de abril a noviembre de 2011, con formulario para evaluación clínica del paciente y la lesión. Variables analizadas por las pruebas de Wilcoxon y McNemar (p < 0,05). RESULTADOS Predominio del sexo femenino; edad entre 51 y 59 años; obesas; con Hipertensión Arterial Sistémica. En cuanto a las úlceras, hubo reducción media de 7,9 cm2 (el 50% del tamaño) en 90 días; el 20% cicatrizaron completamente en 56,67 días. Hubo incremento de la epitelización, reducción significativa de la esfacelación y el edema, mejora en la profundidad, la clase y la cantidad de exudado (p < 0,0001). CONCLUSIÓN Los geles de papaína al 2% y al 4% fueron efectivos en la cicatrización de úlceras venosas.

OBJETIVO Analisar a efetividade dos géis de papaína a 2% e 4% no reparo tecidual das úlceras venosas. MÉTODO Estudo quase-experimental, com amostra consecutiva de 16 pacientes com 30 úlceras venosas, atendidos no ambulatório de um hospital universitário, de abril a novembro de 2011, com formulário para avaliação clínica do paciente e da lesão. Variáveis analisadas pelos testes de Wilcoxon e McNemar (p < 0,05). RESULTADOS Predomínio do sexo feminino; idade entre 51 e 59 anos; obesas; com Hipertensão Arterial Sistêmica. Quanto às úlceras, houve redução média de 7,9 cm2 (50% do tamanho) em 90 dias; 20% cicatrizaram completamente em 56,67 dias. Houve aumento da epitelização, redução significativa do esfacelo e do edema, melhora na profundidade, no tipo e na quantidade de exsudato (p < 0,0001). CONCLUSÃO Os géis de papaína a 2% e 4% foram efetivos na cicatrização de úlceras venosas.

Os objetivos neste estudo foram analisar modelos não-lineares para descrever o crescimento em ovinos da raça Morada Nova criados no estado da Bahia e, após a definição do modelo de melhor ajuste, calcular a taxa de crescimento absoluto e avaliar a influência de fatores ambientais (sexo e tipo de parto) sobre os parâmetros da curva. Utilizaram-se dados de pesagem de 40 ovinos, do nascimento aos 385 dias de idade. Os modelos não-lineares utilizados foram: Brody, Von Bertalanffy, Richards, Logístico e Gompertz. Os modelos Von Bertalanffy, Brody e Richards foram os que apresentaram os melhores ajustes e são equivalentes para explicar o crescimento dos animais. A taxa de crescimento absoluto teve acentuado decréscimo na fase pós-desmama, o que indica a necessidade de se adotar um regime alimentar adequado para acompanhar as exigências de nutrientes dos animais nessa fase. Os efeitos ambientais (sexo e tipo de parto) influenciaram significativamente a taxa a maturidade (k), mas apenas o sexo do animal afetou o peso à maturidade (A). Os animais que nasceram de parto simples tiveram peso maior que o daqueles de parto duplo, e estes apresentaram ganho compensatório. Os machos tiveram maior crescimento que as fêmeas, que, por sua vez, apresentaram maior precocidade. A correlação estimada entre os parâmetros A e k foi negativa (-0,65) para o modelo Von Bertalanffy e (-0,71) para os modelos Brody e Richards, e isso indica que os animais mais precoces possuem menor probabilidade de atingir pesos elevados à idade adulta.

The objective of the present study was to evaluate non-linear models to describe Morada Nova sheep herds raised in the State of Bahia and, after defining the best suiting model, calculate the rate of absolute growth and evaluate the influence of environmental factors (sex and type of parturition) on the curve parameters. Weighting data from 40 sheep from birth up to 385 days of age were used. The non-linear models used were: Brody, Von Bertalanffy, Richards, Logistic and Gompertz. Von Bertalanffy, Brody and Richards models presented the best adjustments and were equivalent to explain the growth of the analyzed animals. A remarkable drop in the absolute growth rate was observed after weaning, suggesting that a proper diet should be implemented to supply the nutritional demands of the animals at this stage. The environmental effects (sex and type of parturition) have significantly influenced the maturity rate (k), but only the sex of the lamb affected weight at maturity (A). Animals born from single parturition proved to be heavier than twins which, in turn, presented compensatory gain. The growth of males was higher than of females and the latter presented more precocity than males. Estimated correlation between parameters A and k was negative (-0.65) for the Von Bertalanffy model and for the Brody and Richards models (-0.71) indicating that the most precocious animals are less likely to reach elevated weights when adults.

A partir de 1999, infecções humanas por Orthopoxvirus vem sendo observadas em pelo menos oito estados no país, com a formação de vesículas as quais evoluem para pústulas e crostas, principalmente nos membros superiores e face, após contacto com bovinos apresentando lesões semelhantes no úbere. Alem das lesões na pele, foram descritas nos pacientes reações ganglionares axilares por vezes dolorosas, febre, cefaléia, fadiga, desidratação, anorexia, sudorese, artralgia e mialgia, evoluindo o quadro por três a quatro semanas. Lesão vulvar bem como transmissão intrafamiliar foram igualmente descritas. Estudos moleculares demonstraram que os poxvirus identificados são geneticamente relacionados a amostras do vírus vaccinia utilizadas no passado, nas campanhas de vacinação. Especimens clínicos de 80 infecções humanas foram estudados no laboratório e a infecção por orthopoxvirus confirmada em 68 casos. São apresentadas lesões observadas em pacientes bem como discutidas as implicações desta zoonose no Brasil.

Since 1999, human infection caused by Orthopoxvirus has been observed in at least eight Brazilian states, with the presence of vesicles that evolve to pustules and crusts, especially on the hands, arms and face, after contact with cows showing comparable lesions on the udder. In addition to the skin lesions, there have been descriptions of patients with axillary ganglionic reactions that are sometimes painful, along with fever, headache, fatigue, dehydration, anorexia, sudoresis, arthralgia and muscle pain. The condition evolves over a three to four-week period. Vulvar lesions and transmission within families have also been described. Molecular studies have shown that the poxviruses identified are genetically related to vaccinia virus samples that were used in vaccination campaigns in the past. Clinical specimens from 80 human infections were studied in the laboratory, and orthopoxvirus infections were confirmed in 68 cases. The lesions observed in these patients are presented and the implications of this zoonosis in Brazil are discussed.